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Background and Objectives: Perform the bag squeezing and PEEP-ZEEP techniques associated with manual chest compression in mechanically ventilated cardiac patients in order to observe their effectiveness in the removal of pulmonary secretions and safety from a hemodynamic and ventilatory point of view. Methods: This is a randomized crossover clinical trial developed in a hospital in southern Brazil. We included hemodynamically stable male and female patients aged over 18 years who used invasive mechanical ventilation for at least 48 h. The control group was established for the bag-squeezing technique and the intervention group for the PEEP-ZEEP maneuver, both associated with manual chest compression. Tracheal aspiration was performed 2 h before in order to match the groups in relation to the volume of secretion, and also immediately at the end of the techniques in order to measure the amount of secretion collected. Results: The sample had 36 individuals with a mean age of 70.3 years, 21% of the patients were male, and the majority (10.4%) were hospitalized for ischemic heart disease. DBP (p = 0.024), MAP (p = 0.004) and RR (p = 0.041) showed a significant difference in the post-moment in both groups. There was a significant difference in the reduction of peak pressure values (p = 0.011), in the moment after performing the techniques, and also in the Cdyn (p = 0.004) in the control group versus moment. Conclusions: Both maneuvers are safe in terms of hemodynamics and ventilatory mechanics, in addition to being capable of favoring airway clearance through secretion removal, and they can be used in routine physiotherapeutic care.

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A Insuficiência Cardíaca (IC) é uma das principais causas de internação hospitalar no mundo e tem um elevado grau de morbidade e mortalidade, sendo um grave problema de saúde pública. Os lncRNAs (RNAs longo não codificantes), têm funções regulatórias transcricionais e/ou pós transcricionais bem complexas e que ainda não são totalmente claras, mas que podem exercer influência sobre as doenças cardiovasculares, dentre elas a IC. Assim o estudo teve como objetivo identificar na literatura o papel dos lncRNAs na patogênese da IC por meio de uma revisão integrativa com busca sistemática. Foram considerados elegíveis para leitura e composição do estudo 33 artigos e os principais papéis dos lncRNA na IC foram relatados como possíveis marcadores biológicos para diagnóstico e prognóstico da doença devido a sua expressividade na corrente sanguínea. Além disso, os lncRNAs podem estar relacionados à capacidade funcional uma vez que o aumento ou diminuição de sua expressão promove redução da apoptose de células endoteliais, melhora a disfunção cardíaca, distúrbios de contratilidade e dos canais de cálcio em pacientes com IC. Portanto, os lncRNAs parecem estar envolvidos na patogênese e/ou fisiopatologia da IC, podendo ser utilizados como biomarcadores genéticos com sensibilidade e especificidade semelhantes ou superiores aos empregados atualmente no diagnóstico e prognóstico da IC.

Heart Failure (HF) is one of the main causes of hospitalization worldwide and has a high degree of morbidity and mortality being considered a public health pro- blem. lncRNAs (non-coding long RNAs) have very complex transcriptional and/or post- transcriptional regulatory functions that are still not entirely clear but may influence car- diovascular diseases, including HF. Thus, the study aimed to identify in the literature the role of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of HF through an integrative review with a systema- tic search. A total of 33 articles were considered eligible for reading and composition of the study. The roles of lncRNA in HF were reported as possible biological markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease due to its expressiveness in the bloodstream. In addition, lncRNAs may be related to functional capacity since the increase or decrease in their expression promotes a reduction in endothelial cell apoptosis, and improves car- diac dysfunction, contractility, and calcium channel disorders in patients with HF. The- refore, lncRNAs seem to be involved in the pathogenesis and/or pathophysiology of HF and can be used as genetic biomarkers with sensitivity and specificity similar or superior to those currently employed in the diagnosis and prognosis of HF.

La Insuficiencia Cardiaca (IC) es una de las principales causas de hospita- lización en el mundo y tiene un alto grado de morbimortalidad considerándose un pro- blema de salud pública. Los lncRNAs (ARN largos no codificantes) tienen funciones re- guladoras transcripcionales y/o post-transcripcionales muy complejas que aún no están del todo claras pero que pueden influir en las enfermedades cardiovasculares, incluida la IC. Así pues, el estudio se propuso identificar en la literatura el papel de los lncRNAs en la patogénesis de la IC mediante una revisión integradora con una búsqueda sistemática. Un total de 33 artículos fueron considerados elegibles para su lectura y composición del estudio. Las funciones de los lncRNA en la IC se señalaron como posibles marcadores biológicos para el diagnóstico y pronóstico de la enfermedad debido a su expresividad en el torrente sanguíneo. Además, los lncRNAs pueden estar relacionados con la capacidad funcional, ya que el aumento o disminución de su expresión promueve una reducción de la apoptosis de las células endoteliales y mejora la disfunción cardiaca, la contractilidad y los trastornos de los canales de calcio en pacientes con IC. Por tanto, los lncRNAs parecen estar implicados en la patogénesis y/o fisiopatología de la IC y pueden ser utili- zados como biomarcadores genéticos con sensibilidad y spe-cificidad similares o superi- ores a los empleados actualmente en el diagnóstico y pronóstico de la IC.

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Introducción: En las instituciones de salud pediátrica, mediante intervenciones educativas, se promueven prácticas saludables, aumenta el conocimiento y se desarrollan las habilidades de los padres para el cuidado de los niños; sin embargo, existen pocos programas educativos disponibles en el área cardiovascular pediátrica en Perú. Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad de un programa educativo sobre conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de cuidado en acompañantes de niños cardiópatas hospitalizados. Métodos: Estudio cuasiexperimental, de diseño pre-postest, realizado en 2020. Participaron 18 familiares acompañantes de niños hospitalizados en el Servicio de Cirugía de Tórax y Cardiovascular del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima, Perú. Se desarrollaron cinco sesiones. Se empleó un cuestionario de conocimientos, una escala de actitudes y una lista de chequeo para evaluar las habilidades. Para determinar la efectividad durante la hospitalización, se realizó una evaluación previa y una evaluación posterior (una semana después de la culminación de las sesiones). Se utilizó la prueba de normalidad de Shapiro-Willks; además, para determinar la diferencia del puntaje se utilizaron las pruebas de U de Mann-Witney y T de Student. Resultados: El puntaje de los conocimientos aumentó de 10,94 a 22,33 puntos; el puntaje de actitudes, de 7,83 a 25,00 puntos; y las prácticas, de 49,89 a 87,94. Estas diferencias observadas entre la evaluación previa y posterior fueron significativas (p< 0,001). Conclusiones: La intervención educativa fue efectiva al incrementar los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas de cuidado en acompañantes de niños cardiópatas hospitalizados(AU)

