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Phytoextraction of rare earth elements (REE) from contaminated soils has gained importance during the last few decades. The Poços de Caldas municipality in Brazil is known for its mineral richness, including large reserves of REE. In this study, we report light REE (La, Ce, Sm, Pr, and Nd) in soils and plants collected in an area. Composite soil samples and plant individuals were collected, and total concentrations of LREE in soils were determined by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF). The plant available LREE concentrations in soils were estimated upon the acetic acid method (F1 fractions) of the stepwise sequential extraction procedure, together with plant content that was analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The total sum concentrations of tested LREE in soils varied from 5.6 up to 37.9 g kg-1, the bioavailable fraction was ca. 1%, and a linear relationship was found between them. The only exception was Sm, whose availability was lesser and did not show a linear relationship. The concentration of LREE in non-accumulator plants varied from 1.3-950 mg kg-1 for Ce, La 1.1-99 mg kg-1, Sm 0.04-9.31 mg kg-1, Pr 0.1-24.1 mg kg-1, and Nd 0.55-81 mg kg-1. The concentration of LREE among shoots did not show a linear relation either with the available fraction or total content. The screening also revealed Christella dentata (Forssk.) Brownsey & Jermy, Thelypteridaceae family, as a promising hyperaccumulator species. The concentrations of LREE among shoots of six individuals of this species were in the ranges from 115 to 1872 mg kg-1 for Ce, La 190-703 mg kg-1, Sm 9-48 mg kg-1, Pr 32-144 mg kg-1, and Nd 105-478 mg kg-1.

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Resumo Analisa-se como a higiene mental se tornou pauta central no debate acerca do desenvolvimento nacional (anos 1920 e 1930), detendo-se nos trabalhos desenvolvidos pela Clínica de Eufrenia (1931), criada pela Liga Brasileira de Higiene Mental, e pelo Serviço de Ortofrenia e Higiene Mental (1934), edificado na reforma Anísio Teixeira, ambos situados na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Ainda que com abordagens distintas, trabalharam a criança como lócus para a intervenção e construção do brasileiro do futuro: forte, saudável e produtivo. As análises foram alicerçadas em alguns casos clínicos realizados pelas instituições; nos escritos de seus diretores (os médicos Mirandolino Caldas e Arthur Ramos); e nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Higiene Mental.

Abstract This article analyzes how mental hygiene became a central theme in the debate on national development in the 1920s and 1930s, examining the work of the Clínica de Eufrenia (1931) created by the Liga Brasileira de Higiene Mental and the Serviço de Ortofrenia e Higiene Mental (1934), both in Rio de Janeiro and established during the Anísio Teixeira reform. Despite following different approaches, they considered the child as a locus to intervene and construct the Brazilian of the future: strong, healthy, and productive. This analysis includes some clinical cases from these institutions, writings by their directors (the physicians Mirandolino Caldas and Arthur Ramos), and the Brazilian Mental Hygiene Archives.

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The activity concentrations of 40K, 210Pb, 210Po, 226Ra, 228Ra, 228Th, 230Th, 232Th, 234U, and 238U were determined in 82 food samples, grouped into 20 food groups according to the Brazilian Total Diet, which reflects the dietary habits of a population, for the rural and urban areas of Poços de Caldas city, a High Background Radiation Area. The highest activity concentration found in the food samples was due to 40K being present in all types of food. Among the other radionuclides, high activity concentrations were found for 210Pb in beans and salt, 210Po in fish, 226Ra and 228Ra in nuts and seeds. The main food groups that contributed most to the effective dose, in urban and rural regions, were beans and beverages. The effective doses, due to the ingestion of the analysed food groups, were of 0.44 and 0.60 mSv y-1 and the lifetime cancer risks were 1.6 × 10-3 and 2.3 × 10-3 for the urban and rural Poços de Caldas population, respectively.

