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BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a common complication of type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2D), and prevalence varies according to the methodology used. CAN should be diagnosed in the subclinical stage when an intensive treatment of T2D could avoid the progression to irreversible phases. OBJECTIVE: Determine the prevalence of early involvement (EI) of CAN in T2D individuals comparing two methodologies. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study that included 183 T2D individuals who were monitored in a Tertiary centre. The diagnosis of CAN was based on the results of four cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests (CARTs: expiration-inspiration index, Valsalva maneuver, orthostatic test, and changes in blood pressure after standing) and of seven heart rate variability (7HRV) indices (CARTs plus the spectral analysis). The findings were validated in an independent cohort comprised of 562 T2D individuals followed in a Primary care setting. RESULTS: With the use of 7HRV, 30.6% and 77.8% of individuals in the Tertiary and in the Primary centers, respectively, were classified as without CAN; 25.1% and 15.3% as EI and 44.3% and 6.9% as definitive CAN, respectively. The use of CARTs decreased the proportion of individuals without CAN in both centers (7.1% and 47%) and increased the frequency of EI (30.6% and 36.6%) and definitive CAN (62.3% and 16.4%), respectively. The concordance between both evaluated methodologies was weak. CONCLUSION: Higher proportions of T2D individuals were diagnosed with EI and with definitive CAN with the use of CARTs.

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The objective of this study was to evaluated the occurrence of antibodies against Leptospira spp in horses used by communities of carroceiros, informal waste collectors who use horse-drawn wagons, in Guaíba, Rio Grande do Sul.  Additionally, interviews were conducted with owners to assess characteristics of the horses and environmental and work.  Serological testing for Leptospira spp. was performed on blood samples collected from 54 horses using the microscopic agglutination test. Results showed that 50.0% of the horses were seropositive for Leptospira spp and the most frequent serogroup was Leptospira canicola (44, 4%), followed by Leptospira pyrogenes (5, 5%), Leptospira bataviae (3,7%), Leptospira hebdomadis (3,7%), Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae (1,8%; 1/54), Leptospira australis (1,8%) and Leptospira pomona (1,8%). There were no statistically significant associations among seropositivity for Leptospira spp and age, sex, body score, water source, food storage, cohabitation with dogs, rodent infestation, residential flooding and waste removal services. The prevalence of the Leptospira canicola serogroup, as well as the large number of dogs in close relationship with the horses, carroceiros draws attention to the potential of these animals as a source of Leptospira spp. infection to humans and other animals.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de anticorpos contra Leptospira spp em cavalos utilizados por comunidades de carroceiros, catadores informais que utilizam carroças puxadas a cavalo, em Guaíba, Rio Grande do Sul. Além disso, foram realizadas entrevistas com os proprietários para avaliar as características dos cavalos, o ambiente e o trabalho. Teste sorológico para Leptospira spp. foi realizada em amostras de sangue coletadas de 54 cavalos utilizando o teste de aglutinação microscópica. Os resultados mostraram que 50,0% dos cavalos eram soropositivos para Leptospira spp e o sorogrupo mais frequente foi Leptospira canicola (44, 4%), seguido por Leptospira pyrogenes (5, 5%), Leptospira bataviae (3,7%), Leptospira hebdomadis (3,7%), Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae (1,8%; 1/54), Leptospira australis (1,8%) e Leptospira pomona (1,8%). Não houve associação estatisticamente significante entre soropositividade para Leptospira spp e idade, sexo, escore corporal, fonte de água, armazenamento de alimentos, convivência com cães, infestação de roedores, serviços de inundação residencial e remoção de resíduos. A prevalência do sorogrupo Leptospira canicola, bem como o grande número de cães em estreita rela-ção com os cavalos, os carroceiros chamam a atenção para o potencial desses animais como fonte de Leptospira spp. infecção em humanos e outros animais(AU)