Introduction: In pediatric health institutions, through educational interventions, healthy practices are promoted, knowledge is increased, and parents' skills for the care of children are developed; however, few educational programs are available in the pediatric cardiovascular area in Peru. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of an educational program on knowledge, attitudes and care practices in companions of hospitalized children with heart disease. Methods: A quasiexperimental, pretest-posttest design study was conducted in 2020. Eighteen family members participated, who were accompanying children hospitalized at the thoracic and cardiovascular surgery service of Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, in Lima, Peru. Five sessions were held. A knowledge questionnaire, an attitude scale and a checklist were used to evaluate skills. To determine effectiveness during hospitalization, a pre-assessment and a post-assessment (one week after the completion of the sessions) were carried out. The Shapiro-Wilks normality test was used. Also, the Mann-Whitney U and Student's t tests were used to determine the difference in score. Results: The knowledge score increased from 10.94 to 22.33 points; the attitude score, from 7.83 to 25.00 points; and the practices score, from 49.89 to 87.94. These observed differences between pre-assessment and post-assessment were significant (p< 0.001). Conclusions: The educational intervention was effective, since it increased knowledge, attitudes and caring practices in companions of hospitalized cardiac children(AU)

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Background: The myxomatosis degeneration is a degenerative cardiac valve disease, with a higher incidence in maleand senile canids. The diagnosis is made by a doppler echocardiography exam. Although there are few reports on the occurrence of cardiopathies in wild dogs (Cerdocyon thous), some studies on their cardiological parameters can be found.Considering this, and knowing that the cardiopathies in wild canids are common post mortem findings, the objective of thisstudy is to describe the echocardiography diagnosis of a case of myxomatous degeneration of the atrioventricular valvesin 1 wild dog (Cerdocyon thous) living in captivity.Case: It was treated at the Diagnostic Imaging Department of the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso(HOVET-UFMT), 1 wild dog (C. thous), male, living in captivity with approximately 10-year-old, directed by the Center ofMedicine and Research in Wild Animals of Cuiabá, to perform echocardiography exam. The patient was submitted to anesthesiafor proper examination, which was used Esaote® machine model MyLabFive VET with sector scan transducer (4.0 -7.5 MHz).The longitudinal, transverse and apical scan planes were obtained through left and right parasternal windows. The evaluation ofM mode exposed ejection fraction and shortening increased, of 81% and 47%, respectively, however it showed no increase insystolic and diastolic values of left ventricle, nor in right cavities on subjective evaluation. The relation between the left atrium(LA) and the aorta (Ao) remained normal, at 1.2 mm, with dimensions of 13.4 mm from the AO and 16.3 mm from LA, compatible with species parameters or domestic canines. The atrioventricular valves showed thickening and irregularities in their cusps,with great intensity in the left atrioventricular valve (LAV). The Doppler mode analysis revealed a turbulent systolic flow into the...

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BACKGROUND: Chagas disease is considered a neglected tropical disease. The acute phase of Chagas disease is characterized by several symptoms: fever, fatigue, body aches, headache and cardiopathy's. Chronic phase could be asymptomatic or symptomatic with cardiac compromise. Since the emergence of the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the cardiovascular involvement has been identified as a complication commonly reported in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Due to the lack of knowledge of the cardiac affectations that this virus could cause in patients with Chagas disease, the aim of this review is to describe the possible cardiac affectations, as well as the treatment and recommendations that patients with both infections should carry out. METHODS: The authors revised the recent and relevant literature concerning the topic and discussed advances and limitations of studies on COVID-19 and their impact in Chagas disease patients, principally with cardiac affectations. RESULTS: There currently exists little information about the consequences that Chagas disease patients can suffer when they are infected with COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: This review highlights the emerging challenges of access to medical care and future research needs in order to understand the implications that co-infections (SARS-CoV-2 or other viruses) can generate in Chagas disease-infected people.

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INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease currently affects some 6 million people around the world. At the chronic stage, cardiomyopathy occurs in about 20-30% of infested people. Most prevalence studies have focused on young to adult people due to the drastic consequences of acquiring the pathogen and the possibility to cure the disease at this age; the prevalence of this disease, the effect of patients' sex and the consequences to senescent people have been largely neglected. This study looks to characterize the seroprevalence of Chagas disease and its relation with occurrence of electrocardiographic anomalies associated with sex and age, and to compare rural and urban populations in Bolivia. METHODOLOGY: Seroprevalence of Chagas disease was determined in blood samples and electrocardiograms were performed on seropositive individuals. RESULTS: The rural population showed higher seroprevalence than the urban population (92% and 40%, respectively). The proportion of Chagasic cardiac anomalies in seropositive persons was highest in patients of the 50-59 age group (36%) as compared with the 40-49 (8%) and the ≥60 (17%) age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Higher seroprevalence in rural population was attributable to a higher probability to encounter the vector in rural areas. Increased exposure to infection and to development of the disease symptoms together with increased lethality of the disease as patients age explains the age-related Chagasic electrocardiographic anomalies. Since rural and urban populations showed different reactions under Chagas disease and the rural population was mainly of guaraní stock, the genetic and environmental determinants of the results should be further explored.

