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The toxicity of methylmercury (MeHg) during embryonic development is a relevant issue that remains unclear and deserves investigation. In this sense, there is evidence that links the intake of contaminated food with cardiovascular pathologies in human adults and children. Thus, this study aimed to verify the impact of MeHg on the structure and integrity of extraembryonic and cardiac blood vessels and the contractile function of cardiomyocytes, also evaluating embryonic weight and the cardiosomatic index (CSI). Thus, chicken embryos, used as an experimental model, were exposed to a single dose of 0.1 µg MeHg/50 µl saline at E1.5 and analyzed at E10. After exposure, an increase in the number of extraembryonic blood vessels and the veins of the cardiac tissue was observed. These increases were accompanied by a reduction in the content of VEGF and VCAM proteins related to vessel growth and adhesiveness. Together, these results were related to reduced nitrite (NOx) levels. Furthermore, MeHg reduces the number of sarcomeres and increases the content of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), a protein that regulates contraction. In general, exposure to MeHg affected the integrity of extraembryonic and cardiac vessels and the contractile function of cardiomyocytes, which had a systemic impact evidenced by the reduction in embryonic weight gain and CSI.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Although the concept of an "ongoing study" seems self-explanatory, it is difficult to determine whether a trial is underway. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the definitions of "ongoing clinical trial" across different clinical trial registries, methodological guidelines, and other sources. DESIGN AND SETTING: This meta-research study was conducted at the Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of relevant clinical trial registry databases, methodological guidelines for conducting systematic reviews, and other sources that would define or regulate clinical trials. RESULTS: We identified various heterogeneous definitions used by eligible sources at both the start and end of a clinical trial. The starting criteria used were as follows: when the team is planning the protocol, when permission is given to conduct the study, or when the first participant is enrolled. Some sources used the time at which the last outcome data was collected as a criterion to determine the end of the trial. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors stated that a study is still "ongoing" during the analysis process. Several sources use a vague definition or present no clear criteria for defining the start or end of a study. CONCLUSION: The concept of "ongoing clinical trials" lacks a transparent and homogeneous definition across relevant sources. A consensus on this concept is important to facilitate the evaluation of available evidence and conduct research synthesis. Further efforts are necessary to determine the best definition for the start and end of a clinical trial.

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It is known that formal explanations with categorical labels are more satisfying than explicit tautologies. However, would they still be more satisfying if they are implicitly tautological themselves? In two experiments, we compared the degree of satisfaction between tautological formal explanations, explicit tautologies, and proper explanations. Additionally, we examined whether participants knew the correct definitions for the labels used in the formal explanations. Finally, we asked whether cultural and linguistic differences can play a role in the treatment of formal explanations with categorical labels. To this end, the first experiment involved Chilean students (N = 50), and the second experiment involved Russian students (N = 51). It was found that formal explanations, despite their intentional tautology, were still rated as more convincing compared to explicit tautologies (but less convincing than proper explanations). Furthermore, this effect did not depend on participants' previous knowledge (the label's definitions) or linguistic and cultural background. Taking all this into account, we consider this effect as a relatively universal psychological phenomenon and relate our findings to existing theories of formal explanations.

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El insuficiente estudio de los patrones de lateralidad en el deporte limita el diagnóstico del tipo de motricidad y obstaculiza notablemente los procesos de planificación del entrenamiento, desde las individualidades de los futbolistas, para buscar el rendimiento óptimo. El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar los patrones de lateralidad predominantes en futbolistas masculinos del equipo Habana, categoría juvenil. Se desarrolló un estudio exploratorio y descriptivo que aplicó métodos de carácter teórico, empírico (entrevistas y encuestas), y estadístico-matemático (por medio de hojas de cálculo de Excel). Fueron aplicados seistest (Ojo director, Mano directora, Lateralidad de cadera, Lateralidad de hombro, Pierna dinámica y Pie director), con instrumentos internacionales contextualizados y avalados en investigaciones especializadas para su uso en Cuba. La heterogeneidad de la muestra mostró la tendencia genérica en el comportamiento preferencial de los futbolistas estudiados.

O estudo insuficiente dos padrões de lateralidade no esporte limita o diagnóstico do tipo de motricidade e dificulta significativamente os processos de planejamento do treinamento, a partir das individualidades dos jogadores de futebol, a fim de buscar um desempenho ideal. O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar os padrões predominantes de lateralidade em jogadores de futebol masculino da equipe Habana, categoria juvenil. Foi realizado um estudo exploratório e descritivo com métodos teóricos, empíricos (entrevistas e pesquisas) e estatístico-matemáticos (por meio de planilhas do Excel). Foram aplicados seis testes (Olho Direcionado, Mão Direcionada, Lateralidade do Quadril, Lateralidade do Ombro, Perna Dinâmica e Pé Direcionado), com instrumentos internacionais contextualizados e aprovados em pesquisas especializadas para uso em Cuba. A heterogeneidade da amostra mostrou a tendência genérica no comportamento preferencial dos jogadores de futebol estudados.

