RESUMO
Desde o início da pandemia, no final de 2019, até a retomada das atividades presencias de atendimento ao público nos cursos da área de saúde em Minas Gerais, especificamente nos cursos de odontologia; foram elaboradas notas técnicas, recomendações e manuais de biossegurança. Documentos esses que serviram como referencial para a padronização de protocolos de atendimento, incluindo o uso de EPI's mais eficientes no controle da transmissibilidade da Covid-19. A pesquisa de revisão foi realizada na base de dados PubMed/MEDLINE e Scielo, World Health Organization, Ministério da Saúde, Associação Brasileira de Ensino Odontológico, Conselho Federal de Odontologia, Conselhos Regionais de Odontologia dos Estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais e instituições de ensino superior. Priorizando os conteúdos publicados entre os meses de janeiro a setembro de 2020. Período correspondente ao início da pandemia até o retorno das atividades de atendimento nos cursos de saúde em Minas Gerais. Buscando os documentos que nortearam esse retorno e que justificaram a adoção do uso desses EPI's pelos graduandos.
Since the beginning of the pandemic, at the end of 2019, until the resumption of face-to-face activities to serve the public in health care courses in Minas Gerais, specifically in dentistry courses; technical notes, recommendations and biosafety manuals were prepared. These documents served as a reference for the standardization of care protocols, including the use of more efficient personal protection equipment to control Covid-19's transmissibility. The review search was carried out in the PubMed/MEDLINE and Scielo databases, World Health Organization, Ministry of Health of Brazil, Brazilian Association of Dental Education, Federal Council of Dentistry, Regional Councils of Dentistry of the States of São Paulo and Minas Gerais and college. Prioritizing the contents published between January and September 2020. Period corresponding to the beginning of the pandemic until the return of care activities in health courses in Minas Gerais. Seeking the documents that guided this return and that justified the adoption of the use of this personal protective equipment by college students.
Assuntos
Faculdades de Odontologia , Estudantes de Odontologia , Equipamento de Proteção Individual , COVID-19RESUMO
Objetivo: describir una colección de textos periodísticos de interés científico-médico y explorar su posible utilidad en la formación de estudiantes de medicina. Material y método: se han seleccionado textos, publicados mayoritariamente en el diario El País (España) relacionados con la medicina, , publicados del 2 de enero de 2001 al 31 de diciembre de 2016. Los criterios de selección título alusivo al tema, autor identificable, basados en hechos reales y contener una historia completa. Se han descartado las notas de agencia. Resultados: se seleccionaron 7688 textos periodísticos (480,5±158,1 por año) organizados en las siguientes categorías: medicina y salud (n=2001), medicamentos (n=1960), ciencia y tecnología (n=1933), educación (n=810), sociología (n=318), terminología (n=318), humor (n=226) y cartas al editor (n=122). Estos textos tienen potencial interés formativo para la divulgación científica, la apropiación de terminología médica, el contexto social de la medicina y la imagen social del médico, para conocer la percepción pública de los valores de la profesión,y para abordar el desarrollo docente de competencias transversales del curriculum de medicina. Conclusiones: los textos periodísticos contienen hechos, datos, políticas y valores que pueden ser útiles como elementos formativos para los estudiantes de medicina..Au
Objective: to describe a collection of journalistic texts of scientific - medical interest and to explore their possible usefulness in the training of medical students. Material and method: texts, mostly published in the newspaper El País, related to aspects of medicine have been selected. The collection period was from January 2, 2001 to December 31, 2016 and the selection criteria: allusive title, identifiable author, based on real events and containing a complete story. Agency notes have been discarded.Results: 7688 journalistic texts (480.5 ± 158.1 per year) were selected, which were distributed in the following sections medicine and health (n = 2001), medicines (n = 1960), science and technology (n = 1933), education (n = 810), sociology (n = 318), terminology (n = 318), humor (n = 226), and letters to the editor (n = 122). These texts have potential educational interest for scientific dissemination, the appropriation of medical terminology, the social context of medicine and the social image of the doctor, to know the public perception of the values of the profession, and to address the teaching development of competences cross-sections of the medical curriculum. Conclusions: journalistic texts contain facts, data, policies and values that can be useful as educational elements for medical students..Au
Assuntos
Jornalismo Médico , Educação MédicaRESUMO
PIP: This paper presents an interview with Miguel Sabido, a writer-producer-director of theater and soap operas in Mexico concerning the social uses of commercial soap operas. According to Sabido, television soap operas can play multiple roles in educating the public: 1) melodramatic soap operas represent a mediation between good and bad; 2) soap operas allow people to gossip on different characters, their dilemmas, and create a climate for social change, especially if it centers on key social issues; and 3) soap operas provide role models to emulate. Sabido stressed the importance of a theory-based method for producing drama and mentioned how theoreticians Bentley, Bandura, Maclean, and Jung influenced his writing and production of soap operas. According to Sabido, the social uses of commercial television are possible with socially responsible soap operas.^ieng
