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Centropomus undecimalis (common snook) and Centropomus parallelus (fat snook) have a wide distribution from southern Florida to southern Brazil. Due to their value as a food source, these species have been heavily exploited through predatory fishing, posing a conservation challenge. To assess their genetic diversity and population structure, we used microsatellite markers. Our findings revealed genetic differences among populations of the same species, highlighting the need for targeted conservation efforts. The microsatellite markers proved effective in assessing genetic variability, providing valuable insights for management and conservation. The parameters Ho (observed heterozygosity) and He (expected heterozygosity) were reliable indicators of genetic diversity, and specific loci showed varying allele numbers across populations. Our study contributes to understanding population genetics in these snook species and supports their conservation. Despite not being classified as endangered, genetic differences among populations emphasize the importance of considering population-level characteristics in conservation strategies. This research lays the foundation for future studies and actions aimed at preserving these valuable fish species. In summary, our study demonstrates the significance of microsatellite markers in assessing genetic variability and population structure in common snook and fat snook, informing conservation efforts for these species.

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Essential oils of plants whose main compound is citral showed beneficial effects when added to fish feed. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the dietary effect of the addition of citral on zootechnical parameters and digestive enzyme activities of Centropomus undecimalis. Juveniles were fed for 45 days with diets containing different amounts of citral (0.0 - control, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mL per kg of diet). The water quality parameters were kept stable during the experiment and no mortality was observed. At the end of the experimental period, the treatment 0.5 mL citral per kg of diet had the lowest weight gain and specific growth rate, and the highest feed conversion, while the same parameters did not differ between the other treatments. Pepsin activity was higher in the stomach of fish fed with 0.5 mL citral per kg of diet and amylase activity was higher in the intestine of fish fed with 0.5 and 2.0 mL citral per kg of diet compared to the control group. Intestinal lipase activity was higher in all groups that were fed with citral compared to the control group. Chymotrypsin and trypsin activities showed no difference between groups. Consequently, dietary addition of citral at any of the levels tested is not recommended for common snook.(AU)

Óleos essenciais de plantas, cujo composto majoritário é o citral, mostraram efeitos benéficos quando adicionados à ração para peixes. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da adição de citral sobre os parâmetros zootécnicos e atividades das enzimas digestivas de Centropomus undecimalis. Os juvenis foram alimentados por 45 dias com dietas contendo diferentes quantidades de citral (0,0 - controle, 0,5, 1,0 e 2,0 mL por kg de ração). Os parâmetros de qualidade da água foram mantidos estáveis ​​durante o experimento e nenhuma mortalidade foi observada. Ao final do período experimental, o tratamento 0,5 mL citral por kg de ração teve o menor ganho de peso e taxa de crescimento específico e a maior conversão alimentar, enquanto os mesmos parâmetros não diferiram entre os demais tratamentos. A atividade da pepsina foi maior no estômago de peixes alimentados com 0,5 mL de citral por kg de ração e a atividade de amilase foi maior no intestino de peixes alimentados com 0,5 e 2,0 mL citral por kg de ração comparado ao grupo controle. A atividade da lipase intestinal foi maior em todos os grupos que foram alimentados com citral, em comparação ao grupo controle. As atividades de quimotripsina e tripsina não mostraram diferença entre os grupos. Consequentemente, a adição de citral na ração em qualquer um dos níveis testados não é recomendada para robalo flecha.(AU)

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ABSTRACT: Essential oils of plants whose main compound is citral showed beneficial effects when added to fish feed. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the dietary effect of the addition of citral on zootechnical parameters and digestive enzyme activities of Centropomus undecimalis. Juveniles were fed for 45 days with diets containing different amounts of citral (0.0 - control, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mL per kg of diet). The water quality parameters were kept stable during the experiment and no mortality was observed. At the end of the experimental period, the treatment 0.5 mL citral per kg of diet had the lowest weight gain and specific growth rate, and the highest feed conversion, while the same parameters did not differ between the other treatments. Pepsin activity was higher in the stomach of fish fed with 0.5 mL citral per kg of diet and amylase activity was higher in the intestine of fish fed with 0.5 and 2.0 mL citral per kg of diet compared to the control group. Intestinal lipase activity was higher in all groups that were fed with citral compared to the control group. Chymotrypsin and trypsin activities showed no difference between groups. Consequently, dietary addition of citral at any of the levels tested is not recommended for common snook.

RESUMO: Óleos essenciais de plantas, cujo composto majoritário é o citral, mostraram efeitos benéficos quando adicionados à ração para peixes. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da adição de citral sobre os parâmetros zootécnicos e atividades das enzimas digestivas de Centropomus undecimalis. Os juvenis foram alimentados por 45 dias com dietas contendo diferentes quantidades de citral (0,0 - controle, 0,5, 1,0 e 2,0 mL por kg de ração). Os parâmetros de qualidade da água foram mantidos estáveis ​​durante o experimento e nenhuma mortalidade foi observada. Ao final do período experimental, o tratamento 0,5 mL citral por kg de ração teve o menor ganho de peso e taxa de crescimento específico e a maior conversão alimentar, enquanto os mesmos parâmetros não diferiram entre os demais tratamentos. A atividade da pepsina foi maior no estômago de peixes alimentados com 0,5 mL de citral por kg de ração e a atividade de amilase foi maior no intestino de peixes alimentados com 0,5 e 2,0 mL citral por kg de ração comparado ao grupo controle. A atividade da lipase intestinal foi maior em todos os grupos que foram alimentados com citral, em comparação ao grupo controle. As atividades de quimotripsina e tripsina não mostraram diferença entre os grupos. Consequentemente, a adição de citral na ração em qualquer um dos níveis testados não é recomendada para robalo flecha.