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RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluated the occurrence of antibodies against Leptospira spp in horses used by communities of carroceiros, informal waste collectors who use horse-drawn wagons, in Guaíba, Rio Grande do Sul.  Additionally, interviews were conducted with owners to assess characteristics of the horses and environmental and work.  Serological testing for Leptospira spp. was performed on blood samples collected from 54 horses using the microscopic agglutination test. Results showed that 50.0% of the horses were seropositive for Leptospira spp and the most frequent serogroup was Leptospira canicola (44, 4%), followed by Leptospira pyrogenes (5, 5%), Leptospira bataviae (3,7%), Leptospira hebdomadis (3,7%), Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae (1,8%; 1/54), Leptospira australis (1,8%) and Leptospira pomona (1,8%). There were no statistically significant associations among seropositivity for Leptospira spp and age, sex, body score, water source, food storage, cohabitation with dogs, rodent infestation, residential flooding and waste removal services. The prevalence of the Leptospira canicola serogroup, as well as the large number of dogs in close relationship with the horses, carroceiros draws attention to the potential of these animals as a source of Leptospira spp. infection to humans and other animals.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de anticorpos contra Leptospira spp em cavalos utilizados por comunidades de carroceiros, catadores informais que utilizam carroças puxadas a cavalo, em Guaíba, Rio Grande do Sul. Além disso, foram realizadas entrevistas com os proprietários para avaliar as características dos cavalos, o ambiente e o trabalho. Teste sorológico para Leptospira spp. foi realizada em amostras de sangue coletadas de 54 cavalos utilizando o teste de aglutinação microscópica. Os resultados mostraram que 50,0% dos cavalos eram soropositivos para Leptospira spp e o sorogrupo mais frequente foi Leptospira canicola (44, 4%), seguido por Leptospira pyrogenes (5, 5%), Leptospira bataviae (3,7%), Leptospira hebdomadis (3,7%), Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae (1,8%; 1/54), Leptospira australis (1,8%) e Leptospira pomona (1,8%). Não houve associação estatisticamente significante entre soropositividade para Leptospira spp e idade, sexo, escore corporal, fonte de água, armazenamento de alimentos, convivência com cães, infestação de roedores, serviços de inundação residencial e remoção de resíduos. A prevalência do sorogrupo Leptospira canicola, bem como o grande número de cães em estreita rela-ção com os cavalos, os carroceiros chamam a atenção para o potencial desses animais como fonte de Leptospira spp. infecção em humanos e outros animais

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RESUMO

Background: There are several predictive equations for estimating resting metabolic rate (RMR) in healthy humans. Concordance of these equations against measured RMR is variable, and often dependent on the extent of RMR. Part of the discrepancy may be due to an insufficient accuracy of metabolic carts, but this accuracy can be improved via a correction procedure. Objective: To determine the validity of predictive RMR equations by comparing them against measured and corrected (i.e. the reference) RMR. Methods: RMR was measured, in 69 healthy volunteers (29 males/40 females; 32±8 years old; BMI 25.5±3.8 kg/m2) and then corrected by simulating gas exchange through pure gases and high-precision mass-flow regulators. RMR was predicted using 13 published equations. Bland-Altman analyses compared predicted vs. reference RMRs. Results: All equations correlated well with the reference RMR (r>0.67; P<0.0001), but on average, over-predicted the reference RMR (89-312 kcal/d; P<0.05). Based on Bland-Altman analyses, 12 equations showed a constant bias across RMR, but the bias was not different from zero for nine of them. Three equations stood out because the absolute difference between predicted and reference RMR was equal or lower than 200 kcal/d for >60% of individuals (the Mifflin, Oxford and Müller equations). From them, only the Oxford equations performed better in both males and females separately. Conclusion: The Oxford equations are a valid alternative to predict RMR in healthy adult humans. Gas-exchange correction appears to be a good practice for the reliable assessment of RMR.