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ABSTRACT A new species of Thraulodes Ulmer 1920 is described based on nymphs and imagos from Tapias river, Caldas department, Colombia. The mature nymphs were reared until the emergence of the imagos. Thraulodes latinus sp. n. can be distinguished from other species of the genus by: In males, the forewing without cross veins basal to bullae and with 11-14 cross veins distal to bullae, abdominal and legs color pattern, styliger plate redounded, with a long and digitiform median projection and shape of penes with apicolateral area forming an "ear-like" projection. In nymphs, the claws with eight denticles and the general coloration pattern. Additionally, data on the anatomy of the reproductive tract of both the male and female imago of the new species are presented.

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In Colombia, the taxonomical understanding of ectoparasites (Diptera: Streblidae and Nycteribiidae) of bats is scarce, despite the high diversity of hosts. This fact reflects the lack of important information on the group and poses the need for studies that expand the knowledge on bat ectoparasites in different regions of the country. The aim of this study was to contribute pioneer knowledge on bat ectoparasitic insects in the department of Caldas, located in the Central Andes Mountain range of Colombia. We assessed 318 bats from four eco parks in the city of Manizales, and collected 234 ectoparasitic insects. We provide the first report of the family Streblidae for Caldas, with seven genera and eight species: Anastrebla caudiferaeWenzel, 1976, Anatrichobius scorzaiWenzel, 1966, Exastinion oculatumWenzel, 1976, Megistopoda proxima (Séguy‚ 1926), Paratrichobius longicrus Ribeiro, 1907, Paraeuctenodes similisWenzel, 1976, Trichobius longipes Rudow, 1871, and Trichobius tiptoniWenzel, 1976. In addition, we report the species Basilia ferrisi Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1931 and Basilia sp. for the family Nycteribiidae.(AU)

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In Colombia, the taxonomical understanding of ectoparasites (Diptera: Streblidae and Nycteribiidae) of bats is scarce, despite the high diversity of hosts. This fact reflects the lack of important information on the group and poses the need for studies that expand the knowledge on bat ectoparasites in different regions of the country. The aim of this study was to contribute pioneer knowledge on bat ectoparasitic insects in the department of Caldas, located in the Central Andes Mountain range of Colombia. We assessed 318 bats from four eco parks in the city of Manizales, and collected 234 ectoparasitic insects. We provide the first report of the family Streblidae for Caldas, with seven genera and eight species: Anastrebla caudiferaeWenzel, 1976, Anatrichobius scorzaiWenzel, 1966, Exastinion oculatumWenzel, 1976, Megistopoda proxima (Séguy‚ 1926), Paratrichobius longicrus Ribeiro, 1907, Paraeuctenodes similisWenzel, 1976, Trichobius longipes Rudow, 1871, and Trichobius tiptoniWenzel, 1976. In addition, we report the species Basilia ferrisi Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1931 and Basilia sp. for the family Nycteribiidae.

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Abstract In Colombia, the taxonomical understanding of ectoparasites (Diptera: Streblidae and Nycteribiidae) of bats is scarce, despite the high diversity of hosts. This fact reflects the lack of important information on the group and poses the need for studies that expand the knowledge on bat ectoparasites in different regions of the country. The aim of this study was to contribute pioneer knowledge on bat ectoparasitic insects in the department of Caldas, located in the Central Andes Mountain range of Colombia. We assessed 318 bats from four eco parks in the city of Manizales, and collected 234 ectoparasitic insects. We provide the first report of the family Streblidae for Caldas, with seven genera and eight species: Anastrebla caudiferaeWenzel, 1976, Anatrichobius scorzaiWenzel, 1966, Exastinion oculatumWenzel, 1976, Megistopoda proxima (Séguy 1926), Paratrichobius longicrus Ribeiro, 1907, Paraeuctenodes similisWenzel, 1976, Trichobius longipes Rudow, 1871, and Trichobius tiptoniWenzel, 1976. In addition, we report the species Basilia ferrisi Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1931 and Basilia sp. for the family Nycteribiidae.

