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BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (Afib) is a major contributor to cerebrovascular events. Coexisting carotid artery disease is not uncommon in Afib patients, yet they have been excluded from major randomized clinical trials. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS) in Afib patients. METHODS: The Premier Healthcare Database was queried (2009-2015). Patients who underwent CEA or CAS were captured by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Multivariable logistic modeling was implemented to examine the outcomes: in-hospital stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), mortality, and stroke/death. RESULTS: There were 86,778 patients included. The majority were asymptomatic (n = 82,128 [94.6%]). Afib was reported in 6743 patients (7.8%). In terms of absolute outcomes in both asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, Afib patients (vs non-Afib patients) had higher mortality and stroke/death (asymptomatic: mortality, 0.4% vs 0.2%; stroke/death, 1.7% vs 1.2%; symptomatic: mortality, 6.9% vs 2.1%; stroke/death, 10.6% vs 4.5%; all P < .05). Adjusted analysis yielded higher odds of ICH (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.67), mortality (aOR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.11-2.26), and stroke/death (aOR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.08-1.58) in Afib patients. Although univariable analysis found Afib to be a statistically significant predictor of ischemic stroke, similar results could not be elucidated in the multivariable analysis (aOR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.93-1.47). In Afib patients, important predictors of stroke/death included CAS (aOR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.21-2.68) and symptomatic presentation (aOR, 5.00; 95% CI, 3.20-7.83). Other important predictors were type of preoperative medication use, age, and hospital size. CONCLUSIONS: Afib was associated with worse postoperative outcomes in patients with carotid artery disease. Symptomatic status in Afib patients is associated with a stroke/death risk that is higher than in recommended guidelines for CEA and particularly for CAS. Overall, CEA was associated with lower periprocedural ICH, mortality, and stroke/death in Afib patients compared with CAS.
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Fibrilação Atrial/complicações , Doenças das Artérias Carótidas/terapia , Endarterectomia das Carótidas , Procedimentos Endovasculares , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Fibrilação Atrial/diagnóstico , Fibrilação Atrial/mortalidade , Doenças das Artérias Carótidas/complicações , Doenças das Artérias Carótidas/diagnóstico , Doenças das Artérias Carótidas/mortalidade , Hemorragia Cerebral/etiologia , Estudos Transversais , Bases de Dados Factuais , Endarterectomia das Carótidas/efeitos adversos , Endarterectomia das Carótidas/mortalidade , Procedimentos Endovasculares/efeitos adversos , Procedimentos Endovasculares/instrumentação , Procedimentos Endovasculares/mortalidade , Feminino , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Stents , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do Tratamento , Estados UnidosRESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Endovascular treatment improves the outcomes of patients presenting with acute large vessel occlusions. Isolated proximal carotid occlusions presenting with hemodynamic ischemic stroke may probably also benefit from endovascular treatment. We aimed to assess the clinical and radiological data findings on patients who underwent endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke related to an isolated cervical carotid artery occlusion. METHODS: Of a consecutive series of 223 patients who were admitted with acute ische-mic stroke and were treated by thrombectomy, we included 9 patients with isolated cervical internal carotid occlusions. RESULTS: The mean baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 11.8. Complete carotid recanalization was achieved in 5 of the 9 patients (55.5%). In 2 patients, vertebral angioplasty was performed to improve the collateral flow. All patients had a modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (mTICI) score of 3 at the end of the procedures. A good neurological outcome, defined as a modified Rankin Scale score ≤2 at the 3-month follow-up, was observed in 6 patients (66.7%). No symptomatic intracranial hemorrhages or deaths occurred during the 3 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The endovascular recanalization of isolated cervical carotid occlusions presenting with acute ischemic stroke symptoms is feasible. Because isolated cervical carotid occlusions are associated with hemodynamic ischemic symptoms, if carotid recanalization cannot be achieved, stenting other cervical arteries' stenoses, with a focus on intracranial flow improvement, appears to be a reasonable strategy. Large controlled studies are necessary to assess the safety and efficacy of recanalization of acute isolated cervical carotid occlusions.
