RESUMO
We report the incremental value of live/real-time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3DTTE) over two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (2DTTE) in making a definitive diagnosis of left ventricular endocardial rupture with myocardial dissection and contained apical epicardial rupture in an elderly male patient presenting with acute myocardial infarction. To the best of our knowledge, this has not been described previously.
Assuntos
Ecocardiografia Tridimensional , Infarto do Miocárdio , Idoso , Dissecação , Ecocardiografia , Ventrículos do Coração/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Masculino , Infarto do Miocárdio/complicações , Infarto do Miocárdio/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Left ventricular rupture is the most feared complication in mitral valve surgery. Despite its low incidence, mortality rates can reach up to 75%. It usually presents on the operating room with a dissecting haematoma followed by massive bleeding after discontinuing cardiopulmomary bypass. However, cardiac rupture may be contained by adherent pericardium or scar tissue leading to chronic formation of a pseudoaneurysm (PSA). CASE SUMMARY: A 44-year-old man came to our institution with acute heart failure triggered by community-acquired pneumonia. He underwent mitral valve replacement with a mechanical prosthesis 7 years before and reported suffering from chronic worsening dyspnoea for 18 months. He underwent chest computed tomography scan and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI), which showed two extensive left ventricular (LV) multilobulated PSAs. An operative approach was chosen and a tear was found on the posterior atrioventricular groove (AVG), communicating left ventricle with the PSA, which was closed with bovine pericardium patch. After weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass, he presented a diffuse life-threatening bleeding. The surgeons packed his chest with compresses before closing the sternum and he was operatively revised after 48 h. Post-operative CMRI showed that one of the PSAs remained connected with the LV. Despite of all, 1 year after hospital discharge, he remains asymptomatic without signs of heart failure. DISCUSSION: This case illustrates PSAs' potential to grow for a long period before causing symptoms, the complexity and risks of chronic AVG disruption surgery and the importance of careful annular manipulation and debridement as preventive measures in mitral valve surgery.
RESUMO
Summary Although myocardial rupture occurs in only 2% to 4% of cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), there is a high mortality rate due to acute cardiogenic shock. We present the anatomopathological findings of three cases of myocardial rupture in autopsied hearts in the last 30 years, with a diagnosis of cardiac rupture in acute myocardial infarction. In these 30 years the percentage of AMI with myocardial rupture was 0.2%. Risk factors for post-AMI myocardial rupture include older age, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus and systemic arterial hypertension.
Resumo Embora a ruptura do miocárdio ocorra em apenas 2 a 4% dos casos de infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM), está associada a alta mortalidade, principalmente em decorrência do estado de choque cardiogênico agudo. São apresentados os achados anatomopatológicos de três casos de ruptura do miocárdio de pacientes autopsiados nos últimos 30 anos, com diagnóstico de ruptura cardíaca em decorrência de IAM. Nesse período, a porcentagem de IAM com ruptura do miocárdio foi de 0,2%. Os fatores de risco para ruptura do miocárdio pós-IAM incluem idade avançada, arteriosclerose, diabetes mellitus e hipertensão arterial sistêmica.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Ruptura Cardíaca Pós-Infarto/patologia , Autopsia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infarto do Miocárdio/complicações , Infarto do Miocárdio/patologiaRESUMO
La disrupción auriculoventricular después del reemplazo valvular mitral es una rara pero letal complicación. Este caso es el de una mujer de 72 años de edad, con antecedentes de: reemplazo valvular aórtico, mitral, plastia tricúspide y Maze. Se llevó al reemplazo valvular mitral con prótesis Hancock 29 mitral. Se trasladó a la UCI y el curso postoperatorio fue normal hasta las 24 horas después de la cirugía, cuando presentó disnea y requirió soporte inotrópico. Se le realizó un angiotac y un ecocardiograma transtorácico que evidenció pseudoaneurisma ventricular. Fue llevada a cirugía, se inició circulación extracorpórea. Se evidenció disrupción auriculoventricular en el anillo posterior de la válvula mitral (tipo I perforación). La ruptura fue cerrada con un parche mixto de pericardio bovino y dacron con sutura continua. Actualmente, la paciente está en buenas condiciones sin recurrencia. Investigamos: el caso, la etiología, el reparo quirúrgico y la prevención de esta rara complicación y se discute.