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Centropomus irae sp. nov. (Centropomidae) is described from two localities in the state of Amapá, northern Brazil. The new species differs from all its congeners by the typically brown-colored lateral line, the relatively smaller mean interorbital width (4.1% of SL vs. 5.2-6.9%), mean snout length (8.9% of SL vs. 9.8-11.1%), mean diameter of the orbit (4.5% of SL vs. 5.4-7.3%), and mean mandible length (15.7% of SL vs.19.9-21.6%). The new species can also be distinguished from the similar Centropomus undecimalis by the number of scales around the caudal peduncle (18-23, usually 19-21, vs. 22-28, usually 24-27). With Centropomus irae sp. nov., seven species of the genus are now known to occur in the western Atlantic. The distribution of Centropomus in Brazilian waters is updated and a key to the species of this genus is presented. [Zoobank URL: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3D497B38-48A5-4A6E-B377-6D57E82D4DE4[.

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We investigated the influence of temporal and spatial factors on the feeding habits of the armed snook Centropomus armatus (Centropomidae), the most abundant snook species in eastern Pacific mangrove ecosystems. The influence of the combination of semi-diurnal tides and diel cycles and salinity on the intertidal abundance, stomach fullness, diet composition and daily consumption of this species was investigated over 1 year in the macrotidal Colombian Pacific coast (Bahía Málaga). The abundance of juvenile C. armatus (5.6-23.6 cm total length) in the intertidal creeks was highest during neap tide-night conditions and lowest during spring-tide day conditions. Centropomus armatus fed predominantly on crustaceans (Alpheidae and Palaemonidae) and fishes. Stomach fullness index (ISF ), a proxy of feeding activity, was not influenced by salinity, but by tidal-diel conditions. Stomach fullness index was highest during neap tide nocturnal inundations, but lowest during diurnal neap tides. Nevertheless, the total daily consumption was higher at spring tide than at neap tides. Higher water temperatures in creeks during neap tides at night could explain not only high C. armatus abundance, but also greater accessibility to active prey. Comparison with the feeding patterns of fishes from other macrotidal mangrove ecosystems suggest that the habitat use and feeding patterns of intertidal fishes in mangroves are strongly influenced by the combination of spring-neap tide and diel cycles. However, the interaction between mangrove geomorphology and flooding regime of the specific mangrove forest might also play a role and deserves further investigation.

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We aimed at evaluating the effects of different water temperatures on the zootechnicalperformance of fat snook. The experiment lasted for 60 days, which was conducted in water recirculationsystems, and was randomly designed with three treatments and three replicates each, corresponding tothree water temperatures (25, 28 and 31°C). A total of 225 fat snook juveniles with a mean weight of 6.45± 0.58 g were used, which were fed daily until apparent satiety. Zootechnical parameters were assessed andfeeding rates were registered for each tested temperature. Survival rates varied from 96 to 100% amongtreatments. Higher values of standard and total length, and weight gain were found in 28 and 31°C (p 0.05). Feeding rates did not differ among evaluated temperatures. Theresults show that the used temperatures did not negatively affect zootechnical performance of fat snookjuveniles.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes temperaturas da água no desempenho zootécnico de robalo-peva. O experimento teve duração de 60 dias, foi conduzido em sistemas de recirculação de água e contou com três tratamentos de diferentes temperaturas: 25, 28 e 31ºC, com três repetições cada. Foram utilizados no total 225 juvenis de robalo-peva com peso médio de 6,45 ± 0,58 g e alimentados até saciedade aparente. Foi avaliado o desempenho zootécnico e reportadas as taxas de alimentação para cada temperatura testada. A sobrevivência dos juvenis variou de 96 a 100% entre os tratamentos. Foram observados maiores valores de comprimento-padrão, comprimento total e ganho de peso nos tratamentos de 28 e 31ºC (p 0,05). As taxas de alimentação também não diferiram entre as temperaturas avaliadas. Os resultados mostram que as temperaturas utilizadas não afetaram negativamente o desempenho zootécnico dos juvenis de robalo-peva.

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We aimed at evaluating the effects of different water temperatures on the zootechnicalperformance of fat snook. The experiment lasted for 60 days, which was conducted in water recirculationsystems, and was randomly designed with three treatments and three replicates each, corresponding tothree water temperatures (25, 28 and 31°C). A total of 225 fat snook juveniles with a mean weight of 6.45± 0.58 g were used, which were fed daily until apparent satiety. Zootechnical parameters were assessed andfeeding rates were registered for each tested temperature. Survival rates varied from 96 to 100% amongtreatments. Higher values of standard and total length, and weight gain were found in 28 and 31°C (p <0.05). With regard to final weight, final biomass, feed conversion and specific growth rate, no significantdifferences were observed (p > 0.05). Feeding rates did not differ among evaluated temperatures. Theresults show that the used temperatures did not negatively affect zootechnical performance of fat snookjuveniles.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes temperaturas da água no desempenho zootécnico de robalo-peva. O experimento teve duração de 60 dias, foi conduzido em sistemas de recirculação de água e contou com três tratamentos de diferentes temperaturas: 25, 28 e 31ºC, com três repetições cada. Foram utilizados no total 225 juvenis de robalo-peva com peso médio de 6,45 ± 0,58 g e alimentados até saciedade aparente. Foi avaliado o desempenho zootécnico e reportadas as taxas de alimentação para cada temperatura testada. A sobrevivência dos juvenis variou de 96 a 100% entre os tratamentos. Foram observados maiores valores de comprimento-padrão, comprimento total e ganho de peso nos tratamentos de 28 e 31ºC (p < 0,05). Em relação aos parâmetros de peso final, biomassa final, conversão alimentar aparente e taxa de crescimento específico, não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos (p > 0,05). As taxas de alimentação também não diferiram entre as temperaturas avaliadas. Os resultados mostram que as temperaturas utilizadas não afetaram negativamente o desempenho zootécnico dos juvenis de robalo-peva.(AU)