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Objetivo: Analisar características clínico-epidemiológicas de crianças portadoras de cardiopatia congênita residentes do município de Rio das Ostras referenciadas para unidades especializadas no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Método: Pesquisa descritiva, transversal realizada em duas unidades hospitalares no município do Rio de Janeiro, através da técnica documental retrospectiva por meio de dados nos prontuários. A coleta ocorreu entre setembro de 2018 a fevereiro de 2019. Resultados: Foram analisados 48 prontuários, com maior proporção entre os escolares (33,3%); do sexo masculino (58,3%); Em relação as cardiopatias, verificou-se com maior proporção as acianóticas (62,5%); destacando a comunicação interatrial com (14,6%); seguida da comunicação interventricular (12,5%) e coarctação da aorta (12,5%). Conclusão: A identificação dessas crianças no município de Rio das Ostras e a distribuição destas pelo território nacional são informações imprescindíveis para o planejamento e implementação de programas e políticas públicas que atendam as reais demandas deste segmento populacional

Objetivo: Analizar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los niños con cardiopatía congénita que viven en la ciudad de Rio das Ostras remitidos a unidades especializadas en el estado de Río de Janeiro. Método: Investigación descriptiva, transversal realizada en dos hospitales de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, a través de una técnica documental retrospectiva a través de datos en registros médicos. La recolección se realizó entre septiembre de 2018 y febrero de 2019. Resultados: Se analizaron 48 registros médicos, con una mayor proporción entre los estudiantes (33.3%); hombre (58,3%); Con respecto a la enfermedad cardíaca, hubo una mayor proporción de acianóticos (62.5%); destacando la comunicación interauricular con (14,6%); seguido de comunicación interventricular (12.5%) y coartación aórtica (12.5%). Conclusión: La identificación de estos niños en la ciudad de Rio das Ostras y su distribución en todo el territorio nacional son información esencial para la planificación e implementación de programas y políticas públicas que satisfagan las demandas reales de este segmento de la población

Objective: To analyze the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of children with congenital heart disease living in the city of Rio das Ostras referred to specialized units in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Method: Descriptive, cross-sectional research conducted in two hospitals in the city of Rio de Janeiro, through retrospective documentary technique through data in medical records. The collection took place between September 2018 and February 2019. Results: 48 medical records were analyzed, with a higher proportion among students (33.3%); male (58.3%); Regarding heart disease, there was a greater proportion of acyanotic (62.5%); highlighting interatrial communication with (14.6%); followed by interventricular communication (12.5%) and aortic coarctation (12.5%). Conclusion: The identification of these children in the city of Rio das Ostras and their distribution throughout the national territory are essential information for the planning and implementation of programs and public policies that meet the real demands of this population segment

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Introdução: O acesso a cuidados em saúde na rede pública no Brasil é limitado em regiões desassistidas e longas filas de espera para consultas especializadas e exames complementares se formam. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e avaliar uma estratégia para otimizar as indicações de ecodopplercardiograma na atenção primária. Métodos: Foram selecionados pacientes na fila de espera para ecodopplercardiograma em Montes Claros. Na fase derivação, os pacientes realizaram formulário clínico padronizado, ecocardiograma de rastreio simplificado com captura de imagens feita por não-médicos com aparelho ultraportátil (GE VSCAN) e ecodopplercardiograma padrão por ecocardiografista experiente (Vivid-Q). Foram desenvolvidos dois modelos de predição clínica, um incluindo as variáveis clínicas e outro acrescentando a presença de alterações cardíacas significativas (ACS) ao ecocardiograma de rastreio. Na fase validação, os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com a predição do formulário clínico. Pacientes de alto risco e uma amostra dos pacientes de baixo risco realizaram o ecodopplercardiograma padrão. Pacientes classificados como risco intermediário foram submetidos ao ecocardiograma de rastreio, sendo encaminhados para o ecodopplercardiograma padrão caso houvesse suspeita de ACS. Discriminação e calibração dos dois modelos foram avaliadas de acordo com a capacidade de predizer ACS ao ecodopplercardiograma padrão. Também na fase de validação os pacientes foram submetidos a rastreio para fibrilação atrial (FA) com ferramenta portátil de derivação única (MyDiagnostick®). Resultados: Na fase derivação (N = 603), as variáveis clínicas associadas a ACS foram sexo feminino, índice de massa corpórea, doença de Chagas, cirurgia cardíaca prévia, doença coronariana, doença valvar, hipertensão e insuficiência cardíaca, e este modelo teve boa calibração com C-estatístico de 0,781. A performance foi melhorada com a adição do ecocardiograma de rastreio, com C-estatístico de 0,871 após validação cruzada. Na fase validação (N = 1.526), 14,9% pacientes foram classificados como baixo risco, 70,9% como risco intermediário e 14,2% como alto risco pelo modelo com formulário clínico isolado. O modelo final com 2 categorias de risco teve alta sensibilidade (99%) e valor preditivo negativo (97%) para detecção de ACS ao ecodopplercardiograma padrão. A performance do modelo foi boa com C-estatístico de 0,720. O rastreio para FA foi positivo em 6,4% dos pacientes. Idade avançada foi um fator de risco para FA (9,3% vs 4,8% em pacientes > 65 anos, p = 0,001). O rastreio para FA positivo foi fator de risco independente para ACS (OR = 3,9; IC 95% 2,1 a 7,2, p < 0,001). Conclusão: A associação de ecocardiograma de rastreio ao formulário clínico de forma isolada e o rastreio para fibrilação atrial melhorou de forma significativa a performance de escore para predição de ACS no ecodopplercardiograma na atenção primária. Palavras-chaves: rastreio; atenção primária; ecocardiograma; saúde pública; cardiopatias.