The insufficient study of laterality patterns in sport limits the diagnosis of the type of motor skills and significantly hinders the training planning processes, from the individualities of the soccer players, to seek optimal performance. The objective of the study was to characterize the predominant laterality patterns in male soccer players of the Havana team, youth category. An exploratory and descriptive study was developed that applied theoretical, empirical (interviews and surveys), and statistical-mathematical methods (using Excel spreadsheets). Six tests were applied (Directing eye, Directing hand, Laterality of the hip, Laterality of the shoulder, Dynamic leg and Directing foot), with contextualized international instruments and endorsed by specialized research for their use in Cuba. The heterogeneity of the sample showed the generic trend in the preferential behavior of the soccer players studied.

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To characterize the diet composition of Moenkhausia bonita and its temporal and ontogenetic variations in streams in the Formoso River basin (MS). The collections were carried out in seven sampling points in two periods throughout the year (dry and rainy). The food items were analyzed according to the volumetric and occurrence frequency methods and the diet was characterized through the Food Index (IAi%). To determine ontogeny, the specimens were divided into five size classes in the dry (D1 to D5) and rainy (R1 to R5) periods. To verify the difference between the species' diet between the size classes and the periods of the year, the Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance ­ PERMANOVA analysis was performed. Moenkhausia bonita was classified as an invertivore when it consumed basically both aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates (99.5% of the diet), with higher consumption of aquatic invertebrates. There was a significant difference in the diet of between the dry and rainy periods, and although the species basically consumed the same items in the two studied periods, the proportions were different and there was no difference in the diet between size classes. M. bonita diet is based on autochthonous resources regardless of the size class, but that there were different consumption patterns when comparing the different periods of the year. The present study provided the first information on the feeding of M. bonita in a lotic environment and diet spectrum in the developmental phases, (ontogeny) and periods of the year, enabling a better understanding of the species, the importance of invertebrates in its diet, and the need for future studies on the biology, autoecology, and behavior of this species.

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To characterize the diet composition of Moenkhausia bonita and its temporal and ontogenetic variations in streams in the Formoso River basin (MS). The collections were carried out in seven sampling points in two periods throughout the year (dry and rainy). The food items were analyzed according to the volumetric and occurrence frequency methods and the diet was characterized through the Food Index (IAi%). To determine ontogeny, the specimens were divided into five size classes in the dry (D1 to D5) and rainy (R1 to R5) periods. To verify the difference between the species' diet between the size classes and the periods of the year, the Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance ­ PERMANOVA analysis was performed. Moenkhausia bonita was classified as an invertivore when it consumed basically both aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates (99.5% of the diet), with higher consumption of aquatic invertebrates. There was a significant difference in the diet of between the dry and rainy periods, and although the species basically consumed the same items in the two studied periods, the proportions were different and there was no difference in the diet between size classes. M. bonita diet is based on autochthonous resources regardless of the size class, but that there were different consumption patterns when comparing the different periods of the year. The present study provided the first information on the feeding of M. bonita in a lotic environment and diet spectrum in the developmental phases, (ontogeny) and periods of the year, enabling a better understanding of the species, the importance of invertebrates in its diet, and the need for future studies on the biology, autoecology, and behavior of this species.