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The larva and female of Perigomphus basicornis are described and illustrated, and compared with the larva and female of P. pallidistylus. The larva of P. basicornis differs from that of P. pallidistylus in having sternum 8 divided in five sclerites, abdominal segments 8 and 9 with small, low protuberances on the tergites and male's epiproct as long as its basal width, mainly. The female of P. basicornis differs from that of P. pallidistylus in having the apical lobes of vulvar lamina wider, with divergent tips. P. pallidistylus is recorded for Colombia for the first time.

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The Constant Flux and Constant Sedimentation (CF:CS) of supported/excess 210Pb model was successfully used to study sediment profiles from Antas stream, located in the region of Poços de Caldas city, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Historical changes in the region were tracked from evaluating the sedimentation rate by the 210Pb method. In that site, Osamu Utsumi mine was the first mining-industrial complex for the production of concentrated uranium in Brazil. Four sediment testimonies were sampled along Antas stream in order to determine sedimentation rates using 210Pb as geochronometer. 210Pb and 238U activity concentrations were determined in sediment samples by alpha spectrometry, allowing to find the excess 210Pb present in the sediments. Additionally, the main oxides, organic matter, particles size and water composition were determined in order to assist the results interpretation from radionuclides data. The results allowed find one (profile PKS-4) or two (profiles PKS-1, PKS-2 and PKS-3) sedimentation rates, probably due to changes in the sediments input regime in the region. The sedimentation rates were in the range between 0.26 and 0.94 g/cm2.year, corresponding to the interval of linear sedimentation rate of 0.21 - 0.92 cm/year. The deposition year in the bottom of PKS-4 profile as estimated from the sedimentation rate coincided with the construction year of Bortolan dam (1956). Large touristic interventions carried out at Poços de Caldas city from 1920s coupled to unbridled urbanization, industrialization and demographic growth there in the second half of the twentieth century possibly caused the changes found in the sedimentation rates.

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The Andes is considered the longest continental mountain range in the world. It covers 7000km long and about 200-700km wide and an average height of about 4000m. Very unique plant species are endemic of this area including fruits (e.g., lucuma, cherimoya, sweet pepino, sauco), roots and tubers (potatoes, sweet potatoes, yacón, chicuru, mashua, olluco, etc.), and seeds (quinoa, amaranth, tarwi, etc.). These crops have been used for centuries by the native population and relatively recently have gained the world attention due to the wide range of nutrients and/or phytochemicals they possess. In this chapter, main Andean fruits, seeds, and roots and tubers have been selected and detailed nutritional and functional information is provided. In addition, traditional and current uses are provided and their bioactive potential is reported based on published scientific literature.

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El uso de las plantas medicinales como una alternativa para tratar dolencias y/o enfermedades, está tomando gran importancia para la creación e investigación de nuevas formulaciones. Objetivo: Determinar la actividad cicatrizante y toxicidad dérmica del extracto etanólico de los tubérculos de Ullucus tuberosus Caldas "olluco" en animales de experimentación. Métodos: La especie vegetal, fue recolectada en la comunidad de Panao departamento de Huánuco, Perú. Se realizó una extracción etanólica del tubérculo del Ullucus tuberosus Caldas "olluco" para el análisis fitoquímico. La actividad cicatrizante, se realizó con la técnica de Vaisberg y col, donde se preparó tres cremas a base de la especie vegetal, a concentraciones 0.5, 5 y 10%, éstas fueron comparados con dos grupos estándares, crema al 1% de Croton Lechleri "Sangre de Drago" elaborada naturalmente y células madre vegetales de cebolla (Emolan®) y un grupo control "Vaselina". La toxicidad dérmica, se determinó con la técnica de Contero donde se administró una dosis única, por vía oral y dérmica, de 5000 mg/kg del extracto en ratas. Resultados: Mediante el análisis fitoquímico se determinó que es soluble en agua destilada y presenta metabolitos primarios y metabolitos secundarios. La crema a concentración del 10% obtuvo el (86%) de eficacia de cicatrización en comparación con la muestra de piel intacta; en la evaluación toxicológica, ninguna rata de cepa Holtzman presentó toxicidad dérmica. Conclusión: Se determinó que el extracto etanólico de los tubérculos de Ullucus tuberosus Caldas "olluco" si presenta actividad cicatrizante y no posee toxicidad dérmica.