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ResumenLos róbalos (C. undecimalis y C. ensiferus) son recursos pesqueros de importancia en toda su área de distribución. En Venezuela son capturados por pesquerías artesanales a lo largo de toda la costa, sin embargo, los estudios sobre su biología que permitan orientar regulaciones de su pesca son escasos. Para analizar aspectos de la reproducción de ambas especies se analizaron 1 325 individuos de C. undecimalis y 2 025 de C. ensiferus, provenientes de la pesca artesanal en la Laguna de Tacarigua, en el norte de Venezuela, desde julio 2009 a septiembre 2010. Se midió la longitud total, peso total, sexo y madurez sexual de cada individuo. La proporción sexual varió a lo largo del año, se observó una diferencia significativa en favor de los machos para C. undecimalis (1:1.5) y de las hembras para C. ensiferus (1:3.3). Se evidenciaron diferencias en la proporción sexual de la talla para ambas especies: los machos dominan las tallas inferiores, mientras que las hembras dominan las superiores. Lo cual señala un patrón típico de hermafroditismo secuencial (protándrico) en ambas. Se estimaron las tallas de madurez sexual (Lm50) para C. undecimalis (♀= 73.6 y ♂= 59.3 cm) y C. ensiferus (♀= 26 y ♂= 21.5 cm). C. ensiferus se reproduce durante todo el año con dos periodos de mayor intensidad (agosto a septiembre y febrero a abril), mientras para C. undecimalis fueron escasos los individuos maduros, mostrando febrero el pico de reproducción más importante. Se encontró diferencia en el crecimiento entre machos y hembras de C. undecimalis: alométrico positivo para hembras (P= 0.0022*L3.353) y negativo para machos (P= 0.0108*L2.945), mientras no se encontraron diferencias para C. ensiferus, que presentó alometría positiva (P= 0.0049*L3.235) para ambos sexos. La falta de regulación y controles de pesca, la evidencia de importantes volúmenes de individuos inmaduros en las capturas, así como el carácter particular de la biología reproductiva de estas especies, sugiere la necesidad de establecer regulaciones para garantizar su aprovechamiento responsable, como un periodo de veda durante el primer trimestre de año y tallas mínimas de captura para ambas especies.

Abstract:Snooks C. undecimalis and C. ensiferus are important fishery resources in their distribution area. In Venezuela they are caught by artisanal fisheries along the entire coast. However, studies on their biology that would help establish fishing regulations are scarce. To study reproduction aspects of these species, we analyzed 1 325 individuals of C. undecimalis and 2 025 of C. ensiferus caught by artisanal fishing in the Laguna de Tacarigua in Northern Venezuela, from July 2009 to September 2010. Total length, total weight, sex and stage of gonadal development were recorded. The sex ratio varied throughout the year: there was a significant difference in favor of C. undecimalis males (1.5:1), and C. ensiferus females (1:3.3). Differences were also evident in the sexual proportion at each size group. For both species, males dominated in the lower size ranges while females dominated in the larger size ranges. These results suggested sequential hermaphroditism (protrandry) in both species. Size at sexual maturity (Lm50) for C. undecimalis was ♀= 73.6 and ♂= 59.3 cm, and ♀= 26 and ♂= 21.5 cm for C. ensiferus. C. ensiferus reproduced throughout the year with two periods of higher intensity (August to September and February to April). Although we found very few mature individuals for C. undecimalis, February showed an important reproduction peak. Growth differences were found between males and females of C. undecimalis: positive allometry for females (P= 0.0022*L3.353) and negative allometry for males (P= 0.0108*L2.945). Both males and females of C. ensiferus showed a positive allometric relationship (P= 0.0049*L3.235). Lack of fishing regulations and controls, evidenced in this study by significant volumes of immature individuals in the catches, and the particular reproductive biology of these species, strongly indicates the need to establish regulations to ensure their responsible use. We recommend establishing a closed season during the first quarter of the year and minimum catch sizes for both species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (1): 181-194. Epub 2017 March 01.

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Estuaries are subjected to continual environmental impacts from activities in the catchment areas. This research assessed the quality of two estuarine habitats located in Ilha do Maranhão, Brazil, through histological and genotoxic biomarkers in Centropomus undecimalis, comparing the data obtained to metal, physical, and chemical concentrations of water samples. The gill histological alterations were analyzed by the histological alteration index and genotoxic lesions in erythrocytes were detected by the Micronucleus Test. The analysis of metals revealed that all water samples contained at least two elements with concentrations higher than that allowed by the current Brazilian law. For gill histological analysis, snook of both areas assessed exhibited moderate lesions, indicating that the local fish are affected by environmental stress. Micronucleus analysis of snook showed that the Bacanga river basin is the most affected. In addition to assessing the health of commercial fish populations, the information about the biomarkers used for the species can serve to contribute to the preparation and/or application of health assessment models and implementation of environmental recovery policies for coastal aquatic environments.