Atrioventricular disruption after a mitral valve replacement is a rare but fatal complication. A case of 72 year-old woman is presented. She had a medical history of aortic and mitral valve replacement and Maze and tricuspid valve surgery. Mitral valve replacement was performed with Hancock 29 mitral prosthesis. She was taken to ICU and postoperative progress was normal until 24 hours after the surgery, when she developed dyspnea and required inotropic support. A CT angiography and transthoracic echocardiogram were performed, which evidence a ventricular pseudoaneurysm. She was taken to the operating room to start extracorporeal circulation. Atrioventricular disruption was evidenced in the posterior mitral annulus (type I perforation). Rupture was closed with a using a mixed Dacron and bovine pericardial patch with continuous suture. Patient is currently in good condition with no recurrence. Case, etiology, surgical repair and prevention of this rare complication were investigated and discussed.
Assuntos
Humanos , Ruptura Cardíaca , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardiovasculares , EcocardiografiaRESUMO
La ecocardiografía es la primera línea de diagnóstico en la fase aguda del infarto agudo del miocardio. Provee información invaluable sobre la estratificación de riesgo, valoración a corto y largo plazo, características hemodinámicas y utilidad en el reconocimiento de la mayoría de complicaciones mecánicas relacionadas con dicho evento. En este artículo se describen algunos parámetros ecocardiográficos que han mostrado evidencia para detectar pacientes en riesgo de pobre pronóstico así como para determinar el tratamiento y las intervenciones de los síndromes coronarios agudos. En conclusión, la ecocardiografía brinda información pronóstica significativa en el manejo de pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio y debería emplearse en la evaluación rutinaria de este tipo de pacientes.
Echocardiography is the first line of diagnosis in the acute phase of myocardial infarction. It provides invaluable information about risk stratification, assessment of short and long term prognosis, hemodynamic features, and helps to identify the most common mechanical complications related to acute myocardial infaction. In this article, some of the echo cardiographic parameters are decribed that have provided evidence for the detection of those patients at risk of a poor prognosis, and equally important to determine the treatment and interventions in acute coronary syndromes. In conclusion, echocardiography provides strong prognostic information in the management of patients with recent myocardial infarction and should be used always in the routine evaluation of these patients.
Assuntos
Ecocardiografia , Infarto do Miocárdio , Meios de Contraste , Ruptura Cardíaca , Insuficiência da Valva MitralRESUMO
La perforación miocárdica es una complicación infrecuente, relacionada con el implante de marcapasos y cardiodesfibriladores, que puede ocurrir al insertar los electrodos; sin embargo, en relación con la utilización de electrodos de fijación activa, ésta puede suceder después de varios días o semanas del implante. Se describe un caso clínico de un paciente a quien se le implantó un marcapasos bicameral con electrodos de fijación activa evidenciándose una semana más tarde perforación miocárdica por el electrodo ventricular, con estimulación diafragmática como manifestación clínica. Inicialmente no había evidencia radiológica de la perforación y requirió abordaje endovascular para extracción.
Myocardial perforation is a rare complication of pacemakers and defibrillators implantation that can occur when inserting the electrodes. However, regarding the use of active fixation electrodes, perforation can occur several days or weeks after the implant . We describe the case of a patient who was implanted a dual chamber pacemaker with active fixation electrodes. A week later we evidenced myocardial perforation by the ventricular electrode with diaphragmatic stimulation as clinical manifestation. Initially there was no radiological evidence of perforation and it required endovascular approach for extraction.