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Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the impact of diabetic status on outcome of patients undergoing carotid artery stenting (CAS). Background: Diabetes has been demonstrated to be a strong predictor of adverse outcome in patients undergoing coronary revascularization. Its significance in predicting outcome of patients undergoing carotid interventions has not been ascertained. Methods: This research is an observational, retrospective, comparative, descriptive study. Results: 279/341 patients/lesions were evaluated for carotid stenosis undergoing stenting. Non-diabetics versus diabetics were compared. Of the diabetic group, 59.5% were men, mostly hypertensive and with hypercholesterolemia. More than 40% of both groups had a prior percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), 68.2% were asymptomatic and a half was high risk, greater comorbidity in the diabetic group with an EuroSCORE > 3, 46 vs 21.4% p = 0.000. No statistically significant difference was found in terms of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) at 30 days and accumulated six months in the non-diabetic group (non-DM) versus the diabetic (DM): nine patients (5.4%) versus eight (4.8%), p = 0.756 OR, 95% CI 0.857 (0.322-2.27) and 14 (8.3%) versus nine (5.3%), p = 0.249 OR, 95% CI 0.604 (0254-1435), respectively. Diabetic patients treated with carotid stent who underwent cardiovascular surgery showed a higher intrahospitalary mortality (4.6 vs 0.6%, p = 0.02). There was a higher rate of restenosis (1.9 vs 0%, p = 0.077) in non-diabetic patients. An increased incidence of TIA (transient ischemic attack) was observed in diabetic patients (8.7 vs 3.6%, p = 0.05). Conclusion: Diabetics undergoing CAS are more likely to have associated co-morbidities. However despite this handicap, their short term outcome after CAS is similar to that of non diabetics. Endovascular treatment of carotid stenosis may be a good alternative to surgical treatment.(AU)
Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto del estado diabético sobre el resultado de los pacientes que se someten a la colocación de stents en la arteria carótida (CAS). Antecedentes: Se ha demostrado que la diabetes es un fuerte predictor de resultados adversos en pacientes sometidos a revascularización coronaria. No se ha determinado su importancia para predecir el resultado de los pacientes que se someten a intervenciones carotídeas. Métodos: Esta investigación es un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, comparativo y descriptivo. Resultados: Se evaluaron 279/341 pacientes/lesiones para la estenosis carotídea sometida a colocación de stents. Se compararon los no diabéticos versus los diabéticos. Del grupo diabético, 59.5% fueron hombres, la mayoría hipertensos y con hipercolesterolemia. Más del 40% de ambos grupos tuvieron una intervención coronaria percutánea (ICP) previa, el 68.2% fueron asintomáticos y la mitad de ellos de alto riesgo, mayor comorbilidad en el grupo diabético con un EuroSCORE > 3, 46 vs 21.4% p = 0.000. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a los eventos cardiovasculares adversos mayores (MACE) a los 30 días y acumulados a los seis meses en el grupo no diabético (no DM) versus diabético (DM): nueve pacientes (5.4%) versus ocho (4.8%), p = 0.756 OR; IC 95%: 0.857 (0.322-2.27) y 14 (8.3%) versus nueve (5.3%), p = 0.249 OR; IC 95%: 0.604 (0254-1435), respectivamente. Los pacientes diabéticos tratados con endoprótesis carotídea sometidos a cirugía cardiovascular mostraron una mortalidad intrahospitalaria mayor (4.6 vs 0.6%, p = 0.02). Hubo una mayor tasa de reestenosis (1.9 vs 0%, p = 0.077) en pacientes no diabéticos. Se observó una mayor incidencia de AIT (ataque isquémico transitorio) en pacientes diabéticos (8.7 vs 3.6%, p = 0.05). Conclusión: Los diabéticos que se someten a la CAS son más propensos a tener comorbilidades asociadas. Sin embargo, a pesar de esta desventaja, su resultado a corto plazo después del CAS es similar al de los no diabéticos. El tratamiento endovascular de la estenosis carotídea puede ser una buena alternativa al tratamiento quirúrgico.(AU)