Introduction: Access to public healthcare is limited in Brazilian underserved areas, and long waiting lists remain for echocardiography (echo). We aimed to develop a tool to optimize indications and shorten the waiting list for standard echo in primary care. Methods: Patients in waiting list for standard echo in Montes Claros, Brazil, were enrolled. For derivation, patients underwent a standardized clinical questionnaire, simplified 9-view echo screening by non-physicians with handheld devices (GE VSCAN), and standard echo (Vivid-Q) by experts. Two models were adjusted, one including clinical variables and other adding screen-detected major heart disease (HD). For validation, patients were risk-classified according to the clinical score. High-risk patients and a sample of low-risk underwent standard echo. Intermediate-risk patients first had screening echo, with a complete study if HD was suspected. Discrimination and calibration of the 2 models were assessed to predict HD in standard echo. Also for validation phase, patients were submitted to an atrial fibrillation screening (AFS) with a single derivation portable device (MyDiagnostick®). Results: In derivation (N=603), the clinical variables associated with HD were female gender, body mass index, Chagas disease, prior cardiac surgery, coronary disease, valve disease, hypertension, and heart failure, and this model was well calibrated with C-statistic of 0.781. Performance was improved with the addition of echo screening, with C-statistic of 0.871 after cross-validation. For validation (N = 1,526), 227 (14.9%) patients were classified as low risk, 1082 (70.9%) as intermediate risk, and 217 (14.2%) as high-risk by the clinical model. The final model with 2 categories had high sensitivity (99%) and negative predictive value (97%) for HD in standard echo. Model performance was good with C-statistic of 0.720. The AFS was positive in 6.4%: 12.6% high risk, 6.1% intermediate risk and 2.2% low risk. Older age was a risk factor (9.3% vs 4.8% in those more than and less than 65 years, p = 0.001). AFS positive was independently associated with heart disease in echo (OR = 3.9, 95% CI 2.1 to 7.2, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The addition of screening echo to clinical variables and the screening for AF significantly improves the performance of a score to predict major HD on primary care. Keywords: screening; primary health care; echocardiogram; public health; cardiopathies.

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Introdução: A ventilação não invasiva (VNI) é utilizada como suporte no pós-operatório de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM). Objetivo: Avaliar as trocas gasosas e repercussões hemodinâmicas da VNI aplicada no pós-operatório imediato (POi) de CRM. Métodos: Trata-se de um ensaio clínico não randomizado com 38 cardiopatas, internados em um hospital escola, ambos os gêneros, selecionados por conveniência, submetidos à CRM. Foram constituídos dois grupos: grupo experimental (GE) que recebeu um protocolo de VNI no modo BiPAP® mais fisioterapia respiratória convencional (FRC), e grupo controle (GC) que recebeu apenas FRC. Foram coletadas variáveis sociodemográficas, comorbidades, tempo de internação na UTI e na enfermaria, variáveis hemodinâmicas: frequência cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (FR), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD), média (PAM), saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2) e gasometria arterial. Foi aplicado teste t não pareado ou teste de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: Observou-se que o GE apresentou maior idade (p = 0,04) e houve prevalência do sexo masculino em ambos os grupos. O GE apresentou menor PAD (p = 0,009) no POi em comparação ao GC. Conclusão: A VNI aplicada no POi de CRM causou diminuição na pressão arterial diastólica. Os pacientes que não receberam VNI apresentaram piora da oxigenação do POi para o primeiro dia pós-operatório. (AU)

Introduction: Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is used as a support in the postoperative period of myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS). Objective: To evaluate the gas exchange and hemodynamic repercussions of NIV applied in the immediate postoperative period (IPO) of MRS. Methods: Non-randomized clinical trial of 38 cardiac patients admitted to a school hospital, both genders, selected for convenience, undergoing MRS. Two groups were formed: experimental group (EG) who received a NIV protocol in BiPAP® mode conventional respiratory physiotherapy (CRP), and control group (CG) receiving only CRP. We collected sociodemographic variables, comorbidities, length of hospital stay in the ICU and hemodynamic variables: heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean blood (MAP) and peripheral saturation oxygen (SpO2). Unpaired t-test or Mann-Whitney test were applied. Results: We observed that the EG presented a higher age (p = 0.04) and there was a prevalence of males in both groups. The EG had a lower DBP (p = 0.009) in the iPO compared to the CG. Conclusion: The NIV applied in the iPO of MRS caused a decrease in diastolic blood pressure. Patients who did not receive NIV showed worsening of iPO oxygenation for the first postoperative day. (AU)

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RESUMO Objetivo: investigar os sintomas climatéricos psicológicos em mulheres cardiopatas. Método: estudo quantitativo, realizado em Hospital Universitário no Nordeste do Brasil, no período de outubro de 2016 a janeiro de 2017. Foram entrevistadas individualmente 221 mulheres climatéricas cardiopatas atendidas no Ambulatório de Cardiologia. Foram realizadas análises da estatística descritiva, de associação com o teste não paramétrico de Qui-quadrado de independência (c2) e teste de Correlação de Spearman, com o auxílio do programa SPSS Statistics 20. Resultados: houve predomínio de sintomas climatéricos muito intensos como a angústia/ansiedade, 75 (33,9%); esgotamento físico e mental, 61 (27,6%); estado de ânimo depressivo, 54 (24,4%); nervosismo, 59 (26,7%); e insônia, 45 (20,4%). Houve associação significativa nos sintomas climatéricos psicológicos entre si e entre os sintomas psicológicos e a depressão. Conclusão: os sintomas climatéricos psicológicos parecem tornar as mulheres mais propensas a transtornos emocionais, agravada pela existência de uma doença crônica como a cardiopatia.

RESUMEN Objetivo: investigar los síntomas climatéricos psicológicos en mujeres cardiópatas. Método: estudio cuantitativo, realizado en Hospital Universitario en Nordeste de Brasil, en el periodo de octubre de 2016 a enero de 2017. Se entrevistaron individualmente 221 mujeres climatéricas cardiópatas atendidas en el Ambulatorio de Cardiología. Se realizaron análisis de estadística descriptiva, de asociación con el test no paramétrico de Chi cuadrado de independencia (c2) y test de Correlación de Spearman, con la ayuda del programa SPSS Statistics 20. Resultados: hubo predominio de síntomas climatéricos muy intensos como angustia/ansiedad, 75 (33,9%); agotamiento físico y mental, 61 (27,6%); estado de ánimo depresivo, 54 (24,4%); nerviosismo, 59 (26,7%); y insomnio, 45 (20,4%). Hubo asociación significativa en los síntomas climatéricos psicológicos entre sí y entre los síntomas psicológicos y la depresión. Conclusión: los síntomas climatéricos psicológicos pueden dejar las mujeres más propensas a trastornos emocionales, agraviados por la existencia de una enfermedad crónica como la cardiopatía.