: Caracterizar a composição alimentar de Moenkhausia bonita e as variações temporais e ontogenéticas na dieta desta espécie em riachos da bacia do rio Formoso (MS). As coletas foram realizadas em sete pontos amostrais em dois períodos do ano (seco e chuvoso). Os itens alimentares foram analisados de acordo com os métodos volumétrico e de frequência de ocorrência e a dieta foi caracterizada através do Índice Alimentar (IAi%). Para determinar a ontogenia, os espécimes foram divididos em cinco classes de tamanho nos períodos seco (D1 a D5) e chuvoso (R1 a R5). Para verificar a diferença entre a dieta da espécie entre as classes de tamanho e os períodos do ano foi realizado a Análise de Variância Multivariada Permutacional ­ PERMANOVA. M. bonita foi classificada como invertívora ao consumir basicamente invertebrados tanto aquáticos quanto terrestres (99,5% da dieta), com consumo maior de invertebrados aquáticos. Houve diferença significativa na dieta entre os períodos seco e chuvoso, apesar da espécie consumir basicamente os mesmos itens nos dois períodos estudados, as proporções foram distintas e não houve diferença na dieta entre as classes de tamanho. A dieta de M. bonita é baseada em recursos autóctones independente da classe de tamanho, mas que houve consumo diferente entre os períodos do ano. O presente estudo forneceu as primeiras informações sobre a alimentação de M. bonita em ambiente lótico e seu espectro alimentar nas fases de desenvolvimento(ontogenia)e períodos do ano, possibilitando melhor conhecimento da espécie, a importância dos invertebrados em sua dieta e a necessidade de estudos futuros sobre a biologia, autoecologia e comportamento desta espécie.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare the manufacturing, infusion, and total times of handmade balloons for uterine tamponade using the El Hennawy and Alves techniques, given the failure of initial measures and uterotonic therapy to control postpartum hemorrhage. METHODS: An open clinical trial (clinical article) was conducted among 30 physicians, residents, and assistants in an Obstetrics Department. Each participant manufactured and infused one of two different balloons compared in the study, in a randomly predefined sequence. The manufacturing and infusion times were timed by the researchers and their medians were compared using the t test or Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: The manufacturing time of the El Hennawy balloon was 72 s lower in relation to the Alves balloon (P < 0.010). Regarding the infusion time, the Alves balloon was filled faster than the El Hennawy balloon (P < 0.010). The total time (manufacturing and infusion) of Alves balloon was also lower than the El Hennawy device (P < 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: Although the El Hennawy balloon was manufactured more quickly, the total time of manufacturing and infusing the Alves balloon was much faster, which makes it the most suitable device to be used in critical situations of postpartum hemorrhage.

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Knowledge about the relevance of the left inferior frontal gyrus (lIFG) and the left posterior superior temporal gyrus (lpSTG) in visual recognition of word categories is limited at present. tDCS is a non-invasive brain stimulation method that alters cortical activity and excitability, and thus might be a useful tool for delineating the specific impact of both areas on word recognition. The objective of this study was to explore whether the visual recognition process of verb categories is improved by a single tDCS session. lIFG and lpSTG areas were separately modulated by anodal tDCS to evaluate its effects on verbal recognition. Compared to sham stimulation, motor reaction times (RTs) were reduced after anodal tDCS over the lpSTG, and this effect was independent of the performing hand (right/left). These findings suggest that this region is involved in visual word recognition independently from the performing hand.

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Dengue, Zika, and chikungunya are arboviral diseases (AVD) transmitted mainly by Aedes aegypti. Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil, has been endemic for dengue for over 30 years, and experienced the first joint epidemic of the three diseases between 2015-2016. They present similar symptoms and only a small proportion of cases are laboratory-confirmed. These facts lead to potential misdiagnosis and, consequently, uncertainty in the registration of the cases. We have available the number of cases of each disease for the n=160 neighborhoods of Rio de Janeiro. We propose a Poisson model for the total number of cases of Aedes-borne diseases and, conditioned on the total, we assume a multinomial model for the allocation of the number of cases of each of the diseases across the neighborhoods. This provides simultaneously the estimation of the associations of the relative risk of the total cases of AVD with environmental and socioeconomic variables; and the estimation of the probability of presence of each disease as a function of available covariates. Our findings suggest that a one standard deviation increase in the social development index decreases the relative risk of the total cases of AVD by 28%. Neighborhoods with smaller proportion of green area had greater odds of having chikungunya in comparison to dengue and Zika. A one standard deviation increase in population density decreases the odds of a neighborhood having Zika instead of dengue by 18% but increases the odds of chikungunya in comparison to dengue by 18% and by 43% in comparison to Zika.

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We use a feature-based association model to fit grouped and individual level category learning and transfer data. The model assumes that people use corrective feedback to learn individual feature to categorization-criterion correlations and combine those correlations additively to produce classifications. The model is an Adaptive Linear Filter (ALF) with logistic output function and Least Mean Squares learning algorithm. Categorization probabilities are computed by a logistic function. Our data span over 31 published data sets. Both at grouped and individual level analysis levels, the model performs remarkably well, accounting for large amounts of available variances. When fitted to grouped data, it outperforms alternative models. When fitted to individual level data, it is able to capture learning and transfer performance with high explained variances. Notably, the model achieves its fits with a very minimal number of free parameters. We discuss the ALF's advantages as a model of procedural categorization, in terms of its simplicity, its ability to capture empirical trends and its ability to solve challenges to other associative models. In particular, we discuss why the model is not equivalent to a prototype model, as previously thought.