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Humanos , Artéria Carótida Interna , Estenose das Carótidas/terapia , Angioplastia/instrumentação , Diabetes Mellitus/fisiopatologia , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Carotid artery stenting (CAS) and carotid endarterectomy (CEA) are alternative strategies for stroke prevention in patients with atherosclerotic carotid disease. CEA has been considered the first-line treatment for carotid stenosis worldwide, and the safety and efficacy of CAS compared to CEA remains in question. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to compare the practice and outcomes of CAS and CEA in a real-world setting within public university hospitals in Brazil. METHODS: This study will be a prospective 5-year analysis of treatment for atherosclerotic carotid stenosis with CEA and CAS performed at 5 centers affiliated with the Vascular Study Group at public university hospitals in Brazil. The indications for the procedures will be determined by each surgeon's individual discretion, in accordance with preoperative risk evaluation. The primary outcome measures will be (1) any in-hospital stroke or death, and (2) any per-procedural stroke, death, or myocardial infarction (MI). Patients undergoing CEA in conjunction with cardiac surgery will be excluded from the study. Multivariate logistic regression will be performed to identify predictors of stroke or death in patients undergoing CEA and CAS. All tests of significance will be performed at the .05 level. This study was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research at the University Hospital of Ribeirao Preto Medical School, and in all other participating institutions linked to National Research System and National Board of Health in Brazil (Process 15695/2011). RESULTS: This study is currently in the recruitment phase, and the final patient is expected to be enrolled by the end of 2018. We hope to recruit approximately 800 patients to the study. Analyses will focus on primary end points for patients that are allocated to each treatment group. During the per-procedural period, the occurrence of the primary end point components (stroke, MI, or death) for CAS and CEA will be analyzed for symptomatic or asymptomatic subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The analyses of the primary endpoints (and all others variables of the study) are expected to be published in 2019 in a peer reviewed journal, and results will be presented at scientific meetings, with summary results published online. This study will obtain new data related to the quality of treatment for carotid disease in Brazil at the primary training centers of future vascular surgeons, but the initial data that will be obtained and published (with the outcomes and complications) are restricted to the first 30 days postprocedure. This time restriction limits the comparison of the results that relate to the main goal of treatment, which is to decrease the risk of stroke over 5 years. The purpose of the study group is to continue the monitoring of patient records, and evaluate the follow-up data in the 5 years following the initial evaluation. This study protocol will contribute very significantly to improving the care of patients with carotid disease, in addition to qualifying the level of assistance provided in public university hospitals in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02538276; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02538276 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6m7APnFLD).
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Objective: To describe gender differences in adult patients undergoing carotid angioplasty and its relation to morbidity and mortality at 30 days and 6 months. Material and methods: An observational study from the WHO database comprehending all patients underwent carotid angioplasty in the Department of Hemodynamics Coronary and Peripheral Artery Intervention, Cardiology Hospital 34, IMSS, Monterrey, was conducted in order to ASSESS the differences between genders and their relationship to primary end points within 30 days after the intervention, which were defined as the presence of death related to the procedure, major cerebrovascular event, or myocardial infarction. Results: 279/341 patients/lesions were included for analysis. Within baseline characteristics, women had significantly higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (61.4 versus 45.4%, p = 0.006), prior renal angioplasty (21.9 versus 11.5%, p = 0.015), right carotid condition (65.8 versus 53.7%, p = 0.03), prior stroke (20.2 versus 34.4%, p = 0.007) and higher EuroSCORE (3.13 ± 1.72 versus 2.4 ± 1.26, p < 0.001). The masculine gender was only associated with smoking (69.2 versus 35.1%, p < 0.001). In univariate analysis, the female gender was associated with major fatal and non-fatal stroke (4.4 versus 0.9%, p = 0.031). According to symptomatology and subgroups, we found a significant association between women with asymptomatic Increased risk of major cardiovascular events when compared to asymptomatic diseases (9.5 versus 1.4%, p = 0.004). Conclusions: In our center, women who underwent carotid angioplasty present more comorbidities and higher risk in comparison with the male gender. However, these differences do not impact on most adverse cardiovascular events (MACVE) at 30 days. In the subgroup of asymptomatic patients, the risk of major cardiovascular events is significantly higher in the female gender.