ABSTRACT Objective: to investigate psychological climacteric symptoms in women with heart disease. Method: a quantitative study, carried out at a University Hospital in the Northeast of Brazil, from October 2016 to January 2017. A total of 221 climacteric women with heart disease were interviewed at the Cardiology Outpatient Clinic. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed, association with the non-parametric Chi-square test of independence (c2) and Spearman's correlation test, with the use of the SPSS Statistics 20 program. Results: there was a predominance of very intense climacteric symptoms such as anguish/anxiety, 75 (33.9%); physical and mental exhaustion, 61 (27.6%); depressed mood, 54 (24.4%); nervousness, 59 (26.7%); and insomnia, 45 (20.4%). There were significant associations among the psychological climacteric symptoms and between the psychological symptoms and depression. Conclusion: psychological climacteric symptoms appear to make women more prone to emotional disorders, aggravated by the existence of a chronic disease such as cardiopathy.

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Introducción: Los defectos congénitos constituyen una causa importante de mortalidad infantil y discapacidad. Las cardiopatías y los defectos del tubo neural y de la pared abdominal son de los más frecuentes. Objetivo: sistematizar los referentes teóricos sobre la embriogénesis y la epidemiología de estas anomalías del desarrollo, que contribuyan a la capacitación de médicos y estudiantes como promotores de salud. Materiales y Métodos: se realizó la revisión de 32 artículos científicos, búsqueda en la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud de Infomed, en las bases de datos Medline Complete, Pubmed Central, Clinical Key, Scielo regional y Scielo Cuba. La búsqueda se realizó entre los meses de octubre de 2014 y febrero de 2015, y quedó limitada a los últimos 8 años. Resultados: los defectos cardiacos se producen por fallas en la embriogénesis, entre la quinta y décima semanas de embarazo; los del tubo neural en la tercera y cuarta semana de embarazo y los de pared anterior entre la cuarta y la duodécima semana de embarazo. La etiología obedece a factores genéticos, ambientales y multifactoriales, y el riesgo de recurrencia depende de la causa. Existen tres niveles de prevención: preconcepcional, prenatal y postnatal. Conclusiones: el más importante es el preconcepcional, pues es el más eficaz, humano y económico.

Background: congenital defects are an important cause of infantile mortality and disability. Cardiopathies and defects of the neural tube and the abdominal wall are among the most frequent ones. Aim: systematizing theoretical referents on embryogenesis and epidemiology of these developmental anomalies, to contribute to physicians’ and students´ training as health promoters. Materials and methods: 32 scientific articles were reviewed, searching in the Health Virtual Library of Infomed, in the databases Medline Complete, Pubmed Central, Clinical Key, regional Scielo and Scielo Cuba. The search was made from October 2014 to February 2015, and was restricted to the last 8 years. Outcomes: heart defects are produced by failures in embryogenesis, between the fifth and the seventh weeks of pregnancy; the neural tube ones, between the third and fourth weeks of pregnancy, and the ones of the front wall, between the fourth and the twelfth weeks of pregnancy. Etiology is due to genetic, environmental and multifactorable reasons; the recurrence risk depends on the cause. There are three prevention levels: pre-conceptional, prenatal and postnatal. Conclusions: the most important level is the pre-conceptional one, because it is the most efficacious, human and economic.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: las anomalías congénitas continúan siendo una de las primeras causas de muerte infantil en Cuba. OBJETIVO: conocer algunos aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos de pacientes con defectos congénitos mayores que ingresan en el servicio de Neonatología abierto. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal, que incluyó los pacientes egresados con diagnóstico de algún tipo de defecto congénito mayor, asistidos en el servicio de Neonatología del Hospital Pediátrico Universitario "Juan Manuel Márquez", desde 1997 a 2013. Se analizaron distintas variables demográficas y clínicas. Se analizó estadísticamente la frecuencia de presentación de defectos congénitos mayores a través de los años. Se contrastaron distintas variables para los principales defectos congénitos mayores. RESULTADOS: se estudiaron 267 pacientes, con predominio del sexo masculino (63,2 %) y 12,3 % de los pacientes fueron bajo peso (< 2 500 g). La frecuencia de defectos congénitos mayores no tuvo cambios significativos estadísticamente a lo largo de los últimos años. El sistema nervioso central fue el más afectado, con 109 pacientes (41,0 %). Los pacientes que presentaron defectos congénitos del sistema nervioso central ingresaron fundamentalmente en las primeras 24 horas de vida (79,8 %), aquellos afectados de anomalías digestivas y las afecciones del aparato cardiovascular ingresaron, en su mayoría, después de la segunda semana de vida. Hubo 23 pacientes fallecidos (8,6 %), y el mayor número correspondió a los defectos del aparato cardiovascular con 11 neonatos. CONCLUSIONES: se mantiene la morbilidad por defectos congénitos mayores. Las cardiopatías congénitas son responsables de la mayor parte de los casos fallecidos en los recién nacidos con defectos congénitos mayores.

INTRODUCTION: congenital anomalies remain one of the first causes of infant death in Cuba. OBJECTIVES: to find out some clinical and epidemiological aspects of patients with major congenital defects admitted to the open neonatology service. METHODS: retrospective, descriptive and cross-sectional study including the patients discharged with some type of major congenital defect diagnosis and seen at the neonatology service of "Juan Manuel Marquez" university pediatric hospital from 1997 to 2013. Several demographic and clinical variables were studied. The frequency of occurrence of major congenital defects in the course of time was statistically analyzed. Various variables were compared for the main major congenital defects. RESULTS: two hundred and sixty seven patients were studied in whom males (63.2 %) and low birthweight infants (12.3 % with less than 2 500 g) predominated. The frequency of major congenital defects did not experience statistically significant changes in the course of time. The most affected system was the central nervous system with 109 patients (41 %). The patients with congenital defects in their central nervous system were mainly admitted to the hospital in the first 24 hours of life (79.8 %) whereas those with digestive anomalies and cardiovascular system disorders were mostly hospitalized after their second week of age. There were 23 deaths (8.6 %) and the highest number went to cardiovascular system defects with 11 neonates. CONCLUSIONS: morbidity from major congenital defects continues affecting the infant population. The congenital cardiopathies account for a significant part of the deaths in newborns with major congenital defects.