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n América, las especies del género Centropomus (róbalos) son un componente clave de la ictiofauna estuarina tropical. Estas especies usan los cuerpos de agua salobre como áreas de crianza principalmente, aunque especímenes adultos están presentes también en estos hábitats. El robalito de aletas amarillas Centropomus robalito (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) es una de las especies más abundantes en humedales costeros del Pacífico central mexicano pero hay pocos datos sobre su biología. El objetivo de este trabajo, fue el análisis de la composición de la dieta de los jóvenes de C. robalito y los cambios ontogénicos que sufre la misma dentro de la laguna costera de Barra de Navidad, ubicada en el Pacífico central mexicano. Los especímenes fueron capturados entre marzo 2011 y enero 2012 utilizando varios artes de pesca (atarraya, redes de enmalle y chinchorro playero experimental). Un total de 681 peces jóvenes fueron obtenidos y clasificados en tres clases de longitud (pequeños < 69 mm LT; intermedios 70-139 mm LT; grandes ≥ 140 mm LT) para el análisis del contenido estomacal. Los estómagos con contenido fueron 292 y la composición general de la dieta incluyó 14 entidades alimentarias dominadas por crustáceos (Alpheidae, Penaeidae y Brachyura) y peces (Gobiidae, Engraulidae y Mullidae), con una representación menor de copépodos e insectos. Se encontraron cambios significativos en la composición de la dieta entre clases de longitud. La dieta de los peces pequeños (< 69 mm LT) y medianos (70-139 mm LT) estuvo dominada por camarones peneidos jóvenes y peces (principalmente Gobiidae); mientras que en los peces mayores (≥ 140 mm LT) los camarones Alpheidae y en segundo lugar peces de las familias Engraulidae y Mullidae fueron dominantes en la dieta. Se concluye que C. robalito es una especie generalista con cambios ontogénicos en su dieta.

n America, the species of genus Centropomus (Snooks) are a key component of the tropical estuarine ichthyofauna. These species use brackish water bodies mainly as nursery areas, although adult specimens are also present. The Yellow-fin snook Centropomus robalito (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882) is one of the most abundant species in the coastal wetlands of the Mexican Central Pacific but there is very few data on its biology. The goal of this research was to analyze the diet composition of juvenile specimens of C. robalito and to study its ontogenic changes in Barra de Navidad coastal lagoon located in the Mexican Central Pacific. Specimens were collected between January 2011 and March 2012 using several fishing gears (cast net, gillnets and beach purse seine). A total of 681 juvenile fish were obtained and classified in three sizeclasses (small < 69 mm TL; intermediate 70-139 mm TL; large ≥ 140 mm TL) to analyze stomach contents. The number of stomachs with some content was 292, and the general diet composition included 14 food items dominated by crustaceans (Alpheidae, Penaeidae, Brachyura) and fishes (Gobiidae, Engraulidae, Mullidae), with minor representation of copepods and insects. Significant changes in the diet composition between size-classes were found. Diet of small and intermediate fish was dominated by juvenile peneid shrimps, and fishes (mainly Gobiidae); while for larger fish, Alpheidae shrimps, and in second place, fish from Engraulidae and Mullidae were dominant in the diet. It is concluded that C. robalito is a generalist species with ontogenic changes in its diet. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (4): 1071-1081. Epub 2015 December 01.

RESUMO

In order to evaluate the effect of feeding frequency and stocking density on the zootechnical parameters, juvenile fat snook (3.0 ± 0.96 g and 6.8 ± 0.67 cm) were distributed in 12 groups of fish in four treatments: (T1A) 100 fishes m-³ and 2 meals day-1; (T1B) 100 fish m-³ and 4 meals day-1; (T2A) 200 fish m-³ and 2 meals day-1 and (T2B) 200 fish m-³ and 4 meals day-1. Food was offered to apparent satiation during the experimental period of 90 days. Fish weight and length were determined every 30 days. At the end of the experiment, survival rates ranged from 85 to 89%, with no difference among the treatments (p>0.05). Total length and condition factor values were similar among the treatments (p>0.05), being 12.6 ± 0.27 cm and 0.98 ± 0.05, respectively. Weight gain varied between T2A and T2B treatments (p 0.05). Apparent feed conversion started to differ from 60-days of cultivation between the juveniles stocked at 100 and 200 fish m-³ (p 0.05), being better at the lowest density (2.2). It is recommended to use the feeding frequency of 4 times daily and the stocking density of 200 fish m-3 during the nursery phase, as at this density, although the worst conversion rate was observed (3.1), final biomass value was 2 times higher (3.5 kg) compared to the lower stocking density (1.75 kg).(AU)