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Against the typical results of laboratory studies, it has been suggested that retrieving distant analogs from autobiographical memory would be relatively easy, since we frequently encode daily-life events in terms of overlearned relational categories that allow for a uniform abstract encoding. In each of two experiments, we formed two groups of participants who, as determined by a questionnaire presented during a first session, had experienced an event corresponding to a schema-governed category (Experiment 1) or to a system of schema-governed categories (Experiment 2). While the episodes reported by one of the groups belonged to the same domain as the target analog to be presented during the second session, those of the other group belonged to a different domain. During a temporally and contextually separated session, the experimenters presented both groups with a target analog belonging to the schema-governed category for which participants had reported a base analog. Participants had to retrieve an autobiographical episode that they considered analogous to the situation presented by the experimenter. From those analogs reported in the first phase, those pertaining to the same domain of the target were more retrieved than those pertaining to a different domain. Results showed that analogical retrieval is driven largely by surface similarities, even when base and target analogs have been encoded in terms of the same schema-governed category.

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BACKGROUND: Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is released in extensive areas cultivated with cotton worldwide, but the use of synthetic insecticides threatens the establishment of augmented populations. Thus, an assessment of insecticides' effects on T. pretiosum is required to establish their compatibility with mass releases of the parasitoid. We studied in the laboratory the impact of insecticides administered through different exposure routes (direct-spraying, ingestion and residue contact) on T. pretiosum. Based on their toxicity, the insecticides were rated into four categories (harmless, slightly harmful, moderately harmful and harmful) as per the International Organization for Biological Control. RESULTS: The survival, parasitism ability and emergence of the treated adults and offspring (F1 and F2 ), in addition to the persistence of the toxic effects in semi-field conditions, were assessed. Teflubenzuron did not reduce female survival and caused a lesser impact on T. pretiosum on both direct-spraying and ingestion bioassays. In the residue contact bioassay, teflubenzuron and flupyradifurone were rated as harmless and slightly harmful, respectively. The other active substances (chlorfenapyr, thiodicarb and methomyl) were harmful to the parasitoid by all exposure routes and were persistent (with toxicity duration surpassing 30 days). CONCLUSION: From these findings, teflubenzuron is the insecticide most compatible with T. pretiosum releases and should be preferred over the other active substances. Further studies with the harmful insecticides (thiodicarb, chlorfenapyr and methomyl) are required to determine their toxicity under field conditions and confirm their incompatibility with T. pretiosum releases.

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A alimentação dos animais domésticos se torna cada dia mais exigente e balanceada, visando a melhora na qualidade de vida destes animais. Atualmente, existe uma grande variedade de rações para atender esta demanda e facilitar a oferta de alimentos aos animais pelos tutores. Neste trabalho foram avaliadas as informações nutricionais nos rótulos de rações para felinos domésticos comercializadas na cidade de Bom Jesus- PI e estabelecida a relação preço por quilograma, teor de nutrientes em cada categoria das rações para cada grupo de animais, com o objetivo informativo nutricional e estabelecer uma relação custo-benefício entre as mesmas. Os resultados revelaram que há diferenças entre as rações, seja da mesma classificação, entre elas e/ou grupos diferentes, tanto em questão de preço, como em quantidade e qualidade de nutrientes. Observou-se a mesma ração com preços diferentes, assim como rações da mesma categoria destinada ao mesmo grupo de animais, mas que possuem teores de nutrientes muito distintos. Este estudo ainda levou em conta as rações especiais destinadas a animais com problemas urinários, renais e obesos, demostrando a importância da diferença de nutrientes nas rações para esses animais. Pôde se observar com este trabalho que a escolha da ração baseada na qualidade e quantidade dos nutrientes é imprescindível para fortalecer e nutrir o animal, além de prevenir ou amenizar problemas de saúde, e que o custo com rações não difere muito mediante as categorias apresentadas.

Feeding domestic animals becomes more demanding and balanced every day, aiming to improve the quality of life these animals. Currently, there is a wide variety of feeds to meet this demand and facilitate the supply of food to animals by tutors. In this work, the nutritional information on the food labels for domestic cats sold in the city of Bom Jesus-PI was evaluated and the price per kilogram, nutrient content in each category of feed for each group of animals was established, with the purpose of nutritional information and establish a cost-benefit relationship between them. The results show that there is a lot of difference between the rations, whether of the same classification, between them and/or different groups, both in terms of price, and in terms of quantity and quality of nutrients. The same feed with different prices was observed, as well as feed from the same category destined to the same group of animals, but with very different nutrient content. This study also takes into account the special rations for animals with urinary, kidney and obese problems, demonstrating the importance of the difference in nutrients in the rations for those animals. What could be observed with this work is that the choice of feed based on the quality and quantity of nutrients is essential to strengthen and nourish the animal, in addition to preventing or alleviating health problems, and that the cost of feed does not differ much according to the categories presented.