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RESUMO

A oximetria de pulso nas unidades neonatais apresenta-se como um processo de triagem de cardiopatias congênitas graves. O estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o nível de informação e a atuação dos enfermeiros na oximetria de pulso realizada nos recém-nascidos de uma maternidade pública do município de João Pessoa, Paraíba. Trata-se de estudo descritivo com abordagem quanti-qualitativa, realizado com 13 enfermeiras assistenciais através de entrevista semiestruturada no período de janeiro a março de 2015. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria das enfermeiras tem conhecimento sobre o teste do coraçãozinho, a justificativa para realizá-lo, os parâmetros de normalidades da saturação de oxigênio, assim como as condutas que devem ser tomadas diante de um resultado alterado. No entanto, 84,6% referiram dificuldades na sua implantação em virtude de modificar a rotina da assistência de enfermagem. Acredita-se que o teste do coraçãozinho para triagem de cardiopatias congênitas traz bons resultados na captação precoce dessas malformações (AU).

Pulse oximetry in the neonatal units is presented as a process for triaging serious congenital cardiopathies. The study aims to assess the level of information, and the work, of the nurses in pulse oximetry undertaken on the newborns in a public maternity unit in the municipality of João Pessoa, Paraíba. It is a descriptive study with a quanti-qualitative approach, undertaken with 13 staff nurses through the use of a semistructured interview in January ­ March 2015. The results showed that the majority of the nurses have knowledge regarding the 'little heart test' (teste do coraçãozinho), the rationale for undertaking it, and the normal parameters for oxygen saturation, as well as the conducts to be taken in the event of a result outside these parameters. However, 84.6% mentioned difficulties in implementing it due to having to alter the routine of the nursing care. It is believed that the little heart test for triaging congenital cardiopathies brings good results in the early identification of these malformations (AU).

La oximetría de pulso en las unidades neonatales se presenta como un proceso de selección de cardiopatías congénitas severas. El estudio tiene como finalidad evaluar el nivel de información y la actuación de los enfermeros en la oximetría de pulso realizada en recién nacidos de una maternidad pública del municipio de João Pessoa, Paraíba. Es un estudio descriptivo con abordaje cuantitivo cualitativo, realizado con 13 enfermeras asistenciales a través de entrevista semiestructurada en el periodo de enero a marzo de 2015. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de las enfermeras tiene conocimiento sobre el test del corazoncito, la justificativa para realizarlo, los parámetros de normalidad de la saturación de oxígeno, así como las conductas delante de un resultado alterado. Sin embargo, 84,6% hablaron de dificultades en su implantación por el hecho de cambiarse la rutina de la asistencia de enfermería. Se cree que el test del corazoncito para selección de cardiopatías congénitas trae buenos resultados en la captación precoz de esas malas formaciones (AU).

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RESUMO

El síndrome de Down es una entidad clínica-genética que se asocia frecuentemente con cardiopatías congénitas entre 40-60% y corresponde un aspecto importante en su evolución. Objetivo: Describir los diferentes tipos de alteraciones cardiacas presentes en los pacientes con síndrome de Down, evaluados en la Unidad de Genética Médica de la Universidad de Los Andes y compararla con estudios similares. Pacientes y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional y descriptivo desde enero de 2009 a diciembre de 2012 en 100 pacientes con síndrome de Down con estudio citogenético y de ecocardiografía. Resultados: Las cardiopatías congénitas se presentaron en 63% de los pacientes. La comunicación interventricular fue la lesión simple aislada más frecuente con 14 casos y la alteración cardiaca compleja aislada más frecuente fue el canal auriculoventricular completo en cuatro casos. Conclusiones: Las malformaciones cardíacas congénitas se presentan en una frecuencia importante en la población con síndrome de Down, los diversos tipos varían en diferentes etnias y en períodos diferentes en el mismo país. Se debe enfatizar la realización del diagnóstico precoz para evitar las complicaciones que se pueden exhibir de forma más rápida y graves en los individuos con esta entidad genética.

Down syndrome is a clinical-genetic entity that is often associated with congenital heart disease between 40-60% and has an important aspect in its evolution. Objective: Describe the different types of cardiac alterations present in patients with Down syndrome, evaluated at the Medical Genetics Unit of the University of Los Andes and compared with similar studies. Patients and methods: A descriptive and observational study was conducted from January 2009 to December 2012 with 100 patients with Down syndrome with cytogenetics study and echocardiography. Results: Congenital heart disease occurred in 63% of patients. The ventricular septal defect was the most frequent isolated single lesion with 14 cases and the complex cardiac dysfunction was the most frequent isolated complete atrioventricular canal in four cases. Conclusions: Congenital heart defects are present in a significant frequency in the population with Down syndrome, various types vary in different ethnic groups and in di erent periods in the same country. It should be emphasized the realization of early diagnosis to prevent complications that can be displayed in a more rapid and severe in individuals with this genetic entity.