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da frequência alimentar e da densidade de estocagem nos parâmetros zootécnicos, juvenis de robalo-peva (3,0 ± 0,96 g e 6,8 ± 0,67 cm) foram distribuيdos em 12 grupos de peixes em quatro tratamentos: (T1A) 100 peixes m-³ e 2 refeiçُes dia-1; (T1B) 100 peixes m-³ e 4 refeiçُes dia-1; (T2A) 200 peixes m-³ e 2 refeiçُes dia-1 e (T2B) 200 peixes m-³ e 4 refeiçُes dia-1. O alimento foi fornecido até a saciedade aparente, durante o perيodo experimental de 90 dias. O peso e comprimento foram avaliados em intervalos de 30 dias. Ao final do experimento, as taxas de sobrevivência variaram de 85 a 89%, sem diferença entre os tratamentos (p>0,05). Os valores de comprimento total e fator de condiçمo foram similares entre os diferentes tratamentos aos 90 dias (p>0,05), sendo 12,6 ± 0,27 cm e 0,98 ± 0,05, respectivamente. O ganho de peso diferiu ao final do experimento entre os tratamentos T2A e T2B . A conversمo alimentar aparente diferiu a partir dos 60 dias entre os juvenis estocados em 100 e 200 peixes m-³ (p 0,05), sendo melhor para a menor densidade (2,2). Recomenda-se a utilizaçمo da frequência alimentar de 4 refeiçُes dia-1 e da densidade de estocagem de 200 peixes m-3 durante a fase de pré-engorda, pois nesta densidade, apesar da pior conversمo alimentar apresentada (3,1), a biomassa final foi 2 vezes maior (3,5 kg) em relação a menor densidade de estocagem (1,75 kg).(AU)

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In order to evaluate the effect of feeding frequency and stocking density on the zootechnical parameters, juvenile fat snook (3.0 ± 0.96 g and 6.8 ± 0.67 cm) were distributed in 12 groups of fish in four treatments: (T1A) 100 fishes m-³ and 2 meals day-1; (T1B) 100 fish m-³ and 4 meals day-1; (T2A) 200 fish m-³ and 2 meals day-1 and (T2B) 200 fish m-³ and 4 meals day-1. Food was offered to apparent satiation during the experimental period of 90 days. Fish weight and length were determined every 30 days. At the end of the experiment, survival rates ranged from 85 to 89%, with no difference among the treatments (p>0.05). Total length and condition factor values were similar among the treatments (p>0.05), being 12.6 ± 0.27 cm and 0.98 ± 0.05, respectively. Weight gain varied between T2A and T2B treatments (p 0.05). Apparent feed conversion started to differ from 60-days of cultivation between the juveniles stocked at 100 and 200 fish m-³ (p 0.05), being better at the lowest density (2.2). It is recommended to use the feeding frequency of 4 times daily and the stocking density of 200 fish m-3 during the nursery phase, as at this density, although the worst conversion rate was observed (3.1), final biomass value was 2 times higher (3.5 kg) compared to the lower stocking density (1.75 kg).

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da frequência alimentar e da densidade de estocagem nos parâmetros zootécnicos, juvenis de robalo-peva (3,0 ± 0,96 g e 6,8 ± 0,67 cm) foram distribuيdos em 12 grupos de peixes em quatro tratamentos: (T1A) 100 peixes m-³ e 2 refeiçُes dia-1; (T1B) 100 peixes m-³ e 4 refeiçُes dia-1; (T2A) 200 peixes m-³ e 2 refeiçُes dia-1 e (T2B) 200 peixes m-³ e 4 refeiçُes dia-1. O alimento foi fornecido até a saciedade aparente, durante o perيodo experimental de 90 dias. O peso e comprimento foram avaliados em intervalos de 30 dias. Ao final do experimento, as taxas de sobrevivência variaram de 85 a 89%, sem diferença entre os tratamentos (p>0,05). Os valores de comprimento total e fator de condiçمo foram similares entre os diferentes tratamentos aos 90 dias (p>0,05), sendo 12,6 ± 0,27 cm e 0,98 ± 0,05, respectivamente. O ganho de peso diferiu ao final do experimento entre os tratamentos T2A e T2B . A conversمo alimentar aparente diferiu a partir dos 60 dias entre os juvenis estocados em 100 e 200 peixes m-³ (p 0,05), sendo melhor para a menor densidade (2,2). Recomenda-se a utilizaçمo da frequência alimentar de 4 refeiçُes dia-1 e da densidade de estocagem de 200 peixes m-3 durante a fase de pré-engorda, pois nesta densidade, apesar da pior conversمo alimentar apresentada (3,1), a biomassa final foi 2 vezes maior (3,5 kg) em relação a menor densidade de estocagem (1,75 kg).

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This research purpose was to evaluate the economic viability of snook culture in shrimp farms at Northeastern Brazil. For evaluate the cost of production, were considered the effective operational cost (EOC), total cost operational (TCO) and the total cost of production (TCP). The indexes for the evaluation of the profitability were the Internal Return Rate (IRR), PayBack Periodo (PP) and Net Present Value (NPV). Investment analyses were realized through cash flow and determination of economic viability indicators. The cash flow was determined through planeloads of investment elaborations, annual inputs and outputs for a period of ten years. The decrease of the price of sale and increase of the price of commercial diet and snook juveniles has a hard impact in economic viability. The snook culture is presented economically viable, when market price is higher at R$ 20.00 kg-1.

Neste trabalho foi avaliada a viabilidade econômica do cultivo do robalo-flecha em um empreendimento destinado para a carcinicultura na região Nordeste do Brasil. Para dimensionar os custos de produção foram considerados o custo operacional efetivo (COE), custo operacional total (COT) e o custo total de produção (CTP). Os índices para a avaliação da rentabilidade foram a Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR), o Retorno do Capital (RC) e o Valor Presente Líquído (VPL). A análise de investimento foi realizada por meio da elaboração de fluxo de caixa e determinação de indicadores de viabilidade econômica. O fluxo de caixa foi determinado a partir da confecção das planilhas de investimento, despesas e receitas para um horizonte de projeto de dez anos. A redução no preço de venda e a elevação do preço das formas jovens e da ração foram fatores impactantes no retorno econômico da atividade. A engorda do robalo-flecha é economicamente viável quando o preço de comercialização for superior a R$ 20,00 kg-1.