Objetivo: Describir las diferencias de género en pacientes adultos sometidos a angioplastia carotídea y su relación con la morbimortalidad a 30 días y seis meses. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional de la base de datos que comprende los casos sometidos a angioplastia carotídea en el Departamento de Hemodinámica e Intervención Coronaria Periférica del Hospital de Cardiología No. 34, IMSS, Monterrey. Se analizaron las diferencias entre géneros y su relación con los puntos finales primarios dentro de los 30 días posteriores a la intervención, los cuales fueron definidos como la presencia de muerte relacionada con procedimiento, evento vascular cerebral o infarto agudo de miocardio. Resultados: Se incluyeron 279/341 pacientes/lesiones. Dentro de las características basales se encontró que las mujeres presentaban una mayor prevalencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (61.4 versus 45.4%, p = 0.006), angioplastia renal previa (21.9 versus 11.5%, p = 0.015), afección de carótida derecha (65.8 versus 53.7%, p = 0.03), evento vascular cerebral (EVC) previo (34.4 versus 20.2%, p = 0.007) y EuroSCORE más alto (3.13 ± 1.72 versus 2.4 ± 1.26, p < 0.001). El género masculino sólo se asoció con mayor tabaquismo (69.2 versus 35.1%, p < 0.001). En el análisis univariado, el género femenino se asoció significativamente con EVC (fatal y no fatal) (4.4 versus 0.9%, p = 0.031). Al dividir en subgrupos de acuerdo con la sintomatología, se encontró una fuerte asociación entre las mujeres asintomáticas con más elevado riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares mayores en comparación con el grupo masculino asintomático (9.5 versus 1.4%, p = 0.004). Conclusiones: En nuestro centro, las mujeres sometidas a angioplastia carotídea presentan más comorbilidades y se encuentran en un riesgo mayor en comparación con el género masculino. Sin embargo, estas diferencias no impactan en la incidencia de eventos adversos cardiovasculares mayores (EACVM) a 30 días. En el subgrupo de pacientes asintomáticos el riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares mayores es significativamente más alto en el género femenino.
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INTRODUCTION: Early carotid revascularization (≤ 14 days) is recommended for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Carotid artery stenting (CAS) has become an alternative to carotid endarterectomy (CEA); however, safety data on early CAS is controversial. The study aims to compare early versus late CAS, when CAS is performed as a first intention revascularization strategy. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of all symptomatic patients admitted to our stroke unit who underwent CAS was conducted. Patients were divided between two groups: patients who had undergone CAS within 14 days after symptoms and those who had undergone CAS later. Primary endpoints were ipsilateral ischemic stroke or ipsilateral parenchymal hemorrhage (iPH) at 30 days. The secondary endpoints were major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) at the 30-day and at the 12-month follow-up. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-seven consecutive patients were evaluated. Primary endpoints obtained in the early and late CAS groups were, respectively, ipsilateral stroke (2.0% vs. 2.6%, P = 1.00) and iPH (2.0% vs. 0.0%, P = 0.40). The rates of MACCE between the early and the late CAS groups were, respectively, (7.8% vs. 2.6%, P = 0.21) at the 30-day follow-up, and (12.2% vs. 10.5%, P = 0.77) at the 12-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, CAS seems to be safe when used as first intention revascularization treatment within 2 weeks of symptoms, if infarcted area is less than one third of the middle cerebral artery territory. Our results need to be confirmed by larger studies.
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Angioplastia com Balão/métodos , Estenose das Carótidas/cirurgia , Endarterectomia das Carótidas , Stents , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Isquemia Encefálica/etiologia , Isquemia Encefálica/cirurgia , Estenose das Carótidas/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/cirurgia , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: A duplex ultrasound study was performed to investigate morphological and hemodynamic patterns of carotid stenoses treated by endarterectomy with patch closure versus stenting. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Twenty-nine carotid stenoses were treated with stenting and 65 with patch closure. Duplex ultrasound parameters (luminal diameter, mm; peak systolic velocity and end-diastolic velocity, cm/s) were measured 24 hours after the procedures and also at 12 months post-procedure. Residual stenoses (immediately postprocedure) and restenoses (within 12 months of procedure) were defined as narrowings of >50 percent on duplex ultrasound examination. RESULTS: In stented patients, the luminal diameter of the proximal internal carotid artery increased in the interval between the 24-hour and 12-month post-procedure studies, while in the patch closure patients, the diameter decreased. Carotid hemodynamics normalized immediately after both patching and stenting and remained relatively stable thereafter up to 12 months. No statistically elevated flow velocities (in the absence of residual stenosis or restenosis) were observed in the patched or stented carotid arteries. No significant differences in residual stenosis rates were observed between the stenting group (3 cases, 10.34 percent) and the patch closure group (1 case, 1.53 percent, P = 0.08). At 12 months, 2 stenting patients (6.88 percent) and 2 patch closure patients (3.07 percent) had $50 percent restenosis (P = 0.58). One case of late stroke due to restenosis was observed in the stenting group; the patient died 12 months postoperatively, before receiving new intervention. CONCLUSION: Measurements over time in luminal diameter signalized differences in arterial remodeling mechanisms between patched and stented carotids. Both stenting and patch closure were associated with carotid patency and flow restoration. This study does not support a general approach to new velocity criteria indiscriminately applied to stented or patched carotids.