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Entende-se por Termalismo Social a complexidade da utilização das águas termominerais em saúde, pensando-se ainda em seus aspectos ecológicos, históricos, sociais e de lazer. Este artigo pretende contextualizar o Termalismo Social em Caldas da Imperatriz, localidade de Santo Amaro da Imperatriz ­ SC, quanto a seus aspectos históricos, características das águas termais e potencialidades em saúde, desafios vivenciados e possíveis soluções para a concretização do Termalismo Social no local. Para tanto, foram analisados artigos, teses, reportagens de jornais e processos judiciais disponíveis na World Wide Web, além de visitas ao local.O artigo apresenta um breve histórico do Termalismo na localidade, aborda as características físico-químicas e suas indicações terapêuticas e expõe alguns problemas existentes e, por fim, possibilidades para a consolidação do Termalismo Social em Caldas da Imperatriz são exibidas.(AU)

The term Social Thermalism is understood as the complexity of the use of thermo-mineral water in health, still thinking of its ecological, historical, social, recreational aspects. This article aims to contextualize the Social Hydrotherapy in Caldas da Imperatriz, town of Santo Amaro da Imperatriz - SC, as well as its historical aspects, characteristics of thermal waters and potential health, challenges experienced and possible solutions to the implementation of the Social Hydrotherapy. Articles, thesis, newspaper reports and court cases available on the World Wide Web were analyzed, as well as a site visit. The article presents a brief history of the Hydrotherapy in the locality, discusses the physical and chemical characteristics and their therapeutic indications, introduces some existing problems and finally, possibilities for the consolidation of Social Hydrotherapy in Caldas da Imperatriz are presented.(AU)

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Objetivo: caracterizar los eventos adversos presentados en una E.S.E de primer nivel en Caldas entre 2007 y 2009. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, retrospectivo, que analizó la información obtenida de los eventos adversos (E.A) registrados en los años 2007 a 2009 en una institución de primer nivel de Caldas. Se revisó la base de datos de reporte de E.A de la institución, que contenía 112 registros; se descartaron 63 registros y se seleccionaron los que podían ser evaluados a partir de la historia clínica (49). Se les aplicó un instrumento a través del cual se identificaron variables socio-demográficas, características del evento y calidad del registro. Resultados: de los E.A registrados, 38 corresponden al sexo femenino y 11 al sexo masculino, los E.A más frecuentes fueron los obstétricos (40,8%), muerte por inatención (16,3%), los menos frecuentes fueron fallos en la seguridad (2,0%); según gravedad, 18,4% muertes; 57,1% leves y 8.2% moderados. En el 30,6% de los casos no se instauró manejo, en el 22,4% pequeña cirugía y otros manejos 20,4%. Con respecto a la calidad del registro, el 32,6% eran malos, el 44,8% regulares y el 20,4% eran de buena calidad. Conclusiones: el 100% de los eventos adversos no contaban con actas individuales de seguimiento, solo se cuenta con un acta de reporte de los eventos adversos más relevantes, pero estas no implican un seguimiento del evento, ni contienen los datos específicos de la situación ocurrida y del paciente.

Objective: to characterize the adverse events happening in a first-level hospital in the Department of Caldas between 2007 and 2009. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional retrospective descriptive study was performed which analyzed the information obtained during the adverse events (AE) registered between 2007 and 2009 in a first level hospital in the Department of Caldas. An EA data report of the institution was revised which contained 112 records. 63 records were highlighted and those that could be evaluated from the medical record (49) were selected. They were applied an instrument though which social-demographic, characteristics of the event and quality of the record variables were identified. Results: from the AE recorded, 38 cases corresponded to females and 11 cases to males. The most frequent AE were obstetric events (40.8%) and death as a result of lack of attention (16.3%); the least frequent cases were failures in safety (2.0%); 18.4% were deaths depending on seriousness of disease, 57.1% were slight events and 8.2% were moderate events. In 30.6% of the cases management was not established; in 22.4% of the cases small surgery was applied and in 20.4% other procedures were applied. As far as quality of records is concerned, 32.6% were bad, 44.8% were average, and 20.4% were high quality. Conclusions: 100% of the adverse events did not have individual proceeding records. Only one report of the most relevant AE was available but it neither implies a follow up of the event nor contains specific data of the situation or the patient.