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This research purpose was to evaluate the economic viability of snook culture in shrimp farms at Northeastern Brazil. For evaluate the cost of production, were considered the effective operational cost (EOC), total cost operational (TCO) and the total cost of production (TCP). The indexes for the evaluation of the profitability were the Internal Return Rate (IRR), PayBack Periodo (PP) and Net Present Value (NPV). Investment analyses were realized through cash flow and determination of economic viability indicators. The cash flow was determined through planeloads of investment elaborations, annual inputs and outputs for a period of ten years. The decrease of the price of sale and increase of the price of commercial diet and snook juveniles has a hard impact in economic viability. The snook culture is presented economically viable, when market price is higher at R$ 20.00 kg-1.(AU)

Neste trabalho foi avaliada a viabilidade econômica do cultivo do robalo-flecha em um empreendimento destinado para a carcinicultura na região Nordeste do Brasil. Para dimensionar os custos de produção foram considerados o custo operacional efetivo (COE), custo operacional total (COT) e o custo total de produção (CTP). Os índices para a avaliação da rentabilidade foram a Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR), o Retorno do Capital (RC) e o Valor Presente Líquído (VPL). A análise de investimento foi realizada por meio da elaboração de fluxo de caixa e determinação de indicadores de viabilidade econômica. O fluxo de caixa foi determinado a partir da confecção das planilhas de investimento, despesas e receitas para um horizonte de projeto de dez anos. A redução no preço de venda e a elevação do preço das formas jovens e da ração foram fatores impactantes no retorno econômico da atividade. A engorda do robalo-flecha é economicamente viável quando o preço de comercialização for superior a R$ 20,00 kg-1.(AU)

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The Common Snook, Centropomus undecimalis, inhabits riverine and marine areas of Southern Gulf of Mexico, where it is subject to intense use and exploitation. It has been reported that the genetic identification of fish stocks constitutes a valuable tool for wild population management; nevertheless, there is no available information on the genetic identification on fish stocks of this species in the region. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic relationship between C. undecimalis captured in marine and freshwater environments of the Gulf of Mexico and the San Pedro River. For this, muscle tissue samples of 79 specimens were obtained from areas located more than 300km apart. The genotype of each individual was determined using seven microsatellite primer pairs. Five primers amplified efficiently presenting between six and 28 alleles per locus. High levels of heterozygosis were observed in samples from both environments. Deviation from HWE due to an excess of heterozygotes was observed. The values of genetic difference indicate an absence of population structure (F ST=0.0075 and R ST=0.016, p=0.051) and similarity in the allele frequencies, defined by Nei’s index (0.805). Data showed the existence of a high gene flow due to the number of migrants (Nm=18.7). Our results suggest that individuals living in these environments belong to the same genetic population. We suggest the development of management and protection plans for this fish species population in the wild. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (2): 627-636. Epub 2014 June 01.

El robalo común Centropomus undecimalis habita en áreas ribereñas y marinas del sur del Golfo de México donde es sujeto a explotación intensiva. Aunque la identificación de las poblaciones de peces representa una valiosa herramienta para el manejo de las poblaciones silvestres, no hay información disponible para identificar genéticamente las poblaciones de peces de esta especie en la región. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la relación genética entre C. undecimalis capturado en ambiente marino y dulceacuícola del Golfo de México y río San Pedro. Muestras de tejido muscular de 79 individuos fueron obtenidas en áreas separadas por más de 300km. El genotipo de cada individuo fue determinado usando siete pares de cebadores microsatélites. Cinco cebadores amplificaron eficientemente presentando entre seis y 28 alelos por locus. Altos niveles de heterocigosidad se observaron en las muestras de ambos ambientes. Se observó desviación del equilibrio HW debido a exceso de heterocigotos. Los valores de diferenciación genética indican ausencia de estructuración poblacional F ST (0.0075) y R ST (0.016, p=0.051) y similitud en las frecuencias alélicas definidas por el índice de Nei (0.805). Los datos mostraron elevado flujo genético debido al número de migrantes (Nm=18.7). Estos resultados sugieren que los individuos en estos ambientes provienen de la misma población genética. La información obtenida en este estudio, por lo tanto contribuirá con elementos que pueden ser considerados en el desarrollo de programas de manejo y protección de las poblaciones de peces silvestres.