La alimentación de los animales domésticos se vuelve cada día más exigente y equilibrada, con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de vida de estos animales. Actualmente, existe una amplia variedad de raciones para cubrir esta demanda y facilitar el suministro de alimento a los animales por parte de los tutores. En este trabajo se evaluó la información nutricional en las etiquetas de los alimentos para gatos domésticos vendidos en la ciudad de Bom Jesus-PI y se estableció el precio por kilogramo, contenido de nutrientes en cada categoría de alimento para cada grupo de animales, con el propósito de información nutricional y establecer una relación costo-beneficio entre ellos. Los resultados revelan que existe mucha diferencia entre las raciones, ya sea de la misma clasificación, entre ellas y / o grupos diferentes, tanto en términos de precio, como en términos de cantidad y calidad de nutrientes. Uma misma racion con diferentes precios se observa en las Tablas 1, 2 y 3, así como racion de la misma categoría destinado al mismo grupo de animales, pero con muy diferente contenido de nutrientes. Este estudio también tiene en cuenta las raciones especiales (Tabla 4) para animales con problemas urinarios, renales y obesos, demostrando la importancia de la diferencia de nutrientes en las raciones para estos animales. Lo que se pudo observar con este trabajo es que la elección del alimento en función de la calidad y cantidad de nutrientes es fundamental para fortalecer y nutrir al animal, además de prevenir o aliviar problemas de salud, y que el costo del alimento no difiere mucho según a las categorías presentadas.

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RESUMEN La alimentación de los animales domésticos se vuelve cada día más exigente y equilibrada, con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de vida de estos animales. Actualmente, existe una amplia variedad de piensos para cubrir esta demanda y facilitar el suministro de alimento a los animales por parte de los tutores. En este trabajo se evaluó la información nutricional en las etiquetas de los alimentos para gatos domésticos vendidos en la ciudad de Bom Jesus-PI y se estableció el precio por kilogramo, contenido de nutrientes en cada categoría de alimento para cada grupo de animales, con el propósito de información nutricional y establecer una relación costo-beneficio entre ellos. Los resultados revelan que existe mucha diferencia entre las raciones, ya sea de la misma clasificación, entre ellas y / o grupos diferentes, tanto en términos de precio, como en términos de cantidad y calidad de nutrientes. Un mismo pienso con diferentes precios se observa en las Tablas 1, 2 y 3, así como pienso de la misma categoría destinado al mismo grupo de animales, pero con muy diferente contenido de nutrientes. Este estudio también tiene en cuenta las raciones especiales (Tabla 4) para animales con problemas urinarios, renales y obesos, demostrando la importancia de la diferencia de nutrientes en las raciones para estos animales. Lo que se pudo observar con este trabajo es que la elección del al

ABSTRACT Feeding domestic animals becomes more demanding and balanced every day, aiming to improve the quality of life of these animals. Currently, there is a wide variety of feeds to meet this demand and facilitate the supply of food to animals by tutors. In this work, the nutritional information on the food labels for domestic cats sold in the city of Bom Jesus-PI was evaluated and the price per kilogram, nutrient content in each category of feed for each group of animals was established, with the purpose of nutritional information and establish a cost-benefit relationship between them. The results show that there is a lot of difference between the rations, whether of the same classification, between them and/or different groups, both in terms of price, and in terms of quantity and quality of nutrients. The same feed with different prices is observed in Tables 1, 2 and 3, as well as feed from the same category destined to the same group of animals, but with very different nutrient content. This study also takes into account the special rations (Table 4) for animals with urinary, kidney and obese problems, demonstrating the importance of the difference in nutrients in the rations for these animals. What could be observed with this work is that the choice of feed based on the quality and quantity of nutrients is essential to strengthen and nourish the animal, in addition to pre

A alimentação dos animais domésticos se torna cada dia mais exigente e balanceada, visando a melhora na qualidade de vida destes animais. Atualmente, existe uma grande variedade de rações para atender esta demanda e facilitar a oferta de alimentos aos animais pelos tutores.  Neste trabalho foram avaliadas as informações nutricionais nos rótulos de rações para felinos domésticos comercializadas na cidade de Bom Jesus- PI e estabelecida a relação preço por quilograma, teor de nutrientes em cada categoria das rações para cada grupo de animais, com o objetivo informativo nutricional e estabelecer uma relação custo-benefício entre as mesmas. Os resultados revelam que há bastante diferença entre as rações, seja da mesma classificação, entre elas e/ou grupos diferentes, tanto em questão de preço, como em quantidade e qualidade de nutrientes. É observado a mesma ração com preços diferentes nas Tabelas 1, 2 e 3, assim como rações da mesma categoria destinada ao mesmo grupo de animais, mas que possuem teores de nutrientes bem distintos. Este estudo ainda leva em conta as rações especiais (Tabela 4) destinadas a animais com problemas urinários, renais e obesos, demostrando a importância da diferença de nutrientes nas rações para essa animais. O que pôde se observar com este trabalho é que a escolha da ração baseada na qualidade e quantidade dos nutrientes é imprescindível para fo