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Foi aplicado um questionário destinado a levantar as condições socioeconômicas dos carroceiros da região de Pirassununga-SP e analisar as condições de bem-estar a que são submetidos os seus equídeos de tração. As entrevistas foram efetuadas, no período de agosto de 2012 a julho de 2013, durante o acompanhamento do Projeto Carroceiro promovido pela Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA/USP); e de visitas realizadas às residências dos carroceiros inscritos no projeto, tendo-se obtido uma amostra de 26 indivíduos que trabalhavam como carroceiros. Posteriormente, também, foram analisados os prontuários de 49 cavalos atendidos anteriormente, de outubro de 2011 a junho de 2012, início do projeto, para a avaliação das alterações clínicas registradas. A maioria dos carroceiros começou a trabalhar antes de atingir a maioridade; complementava a renda com outras atividades; sustentava quatro ou mais pessoas com a renda obtida; transportava materiais variados de descarte e os depositava em pátios destinados a este fim ou aterros sanitários. Todos recebiam menos de R$ 1.000,00 ao mês, gastando entre 10 e 30% da renda com o animal. Grande parte (8/26) mantinha seus animais presos aos arreios durante os intervalos, mas não utilizava chicote (16/26). As principais alterações clínicas foram problemas locomotores e cutâneos. A alimentação adotada era de baixa qualidade.(AU)

It was applied a questionnaire to establish the socioeconomic identities of carters that live around the city of Pirassununga, in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in order to associate it to the state of welfare undergone by their cart horses. The evaluation was conducted from August 2012 until July 2013 through questionnaires made during the Carters Project, sponsored by the School of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA/USP), and through home visits to the carters previously enrolled in the project, obtaining a sample of 26 individuals. Furthermore, it was made an evaluation of 49 records of horses attended previously (October 2011 to June 2012) in order to analyze their most frequent health problems. The majority of the carters started working before adulthood, supplemented family income with other activities, sustained four or more people and transported various materials and deposited them at the courtyard of the city hall and landfills. The majority of the carters reported to receive less then R$ 1,000.00 per month, having estimated the costs with their animals feeding between 10 and 30% of that income. Most of them (8/26) keep their animals attached to the saddlery, but dont use whip (16/26). Based on the records analyzed, it was observed that the most frequent clinical problems are cutaneous and locomotor disorders. Low quality feeding was also observed.(AU)

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RESUMO

Foi aplicado um questionário destinado a levantar as condições socioeconômicas dos carroceiros da região de Pirassununga-SP e analisar as condições de bem-estar a que são submetidos os seus equídeos de tração. As entrevistas foram efetuadas, no período de agosto de 2012 a julho de 2013, durante o acompanhamento do Projeto Carroceiro promovido pela Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA/USP); e de visitas realizadas às residências dos carroceiros inscritos no projeto, tendo-se obtido uma amostra de 26 indivíduos que trabalhavam como carroceiros. Posteriormente, também, foram analisados os prontuários de 49 cavalos atendidos anteriormente, de outubro de 2011 a junho de 2012, início do projeto, para a avaliação das alterações clínicas registradas. A maioria dos carroceiros começou a trabalhar antes de atingir a maioridade; complementava a renda com outras atividades; sustentava quatro ou mais pessoas com a renda obtida; transportava materiais variados de descarte e os depositava em pátios destinados a este fim ou aterros sanitários. Todos recebiam menos de R$ 1.000,00 ao mês, gastando entre 10 e 30% da renda com o animal. Grande parte (8/26) mantinha seus animais presos aos arreios durante os intervalos, mas não utilizava chicote (16/26). As principais alterações clínicas foram problemas locomotores e cutâneos. A alimentação adotada era de baixa qualidade.

It was applied a questionnaire to establish the socioeconomic identities of carters that live around the city of Pirassununga, in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in order to associate it to the state of welfare undergone by their cart horses. The evaluation was conducted from August 2012 until July 2013 through questionnaires made during the Carters Project, sponsored by the School of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA/USP), and through home visits to the carters previously enrolled in the project, obtaining a sample of 26 individuals. Furthermore, it was made an evaluation of 49 records of horses attended previously (October 2011 to June 2012) in order to analyze their most frequent health problems. The majority of the carters started working before adulthood, supplemented family income with other activities, sustained four or more people and transported various materials and deposited them at the courtyard of the city hall and landfills. The majority of the carters reported to receive less then R$ 1,000.00 per month, having estimated the costs with their animals feeding between 10 and 30% of that income. Most of them (8/26) keep their animals attached to the saddlery, but dont use whip (16/26). Based on the records analyzed, it was observed that the most frequent clinical problems are cutaneous and locomotor disorders. Low quality feeding was also observed.

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