Objetivo: caracterizar o eventos adversos apresentados numa E.S.E de primeiro nível em Caldas entre 2007 e 2009. Materiais e métodos: estudo descritivo de corte transversal, retrospectivo, que analisou a informação obtida dos eventos adversos (E.A) registrados nos anos 2007 a 2009 numa instituição, de primeiro nível em Caldas. Revisou-se a base dados de reporte de E.A da instituição, que contida 112 registros; se descartaram 63 registros e se selecionaram os que pudessem ser avaliados a partir da historia clinica (49). Se lhes aplicou um instrumento a través do qual se identificaram variáveis sociodemograficas, características do evento e qualidade de registro. Resultados: dos E.A registrados, 38 correspondentes ao sexo feminino e 11 ao masculino, os E.A mais freqüentes foram os obstétricos (40,8%), morte por não receber assistência medica (16,3%), os menos freqüentes foram falha na segurança (2,0%); conforme gravidade, 18,4% mortes; 57,1% leves e 8.2% moderados. No 30,6% dos casos não se instaurou manejo, no 22,4% pequena cirurgia e outros manejos de 20,4%. Com respeito à qualidade de registro, no 32,6% eran maus, o 44,8% regulares e o 20,4% eram de boa qualidade. Conclusões: o 100% dos eventos adversos não contavam com atas individuais de seguimento, só se encontra com um ata de reporte dos eventos adversos mais relevantes, mas estas não implicam um seguimento do evento, nem contem os dados específicos da situação ocorrida e do paciente.

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En vista de que la formación de profesionales es un asunto complejo que supera los propósitos expresados en los planes de estudio, los estudiantes han complementado su formación mediante Grupos Extracurriculares (GE). Con el fin de dar cuenta de esta dinámica, se realizó una caracterización de éstos grupos en el programa de Agronomía de la Universidad de Caldas, desde el año 1970 hasta el 2006. Se trató de indagar cómo contribuyeron a la formación de los estudiantes y a la realimentación de los planes de estudio. El texto, en la primera parte analiza los GE como "comunidades de aprendizaje", en segundo lugar, se elabora una caracterización de los grupos en el programa Agronomía, en tres períodos: la efervescencia política de los años 70, el reflujo de los 80 y la emergencia de los semilleros de investigación, después de los 90. Por último, se presentan las lecciones aprendidas en este ejercicio de investigación, en donde se destaca y reafirma la importancia que tiene la formación en investigación.

Visto que o treinamento de profissionais é um assunto complexo que supera os propósitos expressados nos programas de estudos, os estudantes complementam seu treinamento mediante Grupos Extracurriculares (GE). Para dar conta desta dinâmica, fez-se uma caracterização destes grupos no programa de Agronomia da Universidade de Caldas, desde o ano 1976 até o ano 2006. Tratou-se de indagar como estes grupos contribuíram ao treinamento dos estudantes e à re-alimentação dos programas de estudos. Este texto analisa, na primeira parte, os GEs como "comunidades de aprendizagem"; em segundo lugar, faz-se uma caracterização dos grupos no programa de Agronomia em três períodos: na efervescência política dos anos 70, o refluxo dos anos 80 e a emergência dos viveiros de pesquisa depois dos anos 90. Por último, apresentam-se as lições apreendidas neste exercício, onde se destaca e reafirma a importância do treinamento em pesquisa.