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RESUMEN El presente trabajo consistió en la elaboración de un programa de planificación semanal para el desarrollo de la fuerza en judocas de la categoría 9-10 años. El mismo tuvo como propósito esencial, ofertar una vía para influir positivamente en el rendimiento de los judocas pertenecientes a este grupo etario, a la vez que se dispone de un nuevo recurso para elaborar la planificación de la fuerza para esta disciplina deportiva, con lo que se contribuye, además, con el proceso de superación de los profesores deportivos que laboran en el eslabón de base. Para ello, se tuvieron en cuenta los fundamentos morfo-biomecánicos de los ejercicios de fuerza, así como las características morfo-funcionales de los niños que pertenecen a la misma. Para la obtención de información, se utilizaron como métodos la revisión de documentos, la encuesta y la observación. Al no encontrarse referentes al respecto en la bibliografía especializada que fue consultada, así como la falta de evidencia de una planificación semanal del entrenamiento de la fuerza, sustentado en los parámetros anteriormente mencionados, lo que pudo constatarse a través del diagnóstico efectuado. Los autores lograron diseñar un programa de planificación semanal para el desarrollo de la fuerza en judocas de la categoría 9-10 años, acorde con las exigencias fisiológicas de este grupo etario. De este modo, se pudo influir de forma positiva en el desarrollo de esta capacidad motora, sin daños para el organismo de estos niños.

RESUMO O presente trabalho consistiu na elaboração de um programa de planeamento semanal para o desenvolvimento da força nos judocas da categoria dos 9-10 anos de idade. O seu objectivo essencial era oferecer uma forma de influenciar positivamente o desempenho dos judocas pertencentes a esta faixa etária, tendo ao mesmo tempo um novo recurso para desenvolver o planeamento de força para esta disciplina desportiva, o que também contribui para o processo de melhoria dos professores de desporto que trabalham no elo básico. Para tal, foram tidos em conta os fundamentos morfo-biomecânicos dos exercícios de força, bem como as características morfofuncionais das crianças que a ela pertencem. A fim de obter informações, foram utilizados como métodos a revisão, o levantamento e a observação de documentos. Uma vez que não foram encontradas referências na bibliografia especializada que foi consultada, bem como a falta de provas de um planeamento semanal do treino de força, baseado nos parâmetros acima mencionados, que pôde ser verificado através do diagnóstico efetuado, os autores puderam conceber um programa de planeamento semanal para o desenvolvimento da força nos jogadores de judô da categoria dos 9-10 anos, de acordo com as exigências fisiológicas desta faixa etária. Desta forma, foi possível influenciar positivamente o desenvolvimento desta capacidade motora, sem danificar o corpo destas crianças.

ABSTRACT The present work consisted in the elaboration of a weekly planning program for the development of strength in judo female athletes of the 9-10 years old category. Its essential purpose was to offer a way to positively influence the performance of judo female athletes belonging to this age group, at the same time that a new resource is available to elaborate the planning of strength for this sport discipline, which also contributes to the process of improvement of sports teachers who work in the basic link. For this purpose, the morpho-biomechanical fundamentals of strength exercises were taken into account, as well as the morpho-functional characteristics of the children who belong to it. To obtain information, document review, survey and observation were used as methods. Since no references were found in the specialized bibliography that was consulted, as well as the lack of evidence of a weekly planning of strength training, based on the aforementioned parameters, which could be verified through the diagnosis carried out, the authors were able to design a weekly planning program for the development of strength in judo female athletes of the 9-10 years old category, according to the physiological demands of this age group. In this way, it was possible to have a positive influence on the development of this motor capacity, without harming the organism of these children.

