RESUMO
In many ways, cancer cells are different from healthy cells. A lot of tactical nano-based drug delivery systems are based on the difference between cancer and healthy cells. Currently, nanotechnology-based delivery systems are the most promising tool to deliver DNA-based products to cancer cells. This review aims to highlight the latest development in the lipids and polymeric nanocarrier for siRNA delivery to the cancer cells. It also provides the necessary information about siRNA development and its mechanism of action. Overall, this review gives us a clear picture of lipid and polymer-based drug delivery systems, which in the future could form the base to translate the basic siRNA biology into siRNA-based cancer therapies.
RESUMO
Mutations in the CFTR gene in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients have geographic differences and there is scant data on their prevalence in Venezuelan patients. This study determined the frequency of common CFTR gene mutations in these patients. We amplified and sequenced exons 7, 10, 11, 19, 20 and 21, which contain the most common CFTR mutations, from 105 Venezuelan patients in the National CF Program. Eleven different mutations were identified, four with frequencies greater than 1%: p.Phe508del (26,17%), p.Gly542X (3,33%), p.Arg334Trp (1,43%) and p.Arg1162X (1.43%). No mutations were found in 63.3% of patients. This report represents the largest group of Venezuelan CF patients ever examined and includes a wider mutation panel than has been previously studied in this population. Southern European CFTR mutations predominate in the Venezuelan population, but a high percentage of the causative alleles remain unidentified.
Mutaciones en el gen CFTR en pacientes con Fibrosis Quística tienen diferencias geográficas y hay escasos datos de su prevalencia en pacientes Venezolanos. Este estudio determinó la frecuencia de mutaciones comunes presentes en el gen CFTR en estos pacientes. Nosotros examinamos los exones 7, 10, 11, 19, 20 y 21, que contienen las mutaciones más comunes reportadas, de pacientes Venezolanos del Programa Nacional de FQ, usando la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa y secuenciación automatizada. Once mutaciones diferentes fueron identificadas en 105 pacientes estudiados. Las mutaciones con frecuencias mayores a 1% fueron p.Phe508del (26,17%), p.Gly542X (3,33%), p.Arg334Trp (1,43%) y p.Arg1162X (1.43%). En el 63,35 de los pacientes ninguna mutación fue encontrada. Este reporte representa el grupo más grande de pacientes Venezolanos con FQ que ha sido examinado e incluido en el más amplio panel de mutaciones que ha sido examinado en esta población. Las mutaciones en el gen CFTR predominantes en el sur de Europa resultan ser las más predominantes en la población venezolana, pero un alto número de alelos resulta aún desconocido.
Assuntos
Humanos , Regulador de Condutância Transmembrana em Fibrose Cística/genética , Fibrose Cística/genética , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Mutação Puntual , Deleção de Sequência , Alelos , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Fibrose Cística/epidemiologia , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Éxons/genética , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Venezuela/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Many advances have been made in the understanding of intestinal electrolyte transport from the molecular to the whole-tissue level. This chapter discusses the molecular mechanisms of intestinal epithelial ion transport processes, as well as the intra- and extracellular factors involved in their regulation, as a framework for the understanding of virus-induced gastroenteritis. Based on the present knowledge of the effects of rotavirus (RV) infection on the physiology of the intestine at different levels of organization, a working model for the pathogenesis of RV diarrhea is presented in the chapter. The understanding of the pathogenic processes of viral diarrheas may serve as the basis for a rational approach in the design of novel therapeutic strategies and the search for new antiviral drugs.