Taking into consideration that training professionals is a complex matter that overcomes the goals consigned in the syllabus, the students have complemented their training by means of Extracurricular Groups (EG). To comply with this dynamics, a characterization of these groups in the program of Agricultural Engineering at the University of Caldas from 1970 to 2006 was carried out. It aimed at finding out how these groups contributed to the students' training and how they provided the syllabi with positive feedback. The first part of this paper examines the EG's as "learning communities"; the second part, characterizes the groups in the program of Agricultural Engineering in three periods: the political effervescence in the1970's, the reflux of the 80's and the emergence of research seedbeds after the 90's. Finally, some lessons that had been learned during this research exercise and that highlight and reaffirm the importance of research training are presented.

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Introducción: investigaciones realizadas por la Universidad de Caldas, ponen de manifiesto la tendencia a consultar tardíamente por cáncer de piel al especialista. Objetivo: identificar en el departamento de Caldas los factores por los cuales los pacientes con cáncer de piel consultan de manera tardía a dermatología. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en 62 pacientes con cáncer de piel, atendidos en la Universidad de Caldas desde enero de 2005 hasta junio de 2007. Se estudiaron las características demográficas, socioeconómicas y actitudinales de los pacientes, los factores asociados con el sistema de salud y con la lesión cutánea. Los resultados se describieron utilizando promedio, desviación estándar, valores mínimo y máximo, percentiles y frecuencias relativas. Se buscó diferencia entre los retrasos según las características de los pacientes con la prueba chi2. Se aceptó como significativa un p<0,05. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el software SPSS 15.0. Resultados: se identificó al paciente como el principal factor de retraso para consultar. Sobresalieron en ellos: sexo femenino, edad superior a 60 años, baja escolaridad y régimen subsidiado. La mayor parte de ellos refirió no haber recibido información previa sobre el tema. Conclusión: si bien hay aspectos por mejorar en los distintos niveles de atención en salud, el factor preponderante que podría explicar la consulta tardía por cáncer de piel a dermatología se relacionó con las características y actitudes de los pacientes.

Researches conducted by the Universidad de Caldas reveal a tendency in late consultations to specialists regarding skin cancer. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors by which patients with skin cancer consult dermatologists so late, for the specific case of the department of Caldas. This was a retrospective descriptive study on 62 patients with skin cancer, treated at the Universidad de Caldas from January 2005 up to June 2007. The demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral characteristics of patients were studied, as well as the factors associated with the health system and the skin lesion. The results were described using average, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values, percentiles and relative frequencies. Differences between the delays were determined according to the characteristics of patients with the chi2 test, taking p<0.05 as a significant mark. The statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 15.0 software. The patient was identified as the main factor for delay in the consultation, highlighting factors such as: female gender, over 60 years of age, little schooling and welfare system. Most of them said they had not received prior information on the subject. While there is room for improvement in the various levels of health care, the predominant factor that could explain the late consultation of skin cancer is related to the patients’ characteristics and attitudes.

Introdução: pesquisas realizadas pela Universidade de Caldas põem de manifesto a tendência a consultar tardiamente por o câncer de pele ao especialista. Objetivo: Identificar no Estado de Caldas os fatores por os quais os pacientes com câncer de pele consultam de maneira tardia a dermatologia. Materiais e métodos: a pesquisa retrospectiva em 62 pacientes com câncer de pele, atendidos na Universidade de Caldas desde janeiro de 2005 ate junho de 2007. Estudaram se as características demográficas, socioeconômicas e atitudinais dos pacientes, os fatores associados com o sistema de saúde e com a lesão cutânea. Os resultados descreveram se utilizando a média, desviarão standard, valores mínimo e maximo, percentiis e freqüências relativas. Pesquisou-se diferencia entre os retraços conforme as características dos pacientes com a amostra chi2. Aceitou-se como significativa um p<0,05. A análise estadística se realizou com o software SPSS 15.0. Resultados: se identificou ao paciente como o principal fator de retraso para consultar. Destaca-se em eles: sexo feminino, idade superior a 60 anos, baixa escolaridade e regime subsidiado. A maior parte de eles referiu Não haver recebido informação previa sobre o tema. Conclusão: Si bem há aspetos por melhorar nos distintos neveis de atenção em saúde, o fator preponderante que poderia explicar a consulta tardia por câncer de pele a dermatologia se relacionou com as características e atitudes dos pacientes.