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Although the knowledge about biological systems has advanced exponentially in recent decades, it is surprising to realize that the very definition of Life keeps presenting theoretical challenges. Even if several lines of reasoning seek to identify the essence of life phenomenon, most of these thoughts contain fundamental problem in their basic conceptual structure. Most concepts fail to identify either necessary or sufficient features to define life. Here, we analyzed the main conceptual frameworks regarding theoretical aspects that have been supporting the most accepted concepts of life, such as (i) the physical, (ii) the cellular and (iii) the molecular approaches. Based on an ontological analysis, we propose that Life should not be positioned under the ontological category of Matter. Yet, life should be better understood under the top-level ontology of "Process". Exercising an epistemological approach, we propose that the essential characteristic that pervades each and every living being is the presence of organic codes. Therefore, we explore theories in biosemiotics and code biology in order to propose a clear concept of life as a macrocode composed by multiple inter-related coding layers. This way, as life is a sort of metaphysical process of encoding, the living beings became the molecular materialization of that process. From the proposed concept, we show that the evolutionary process is a fundamental characteristic for life's maintenance but it is not necessary to define life, as many organisms are clearly alive but they do not participate in the evolutionary process (such as infertile hybrids). The current proposition opens a fertile field of debate in astrobiology, epistemology, biosemiotics, code biology and robotics.

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BACKGROUND: Good vision through sunglasses is important to safety when driving and ISO 12312-1:2013 sets requirements for luminous transmittance and the transmittance of traffic signals. METHODS: We measured the spectral transmittances, 380-780 nm in 5-nm steps, of 232 sunglasses lenses and calculated the luminous transmittance, category (1-4) and transmittance of red, yellow, green and blue traffic signals (Q values). Furthermore, we developed a prototype for the general public to self-check sunglasses regarding safety for driving. We combined a white LED, a photodetector, and calculations to measure luminous transmittance, traffic signal transmittance, category, and Q-factors in sunglasses. RESULTS: Spectroscopy shows that 75% of sunglasses on the Brazilian market comply with ISO 12312-1:2013 requirements to be suitable for driving. The prototype was validated by testing 232 samples by trained users. Additionally, 60 other samples were tested by untrained users and results were compared to spectrophotometric measurements. Bland-Altman analyses showed no significant biases and 95% agreement of limits within the pre-defined tolerances for all measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Our prototype offers the general public a way to check whether their sunglasses are suitable for driving. As tested, 24.6% of sunglasses are not appropriate for driving and consumer must be more attentive to this information. SIGNIFICANCE: Immediate attention regarding checking sunglasses for driving conditions is needed for non-certified sunglasses.

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RESUMEN La coordinación óculo-pédica se refiere a movimientos realizados con la coordinación visual con el pie, elemento motriz de utilidad para diversos deportes y, en especial, para establecer estrategias de trabajo en futbolistas de diversas categorías de formación. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo validar teóricamente mediante especialistas una propuesta de ejercicios físicos que potencien la coordinación óculo-pédica, en la técnica de conducción del balón para futbolistas juveniles del género femenino. Esta investigación es de tipo descriptiva-correlacional, de orden cualitativa. Se seleccionan a 30 especialistas, divididos en tres niveles de competencias profesionales, a los cuales se les aplica un cuestionario para evaluar tres indicadores prepropuesta, que validan una idea de entrenamiento coordinativo (pertinencia, complejidad, prioridad), más un cuestionario que evaluará un indicador (efectividad) luego de diseñada la propuesta de intervención con 30 ejercicios físicos especializados. Como resultados, se plantea que no se evidencian diferencias significativas en tres indicadores (complejidad: p=0.850; prioridad: p=0.075; efectividad: p=0.419) de cuatro posibles (pertinencia: p=0.014) por nivel de especialistas, existiendo consenso en las calificaciones emitidas. Los indicadores prepropuesta presentaron una evaluación cualitativa entre regular a muy bien y el indicador evaluador de la propuesta obtiene una calificación cualitativa general De acuerdo. Se evidencia, en sentido general, el criterio consensado de varios especialistas con competencias diversas, calificando cuantitativa y cualitativamente, de forma positiva, la calidad de la prepropuesta y la propuesta.

RESUMO A coordenação óculo-pédica refere-se a movimentos feitos com a coordenação visual com o pé, um elemento motor útil para vários desportos e, especialmente, para estabelecer estratégias de trabalho em jogadores de futebol de várias categorias de treino. O objetivo desta investigação é validar teoricamente através de especialistas uma proposta de exercícios físicos que potenciem a coordenação óculo-pédica, na técnica de condução de bola para jovens jogadoras de futebol feminino. Esta é uma investigação descritivo-correlacional e qualitativa. São selecionados trinta especialistas, divididos em três níveis de competências profissionais, aos quais é aplicado um questionário para avaliar três indicadores de pré-proposta, que validam uma ideia de formação de coordenação (pertinência, complexidade, prioridade), mais um questionário que avaliará um indicador (eficácia) após a concepção da proposta de intervenção com 30 exercícios físicos especializados. Como resultados, afirma-se que não são evidenciadas diferenças significativas em três indicadores (complexidade: p=0,850; prioridade: p=0,075; eficácia: p=0,419) de quatro possíveis (pertinência: p=0,014) por nível de especialistas, consenso existente nas qualificações emitidas. Os indicadores de pré-proposta apresentaram uma avaliação qualitativa entre regular a muito bom e o indicador do avaliador da proposta obtém uma qualificação qualitativa geral Acordado. É evidente, num sentido geral, o critério consensual de vários especialistas com diversas competências, qualificando quantitativa e qualitativamente, de forma positiva, a qualidade da pré-proposta e da proposta.