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Com o objetivo de analisar a intensidade das alterações histológicas em brânquias de Centropomus undecimalis para avaliar a qualidade da água do Parque Ecológico Laguna da Jansen, em São Luís, Estado do Maranhão, coletaram-se exemplares de peixes no período chuvoso de 2012 e amostras de água nos períodos seco de 2011 e chuvoso de 2012 para análises físico-química e bacteriológica. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos parâmetros físico-químicos e bacteriológicos estava de acordo com os valores estabelecidos pela Resolução do CONAMA nº 357 de 2005. As alterações histológicas observadas foram: elevação do epitélio lamelar; proliferação excessiva de células dos epitélios filamentar e lamelar causando fusão total ou parcial das lamelas; alteração da estrutura das lamelas; hiperplasia das células mucosas; ruptura do epitélio lamelar; espessamento descontrolado do tecido proliferativo filamentar e lamelar e aneurismas de vários tamanhos. Também foi observada a presença de parasito em alguns exemplares. O Índice de Alteração Histológica (IAH) por indivíduo variou de 2 a 114. O valor médio do IAH obtido foi de 40,3, demonstrando que as brânquias dos indivíduos amostrados da espécie C. undecimalis apresentaram alterações de moderadas para severas no tecido. As alterações histológicas encontradas indicam que esses indivíduos desenvolveram mecanismos de defesa contra a ação de estressores presentes na água da laguna e a um provável desequilíbrio parasito-hospedeiro-ambiente associado à baixa qualidade do ambiente.(AU)

Aiming to analyze the intensity of the histological changes in the gills of Centropomus undecimalis to assess the water quality at Ecological Park of the Laguna da Jansen, in São Luís, State of Maranhão, specimens of fish were collected during the rainy season of 2012 and water samples during the dry season in 2011 and rainy season in 2012 for physical-chemical and bacteriological analyses. The results showed that most of the physical-chemical and bacteriological parameters analyzed agreed with the values established by CONAMA Resolution nº 357 of 2005. The histological changes were elevation of the lamellar epithelium, excessive cell proliferation of the filamentum and lamellar epithelium causing total or partial melting of the lamellar; changing the structure of the lamellar, hyperplasia of mucous cells, disruption of the lamellar epithelium, uncontrolled proliferative tissue filamentum thickening and lamellar and aneurysms in various sizes. We noted the presence of parasites in some samples. The Index Histological Amendment (IAH) per individual ranged from 2 to 114. The mean IAH obtained was 40.3, demonstrating that the gills of the individuals of the C. undecimalis species showed moderate to severe changes in the tissue. The histological findings indicate that these individuals have developed defense mechanisms against the action of stressors present in the water of the Laguna da Jansen and a probable parasite-host-environment imbalance associated with the environment's low quality.(AU)

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Com o objetivo de analisar a intensidade das alterações histológicas em brânquias de Centropomus undecimalis para avaliar a qualidade da água do Parque Ecológico Laguna da Jansen, em São Luís, Estado do Maranhão, coletaram-se exemplares de peixes no período chuvoso de 2012 e amostras de água nos períodos seco de 2011 e chuvoso de 2012 para análises físico-química e bacteriológica. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos parâmetros físico-químicos e bacteriológicos estava de acordo com os valores estabelecidos pela Resolução do CONAMA nº 357 de 2005. As alterações histológicas observadas foram: elevação do epitélio lamelar; proliferação excessiva de células dos epitélios filamentar e lamelar causando fusão total ou parcial das lamelas; alteração da estrutura das lamelas; hiperplasia das células mucosas; ruptura do epitélio lamelar; espessamento descontrolado do tecido proliferativo filamentar e lamelar e aneurismas de vários tamanhos. Também foi observada a presença de parasito em alguns exemplares. O Índice de Alteração Histológica (IAH) por indivíduo variou de 2 a 114. O valor médio do IAH obtido foi de 40,3, demonstrando que as brânquias dos indivíduos amostrados da espécie C. undecimalis apresentaram alterações de moderadas para severas no tecido. As alterações histológicas encontradas indicam que esses indivíduos desenvolveram mecanismos de defesa contra a ação de estressores presentes na água da laguna e a um provável desequilíbrio parasito-hospedeiro-ambiente associado à baixa qualidade do ambiente...

Aiming to analyze the intensity of the histological changes in the gills of Centropomus undecimalis to assess the water quality at Ecological Park of the Laguna da Jansen, in São Luís, State of Maranhão, specimens of fish were collected during the rainy season of 2012 and water samples during the dry season in 2011 and rainy season in 2012 for physical-chemical and bacteriological analyses. The results showed that most of the physical-chemical and bacteriological parameters analyzed agreed with the values established by CONAMA Resolution nº 357 of 2005. The histological changes were elevation of the lamellar epithelium, excessive cell proliferation of the filamentum and lamellar epithelium causing total or partial melting of the lamellar; changing the structure of the lamellar, hyperplasia of mucous cells, disruption of the lamellar epithelium, uncontrolled proliferative tissue filamentum thickening and lamellar and aneurysms in various sizes. We noted the presence of parasites in some samples. The Index Histological Amendment (IAH) per individual ranged from 2 to 114. The mean IAH obtained was 40.3, demonstrating that the gills of the individuals of the C. undecimalis species showed moderate to severe changes in the tissue. The histological findings indicate that these individuals have developed defense mechanisms against the action of stressors present in the water of the Laguna da Jansen and a probable parasite-host-environment imbalance associated with the environment's low quality...

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Centropomus parallelus and Centropomus undecimalis are the most common species of Centropomidae in Brazil. Some authors attribute their failure to grow under in artificial conditions due to limited knowledge on the morphological and functional development of their digestive system and on nutrition requirements of both species. Current research characterizes histologically and histochemically the digestive tract of Centropomus parallelus and Centropomus undecimalis to provide a histophysiological assessment for studies related to their nutritional needs. In the esophagus, the mucous cells in the epithelium stained positively for PAS and AB. In the stomach, positive reactions to PAS and negative to AB respectively occurred on surface and mucous cells in the epithelium and in the lamina propria. In the intestine, goblet cells showed ratio similarity, with mucus being positive in AB and PAS. A greater concentration of these cells existed in the middle and distal intestine, with a greater increase of secretions when compared to those in the proximal intestine. Results show that Centropomus parallelus and Centropomus undecimalis display the main features of the digestive tract of carnivorous fish, a well-developed stomach and a relatively short intestine. In fact, they give insights for future studies on the mechanisms related to the species´s digestive and absorptive physiology.