RESUMO

La tetralogía de Fallot constituye el 10 % de todas las cardiopatías congénitas. Representa la cardiopatía congénita cianógena más frecuente en el adulto, con una incidencia de 5,8 % al nacer, pero solo el 6 % de los pacientes no operados viven a los 30 años de edad y el 3 % a los 40 años. Después de realizada una historia clínica completa de la paciente y los exámenes complementarios necesarios, se procede a revisar la literatura y se comparan los hallazgos y en especial la evolución con lo descrito por otros autores. Se presenta a la paciente MDCC de 48 años de edad con historia clínica No. 18605 que ingresa el 21/2/2013 por falta de aire intensa de 4 días de evolución, que tendía a incrementarse al realizar esfuerzo físico o al caminar largas distancia, que no se aliviaba al cambio de posición. Describe, además, que ese mismo día comenzó a notarse como si se le inflamaran haran los pies, sin coloración cianótica, ni se acompañaba de tos, expectoración, ni fiebre. Examen físico, hallazgos positivos. Aparato cardiovascular: ruidos cardiacos rítmicos de buen tono e intensidad, se ausculta soplo sistólico pulmonar III/VI, que se irradia hacia el resto del área precordial. Se le realiza la analítica de laboratorio y los exámenes de imágenes disponibles (Rx de tórax, Tomografía Axila Computarizada contrastada de tórax, ecocardiograma doppler). Se analizan fisiopatológicamente los síntomas de la pacientes y su supervivencia con tan buena calidad de vida (incluyendo dos embarazos, uno de ellos a término) sin haber sido operada y sin un seguimiento adecuado. Aunque es baja la supervivencia de los pacientes con tetralogía de Fallot después de los 40 años algunos como la paciente estudiada lo logra y con buena calidad de vida, esto no significa que no pueda presentar ciertas enfermedades, como insuficiencia cardiaca derecha o congestiva, arritmias y endocarditis.

Fallot's tetralogy amounts to 10 % of all the congenital cardiopathies. It is the most frequent cyanogenic congenital cardiopathy in adults, with a 5,8 % incidence at birth, but only 6 % of the non-operated patient lives at the age of 30 years, and 3 % at the age of 40. After making the clinical record of the female patient and the necessary complementary examination, we reviewed the literature and compared the findings, specially the evolution, with the facts described by other authors. We present the MDCC patient, aged 48 years with clinical record Nr 18605, entering the service on February 21st, 2013, for lack of breath of 4 days of evolution, with a tendency to increase when exercising or when walking long distances, and that do not alleviate when changing position. We also describe that the same day we began to notice feet swelling, without a cyanotic coloration or cough, expectoration or fever accompaniment. Physical examination showed positive findings. Cardiovascular tract: rhythmic cardiac noise of good tonus and intensity; we auscultated a systolic pulmonary blow III/VI, irradiating to the rest of the pre cordial area. Laboratory analysis and available imaging examination (Thoracic Rx, thoracic contrasted computerized tomography, Doppler echocardiogram) were carried out. We physio-pathologically analyzed the patient's symptoms and her survival (including two pregnancy, one of them a term pregnancy) without being operated and without an adequate follow. Although the survival of the patients with Fallot¡'s tetralogy after they are 40 years old is low, some of them, like the studied patient, achieve it and with good life quality, it does not mean that they might not present several diseases, like right or congestive cardiac insufficiency, arrhythmia and endocarditis.

RESUMO

Mitral flow propagation velocity (Vp) is an index used to evaluate the left ventricular diastolic function. Its influence on human and small animal cardiopathies has been studied; however there are few reports evaluating this variable in domestic felines. In addition, there is a lack of studies in non-sedated healthy cats. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish values for Vp and its correlation with other echocardiographic indexes in non-sedated healthy cats in order to provide new perspectives related to diastolic function in this species. Twenty-six clinically healthy cats were submitted to echocardiography to assess the animals' cardiac conditions. Variables such as age, heart rate (HR), body surface area (BSA), initial (E mitral) and late (A mitral) ventricular filling waves, isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) and E/IVRT relation were correlated to Vp. No proven relation between any of these variables and Vp was observed in this present study, except for HR and BSA. In the variability analysis, higher values were verified for inter-observer analysis. This study concludes that Vp proved to be an useful index for estimating left ventricular relaxation in non-sedated healthy domestic cats and provides reference ranges for this variable.(AU)

A velocidade de propagação do fluxo mitral (Vp) é um índice utilizado para avaliação da função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo. Sua importância nas cardiopatias em humanos e pequenos animais vem sendo estudada; porém, há poucos trabalhos avaliando essa variável em gatos domésticos. Nessa espécie, estudos utilizando animais saudáveis e não sedados não foram encontrados na literatura. Dessa forma, objetivou-se estabelecer os valores da Vp e sua correlação com outros índices ecocardiográficos em gatos domésticos saudáveis e não sedados, de forma a fornecer novas perspectivas relacionadas à função diastólica nessa espécie. Foram utilizados 26 gatos domésticos clinicamente saudáveis, submetidos à ecocardiografia para se avaliar a condição cardíaca dos animais. As variáveis idade, frequência cardíaca (FC), área de superfície corporal (SAC), idade, onda de enchimento ventricular inicial (E mitral) e tardio (A mitral), tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico (TRIV) e a relação E/TRIV foram correlacionadas com a Vp. No presente estudo não foi observada correlação da Vp com nenhuma das variáveis estudas, exceto com a FC e o SAC. Quanto à análise de variabilidade, foi observado um maior valor para a análise inter-observador. O estudo permite concluir que a Vp demonstrou ser um índice útil para se estimar o relaxamento ventricular esquerdo em gatos domésticos saudáveis e não sedados, além de fornecer valores de referência para essa variável.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Mitral flow propagation velocity (Vp) is an index used to evaluate the left ventricular diastolic function. Its influence on human and small animal cardiopathies has been studied; however there are few reports evaluating this variable in domestic felines. In addition, there is a lack of studies in non-sedated healthy cats. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish values for Vp and its correlation with other echocardiographic indexes in non-sedated healthy cats in order to provide new perspectives related to diastolic function in this species. Twenty-six clinically healthy cats were submitted to echocardiography to assess the animals' cardiac conditions. Variables such as age, heart rate (HR), body surface area (BSA), initial (E mitral) and late (A mitral) ventricular filling waves, isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) and E/IVRT relation were correlated to Vp. No proven relation between any of these variables and Vp was observed in this present study, except for HR and BSA. In the variability analysis, higher values were verified for inter-observer analysis. This study concludes that Vp proved to be an useful index for estimating left ventricular relaxation in non-sedated healthy domestic cats and provides reference ranges for this variable.