ABSTRACT The oculo-pedic coordination refers to movements made with the visual coordination with the foot, a useful motor element for various sports and especially for establishing work strategies in soccer players of various teaching-educational categories. The objective of this research is to theoretically validate, through specialists, a physical exercises proposal that enhance the oculo-pedic coordination in the ball conduction technique for female youth soccer players. This is a descriptive-correlational research of qualitative order. Thirty specialists are selected, divided into three levels of professional competencies, to whom a questionnaire is applied to evaluate three pre-proposal indicators, which validate an idea of coordination training (relevance, complexity, priority), plus a questionnaire that will evaluate an indicator (effectiveness) after designing the intervention proposal with 30 specialized physical exercises. As results, there are no significant differences in three indicators (complexity: p=0.850; priority: p=0.075; effectiveness: p=0.419) out of four possible indicators (relevance: p=0.014) by level of specialists, and there is consensus in the ratings issued. The pre-proposal indicators presented a qualitative evaluation between fair to very good and the evaluator indicator of the proposal obtained an overall qualitative rating of Agreed. It is evident, in general, the consensus criterion of several specialists with diverse competences, qualifying quantitatively and qualitatively, in a positive way, the quality of the pre-proposal and the proposal.

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Introducción: La docencia universitaria reviste gran complejidad. En la carrera de Medicina el proceso formativo es dirigido a la enseñanza de competencias profesionales y a la adquisición de valores necesarios para el perfil de salida del profesional de la salud. Se propuso como objetivo caracterizar la profesionalización docente del tutor en el proceso de formación del médico general durante el año 2018. Métodos: Se realizó estudio descriptivo transversal sobre los tutores de pregrado del Municipio de Sagua la Grande. Se encuestaron 13 especialistas en Medicina General Integral y 12 residentes de 2do año. Variables: categoría profesional y docente, grado académico, experiencia como tutor, años de graduado como especialista, tiempo desarrollado como tutor y participación en actividades metodológicas. Resultados: De los 25 consultorios acreditados para la docencia en pregrado, 13 fueron cubiertos por especialista de primer grado en Medicina General Integral y 12 por residentes de 2do año, solo 5 especialistas categorizados. El 61,54 por ciento mostró más de 5 años de experiencia en la asistencia y la docencia, pero con poca preparación metodológica. Conclusiones: En Sagua, la tutoría en pregrado recayó en residentes y especialistas de primer grado en Medicina General Integral, la mayoría sin categoría docente. La preparación profesional, profesoral e investigativa del claustro fue insuficiente. Se evidenció la responsabilidad de la dirección de las unidades docentes asistenciales en garantizar que los consultorios acreditados para la docencia sean cubiertos por residentes en formación o especialistas de Medicina General Integral con categoría docente, como garantía de la calidad del proceso formativo(AU)

Introduction: University teaching is characterized by its high complexity. In the medical major, the training process is aimed at teaching professional skills and acquiring the values necessary for the working profile of the health professional. Objective: To characterize the teaching professionalization of the tutor in the general practitioner´s training process during 2018. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out about undergraduate tutors from Sagua la Grande Municipality. Thirteen specialists in Family Medicine and twelve second-year residents were surveyed. The variables studied were professional and teaching category, academic degree, tutor experience, years of graduate as a specialist, time spent as a tutor, and participation in methodological activities. Results: Of the 25 family medical offices accredited for undergraduate teaching, thirteen were attended by a first-degree specialist in Family Medicine and 12 were under second-year residents; of which there were only five categorized specialists. 61.54 percent showed more than five years of experience in care and teaching, but with little methodological preparation. Conclusions: In Sagua, undergraduate tutoring corresponded to first-degree residents and specialists in Family Medicine, the majority without teaching category. The professional, teaching and research training of the faculty was insufficient. The responsibility of the management of the teaching care units was evidenced in guaranteeing that the accredited teaching family medical offices are run by residents in training or specialists in Family Medicine with teaching category, as a guarantee of the quality of the training process(AU)

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