RESUMO

Centropomus parallelus and C. undecimalis are the most common species of Centropomidae in Brazil. Some authors attribute their failure to grow under in artificial conditions due to limited knowledge on the morphological and functional development of their digestive system and on nutrition requirements of both species. Current research characterizes histologically and histochemically the digestive tract of C. parallelus and C. undecimalis to provide a histophysiological assessment for studies related to their nutritional needs. In the esophagus, the mucous cells in the epithelium stained positively for PAS and AB. In the stomach, positive reactions to PAS and negative to AB respectively occurred on surface and mucous cells in the epithelium and in the lamina propria. In the intestine, goblet cells showed ratio similarity, with mucus being positive in AB and PAS. A greater concentration of these cells existed in the middle and distal intestine, with a greater increase of secretions when compared to those in the proximal intestine. Results show that C. parallelus and C.undecimalis display the main features of the digestive tract of carnivorous fish, a well-developed stomach and a relatively short intestine. In fact, they give insights for future studies on the mechanisms related to the species's digestive and absorptive physiology.

Centropomus parallelus e C. undecimalis são as espécies mais comuns de Centropomidae no Brasil. Alguns autores atribuem o insucesso no seu cultivo devido ao escasso conhecimento sobre o desenvolvimento morfológico e funcional do sistema digestório, assim como o desconhecimento das exigências nutricionais das espécies. Dessa forma realizou-se o presente trabalho, com o objetivo de caracterizar histológica e histoquimicamente o tubo digestório de C. parallelus e C. undecimalis, para estudos histofisiológicos relacionados às necessidades nutricionais deste peixe. No esôfago, as células mucosas, presentes no epitélio coraram-se positivamente tanto em PAS como em AB. No estômago, as células superficiais e mucosas presentes no epitélio e na lâmina própria respectivamente, apresentaram reações positivas em PAS e negativa em AB. No intestino as células caliciformes apresentaram similaridade na proporção entre os mucos sendo positivos tanto em PAS como em AB; nos intestinos médio e distal observou-se uma maior concentração destas células, resultando em uma quantidade maior de secreções em comparação ao intestino proximal. Através dos resultados observados, conclui-se que o C. parallelus e C. undecimalis exibem as principais características do trato digestório de peixes carnívoros, como um estômago bem desenvolvido e um intestino relativamente curto. Estes resultados darão subsídios para futuros estudos sobre mecanismos da fisiologia digestiva e absortiva desta espécie.

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Eurihaline fish support waters with different salt concentration. However, numerous studies have shown that salinity can affect fish development. Thus, the effect of salinity change from 20 to 5 and 35 on survival, weight, length, gill chloride cell ultrastructure and gill Na+, K+ ATPase activity was evaluated in Centropomus parallelus following short-term (6, 24 and 96 hours) and long-term exposure (30 and 60 days). Salinity did not affect C. parallelus survival, final weight and length. The quantity of chloride cells increased visibly at salinities of 5 and 35, with the cells exhibiting the typical features of uptake and secretory cells, respectively. Na+, K+ ATPase activity in the gill of the C. parallelus was significantly greater at a salinity of 5 than at a salinity of 20 or 35 after 96 hours, but not after 30 or 60 days. These results indicate that salinity change from high to low salt water induces gill chloride cell and Na+, K+ ATPase activity adaptations after short-term exposure. However, after long-term exposure at salinity 5, gill Na+, K+ ATPase activity is no more necessary at high levels. The increase in salinity to 35 does not induce significant change in gills. Juveniles of C. parallelus may thus be capable of acclimating to salinities of 5 to 35 for 60 days without significant effects on development.(AU)

Peixes eurihalinos suportam águas com diferentes concentrações de sal. Contudo, muitos estudos têm mostrado que a salinidade pode afetar o desenvolvimento do peixe. Portanto, o efeito da mudança de salinidade de 20 para 5 e 35 na taxa de sobrevivência, peso, comprimento, morfologia das células de cloreto branquiais e atividade da Na+, K+ ATPase foram avaliadas no Centropomus parallelus após curto (6, 24 e 96 horas) e longo tempo de exposição (30 e 60 dias). A salinidade não afetou a sobrevivência, o peso e comprimento final do robalo-peva. A quantidade de células de cloreto aumentou visivelmente nas salinidades 5 e 35, exibindo morfologias típicas de células que absorvem e secretam sal, respectivamente. A atividade da Na+, K+ ATPase nas brânquias do C. parallelus foi significativamente maior na salinidade 5 do que nas salinidades 20 ou 35 após 96 horas, mas não após 30 e 60 dias. Esses resultados indicam que a mudança de alta para baixa salinidade provoca adaptações nas células de cloreto e na atividade da Na+, K+ ATPase branquial em curto prazo. Contudo, após longa exposição na salinidade 5, a alta atividade da Na+, K+ ATPase branquial não é mais necessária. O aumento de salinidade para 35 não induz mudanças significativas nas brânquias. Portanto, juvenis de C. parallelus possuem a capacidade de aclimatação nas salinidades de 5 a 35 semefeitos significativos no desenvolvimento após 60 dias.(AU)

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