A velocidade de propagação do fluxo mitral (Vp) é um índice utilizado para avaliação da função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo. Sua importância nas cardiopatias em humanos e pequenos animais vem sendo estudada; porém, há poucos trabalhos avaliando essa variável em gatos domésticos. Nessa espécie, estudos utilizando animais saudáveis e não sedados não foram encontrados na literatura. Dessa forma, objetivou-se estabelecer os valores da Vp e sua correlação com outros índices ecocardiográficos em gatos domésticos saudáveis e não sedados, de forma a fornecer novas perspectivas relacionadas à função diastólica nessa espécie. Foram utilizados 26 gatos domésticos clinicamente saudáveis, submetidos à ecocardiografia para se avaliar a condição cardíaca dos animais. As variáveis idade, frequência cardíaca (FC), área de superfície corporal (SAC), idade, onda de enchimento ventricular inicial (E mitral) e tardio (A mitral), tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico (TRIV) e a relação E/TRIV foram correlacionadas com a Vp. No presente estudo não foi observada correlação da Vp com nenhuma das variáveis estudas, exceto com a FC e o SAC. Quanto à análise de variabilidade, foi observado um maior valor para a análise inter-observador. O estudo permite concluir que a Vp demonstrou ser um índice útil para se estimar o relaxamento ventricular esquerdo em gatos domésticos saudáveis e não sedados, além de fornecer valores de referência para essa variável.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Merced a los continuos progresos en el tratamiento médico y quirúrgico, el número de pacientes adultos portadores de cardiopatías congénitas se encuentra en incremento, quienes con el paso del tiempo desarrollan diversas complicaciones, entre ellas insuficiencia cardíaca avanzada, la cual puede requerir terapéuticas como el trasplante cardíaco y en ocasiones plantea la necesidad del implante de un dispositivo de asistencia circulatoria, ya sea como puente al trasplante o como tratamiento definitivo. En esta presentación se describe un caso que ilustra la problemática de la población portadora de cardiopatías congénitas en el adulto. Se trata de un paciente de sexo masculino, de 41 años, portador de transposición corregida de los grandes vasos que desarrolló insuficiencia cardíaca avanzada del ventrículo morfológicamente derecho, el cual sostiene la circulación sistémica. Ante reiteradas descompensaciones bajo tratamiento médico, incluido el uso domiciliario de inotrópicos, se procedió al implante de un dispositivo de asistencia circulatoria inicialmente planteado como puente al trasplante. Tras diversas complicaciones posoperatorias, el paciente fue derivado a una institución de rehabilitación a la espera del trasplante.

Due to continuous advances in medical and surgical treatment, the large number of adult patients with congenital heart diseases is increasing; with the passing of time, these conditions develop several complications including advanced heart failure, which may require therapeutic approaches such as cardiac transplant and, in certain cases, the implantation of a circulatory support device, both as a bridge to transplant or as a definitive treatment. This report describes a case that shows the problem of the adult population with congenital heart disease. We present a 41 year-old male patient with congenitally corrected transposition of the great vessels who developed advanced heart failure of the morphologically right ventricle, which supports the systemic circulation. Due to several decompensations under medical treatment, including the home use of inotropes, a circulatory support device was implanted as an early bridge to transplant. After several postoperative complications, the patient was transferred to a rehabilitation center to wait for transplantation.

RESUMO

Merced a los continuos progresos en el tratamiento médico y quirúrgico, el número de pacientes adultos portadores de cardiopatías congénitas se encuentra en incremento, quienes con el paso del tiempo desarrollan diversas complicaciones, entre ellas insuficiencia cardíaca avanzada, la cual puede requerir terapéuticas como el trasplante cardíaco y en ocasiones plantea la necesidad del implante de un dispositivo de asistencia circulatoria, ya sea como puente al trasplante o como tratamiento definitivo. En esta presentación se describe un caso que ilustra la problemática de la población portadora de cardiopatías congénitas en el adulto. Se trata de un paciente de sexo masculino, de 41 años, portador de transposición corregida de los grandes vasos que desarrolló insuficiencia cardíaca avanzada del ventrículo morfológicamente derecho, el cual sostiene la circulación sistémica. Ante reiteradas descompensaciones bajo tratamiento médico, incluido el uso domiciliario de inotrópicos, se procedió al implante de un dispositivo de asistencia circulatoria inicialmente planteado como puente al trasplante. Tras diversas complicaciones posoperatorias, el paciente fue derivado a una institución de rehabilitación a la espera del trasplante.(AU)

Due to continuous advances in medical and surgical treatment, the large number of adult patients with congenital heart diseases is increasing; with the passing of time, these conditions develop several complications including advanced heart failure, which may require therapeutic approaches such as cardiac transplant and, in certain cases, the implantation of a circulatory support device, both as a bridge to transplant or as a definitive treatment. This report describes a case that shows the problem of the adult population with congenital heart disease. We present a 41 year-old male patient with congenitally corrected transposition of the great vessels who developed advanced heart failure of the morphologically right ventricle, which supports the systemic circulation. Due to several decompensations under medical treatment, including the home use of inotropes, a circulatory support device was implanted as an early bridge to transplant. After several postoperative complications, the patient was transferred to a rehabilitation center to wait for transplantation.(AU)

RESUMO

La estenosis pulmonar valvular crítica es una cardiopatía congénita relativamente frecuente en el recién nacido, cuya supervivencia depende de una intervención inmediata, ya sea farmacológica o quirúrgica. Su diagnóstico prenatal ha permitido tratarla in útero mediante dilatación de la válvula por angioplastia con balón. Esta técnica conlleva los riesgos inherentes a todo proceder que implique el acceso al feto. Está demostrado que con la angioplastia posnatal precozmente diagnosticada mediante ecocardiografía, se pueden obtener resultados igualmente satisfactorios, previa estabilización clínica y hemodinámica del paciente. Apostamos, pues, por esta última.

Critical valvular pulmonary stenosis is a relatively frequent congenital cardiopathy in the newborn, whose survival depends on an immediate intervention either pharmacological or surgical. The prenatal diagnosis allows the intrauterine treatment by dilating the valve through the ball angioplasty. This technique carries the risks inherent to any procedures involving access to the fetus. It has been proved that postnatal angioplasty, early diagnosed with echography, can obtain the same satisfactory results, after the clinical and hemodynamic stabilization of the patient. Therefore, we support postnatal angioplasty.