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Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de abuso sexual en estudiantes de los grados décimo y undécimo del municipio de Caldas y su relación con depresión, autoestima y consumo desustancias psicoactivas. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Se aplicó una encuesta a 565 estudiantes de los grados décimo y undécimo del municipio de Caldas. Se solicitó información acerca de lacomposición familiar, procedencia, edad del menor al momento del abuso sexual, tipo y frecuencia de este, así como edad, género y relación del abusador con la víctima; también se indagaron datos que permitieron analizar depresión, autoestima y consumo de sustancia psicoactivas. Resultados: El promedio de edad al momento de la encuesta fue de 16 años (DE 2,54). El 12 % de losjóvenes indicó que fue víctima de abuso sexual infantil. El 76,5 % de las víctimas eran mujeres. La edad promedio al momento del abuso fue de 10,3 años (DE 3,52). La edad del agresor osciló entre 12 y 80 años, con promedio de 32,18 años (DE 13,36). En 92,6 % de los casos el abusador era hombre. Del total de los casos de abuso, en 48,5 % el agresor era de la familia del menor. Las cariciasíntimas fueron el tipo de abuso más frecuente, específicamente cuando la víctima fue obligada a recibirlas(79,4 %), seguido de exhibicionismo cuando la víctima fue obligada a ver (45,6 %) y luego penetración vaginal oanal (35,8 %). El 52 % de los casos detectados de depresión fueron victimas de abuso sexual. El 21,1 % delos jóvenes con una mala autoestima fueron abusados en la infancia. El 23 % de los consumidores de marihuana,el 60 % de basuco, el 22 % de cocaína, el 24,3 % de inhalables, el 31,6 % de éxtasis y el 21,4 % de hongos fueron víctimas de abuso...

Objective: To determine the prevalence of sexual abuse in students of grades 10th and 11th in the municipality of Caldas and its relation with depression, low self-esteem and consumption of psychoactive substances. Methodology: Cross section descriptive study. A Surrey was applied to 565 students of grades 10th and 11th of the municipality of Caldas. Information was requested about the family composition, where from, age of the youngsters at the moment of sexual abuse, type and frequency of it, as well as age, gender and relation of the abuser with the victim; data was also collected that allowed to analyze depression, low self-esteem and consumption of psychoactive drugs. Results: The average age at the moment of the Surrey was 16 years (DE 2,54). 12% of the youngsters saidthat they were victims of child sexual abuse. 76,5 % of the victims were girls. The average age at the moment of abuse was 10,3 years (DE 3,52). The age of the aggressor varies between 12 and 80 years old, with an average of 32,18 (DE 13,36). In 92,6% of the cases the abuser was a man. Of the total cases of abuses 48,5% of theaggressors were relatives of the youngsters. The intimate caresses were the most frequent type of abuse, specifically when the victim was forced to receive them (79,4%).Second comes the exhibitionism when the victim was forced to see (45,6%) and then vaginal or anal penetration(35,8%). 52% of the depression cases detected were victims of sexual abuse. 21,1% of the youngsters withlow self-esteem were abused in their childhood. 23% of the marihuana smokers, 60% of crack consumer, 22%of cocaine consumer, 23,3 % of inhalants, 31,6% of Ecstasies and 21,4% of mushrooms were victims of abuse...

Assuntos

RESUMO

El leucismo es un fenómeno que consiste en la pérdida parcial o total de un pigmento a excepción de partes blandas. Este fenómeno ha sido poco documentado en murciélagos y en general en mamíferos a nivel mundial. Por esta razón presentamos un registro de leucismo en Sturnira erythromos procedente del municipio de Manizales en el departamento de Caldas, Colombia, vertiente occidental de la cordillera Central. El ejemplar fue capturado mediante redes de neblina en un bosque andino y se distingue por la distribución irregular de melanina en el pelaje ventral, dorsal y parte de las alas. Casos de leucismo han sido observados en otros mamíferos en el país, pero no conocemos de casos en murciélagos procedentes de Colombia reportados en literatura.

Leucism is a phenomenon that consists the partial or total loss of a pigment with the exception of the smooth parts of the body. Globally, this phenomenon has been slightly documented in bats and in mammals in general. For this reason, here we show a record of leucism in one individual of Sturnira erythromos found in Manizales, Caldas department, Colombia, western slope of the Central cordillera. The specimen was captured using mist nets. This bat differs from other individuals due to the irregular distribution of melanin pigment in the ventral and dorsal hair, and a portion of the wings. Cases of leucism have been observed in other mammals from Colombia, but we are not aware of other cases of leucism in bats from Colombia being reported in the literature.

RESUMO

El leucismo es un fenómeno que consiste en la pérdida parcial o total de un pigmento a excepción de partes blandas. Este fenómeno ha sido poco documentado en murciélagos y en general en mamíferos a nivel mundial. Por esta razón presentamos un registro de leucismo en Sturnira erythromos procedente del municipio de Manizales en el departamento de Caldas, Colombia, vertiente occidental de la cordillera Central. El ejemplar fue capturado mediante redes de neblina en un bosque andino y se distingue por la distribución irregular de melanina en el pelaje ventral, dorsal y parte de las alas. Casos de leucismo han sido observados en otros mamíferos en el país, pero no conocemos de casos en murciélagos procedentes de Colombia reportados en literatura.

Leucism is a phenomenon that consists the partial or total loss of a pigment with the exception of the smooth parts of the body. Globally, this phenomenon has been slightly documented in bats and in mammals in general. For this reason, here we show a record of leucism in one individual of Sturnira erythromos found in Manizales, Caldas department, Colombia, western slope of the Central cordillera. The specimen was captured using mist nets. This bat differs from other individuals due to the irregular distribution of melanin pigment in the ventral and dorsal hair, and a portion of the wings. Cases of leucism have been observed in other mammals from Colombia, but we are not aware of other cases of leucism in bats from Colombia being reported in the literature.

RESUMO

ABSTRACT This paper reports for the first time the occurrence of Spalangia drosophilae Ashmead, 1885 (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) from pupae of Oxysarcodexia thornax (Walker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) and the superparasitism of them in Brazil, by means of traps containing some bovine liver baits in bush area close to the Parque of the Serra de Caldas Novas, Goiás, Brazil, in period from August to December 2003. A total 23 specimens parasitoid S. drosophilae from 27 pupae of O. thornax. The percentage of parasitism was 11.1%.

RESUMO Este trabalho relata o primeiro registro de Spalangia drosophilae Ashmead, 1885 (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) em pupas de Oxysarcodexia thornax (Walker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) e também o superparasitismo dessa espécie no Brasil, utilizando armadilhas contendo como isca fígado bovino em área de mata no Parque da Serra de Caldas Novas, Goiás, no período de agosto a dezembro de 2003. Foram coletados 23 espécimes do parasitóide S. drosophilae em 27 pupas de O. thornax. A porcentagem de parasitismo obtida foi de 11,1%.

RESUMO

RESUMO Este trabalho relata a primeira ocorrência do parasitóide Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) coletado de pupas de Peckia chrysostoma (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), utilizando-se armadilhas contendo como iscas fígado bovino em área de mata do Parque da Serra de Caldas Novas, GO, no período de agosto a outubro de 2003. Foram coletados um total de 455 espécimes do parasitóide N. vitripennis em 30 pupas de P. chrysostoma. A porcentagem de parasitismo foi de 50%.

ABSTRACT This paper reports the occurrence of the gregarious parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in pupae of Peckia chrysostoma (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) by means of traps containing some bovine liver baits in the Parque da Serra de Caldas Novas, Goiás, Brazil, in the period from August to October, 2003. Collection was made of a total of 455 specimens of parasitoids from 30 pupae of P. chrysostoma. The percentage of parasitism was 50%.