Assuntos
Serviços de Informação , Marketing de Serviços de Saúde , Educação Sexual , Televisão , América , Comunicação , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Educação , Planejamento em Saúde , América Latina , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , México , América do Norte , Organização e AdministraçãoRESUMO
The spatial and temporal distributions of dengue cases reported during a 1991-1992 outbreak in Florida, Puerto Rico (population = 8,689), were studied by using a Geographic Information System. A total of 377 dengue cases were identified from a laboratory-based dengue surveillance system and georeferenced by their residential addresses on digital zoning and U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps. Weekly case maps were generated for the period between June and December 1991, when 94.2% of the dengue cases were reported. The temporal evolution of the epidemic was rapid, affecting a wide geographic area within seven weeks of the first reported cases of the season. Dengue cases were reported in 217 houses; of these 56 (25.8%) had between two and six reported cases. K-function analysis was used to characterize the spatial clustering patterns for all reported dengue cases (laboratory-positive and indeterminate) and laboratory-positive cases alone, while the Barton and David and Knox tests were used to characterize spatio-temporal attributes of dengue cases reported during the 1991-1992 outbreak. For both sets of data significant case clustering was identified within individual households over short periods of time (three days or less), but in general, the cases had spatial pattern characteristics much like the population pattern as a whole. The rapid temporal and spatial progress of the disease within the community suggests that control measures should be applied to the entire municipality, rather than to the areas immediately surrounding houses of reported cases. The potential for incorporating Geographic Information System technologies into a dengue surveillance system and the limitations of using surveillance data for spatial studies are discussed.
PIP: Through use of the Geographic Information System (GIS), the spatial and temporal distributions of dengue cases reported during a 1990-91 outbreak in Florida, Puerto Rico, were reviewed. The GIS, a computer system that can store, assemble, manipulate, and analyze geographically referenced material, offers a new approach to the study of disease patterns. A total of 377 dengue cases were identified from a laboratory-based dengue surveillance system and georeferenced by their residential addresses on digital zoning and US Geological Survey topographic maps. Weekly case maps were generated for the period June-December 1991, when 94.2% of dengue cases were reported. The epidemic's temporal evolution was rapid, affecting a wide geographic region within 7 weeks of the first reported cases of the season. Cases were reported in 217 houses, 56 (25.8%) of which had 2-6 cases each. Both K-function analysis, and the Barton and David-Knox tests, revealed significant case clustering within individual households over a period of 3 days or less. In general, however, cases had spatial pattern characteristics similar to the population pattern as a whole. The rapid spatial and temporal progress of dengue cases within the community suggests that vector control measures (e.g., source reduction) should be applied to the entire municipality, rather than to the areas immediately surrounding houses of reported cases.
Assuntos
Dengue/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Adolescente , Adulto , Aedes/fisiologia , Distribuição por Idade , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Criança , Bases de Dados Factuais , Dengue/transmissão , Vírus da Dengue/imunologia , Feminino , Geografia , Humanos , Incidência , Insetos Vetores/fisiologia , Masculino , Vigilância da População , Porto Rico/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Estações do Ano , Distribuição por Sexo , Conglomerados Espaço-TemporaisRESUMO
PIP: Four television advertisements produced for an AIDS prevention campaign by the AIDS Control and Prevention (AIDSCAP) Project in the Dominican Republic depict young, attractive individuals with multiple partners, and one youth with AIDS. The spots target adolescents and their parents with the message to remain monogamous and use condoms. They were made by a leading Dominican advertising agency, using high-quality production techniques and attractive young actors to convey well-researched public health messages. Hard-hitting radio announcements, posters, and roadside billboards were also developed as part of a comprehensive national campaign launched in 1993 against HIV/AIDS. The campaign's interactive advertising, coordinated approach, and parental and media involvement are described.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Adolescente , Infecções por HIV , Educação em Saúde , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , Pais , Pesquisa , Televisão , Fatores Etários , América , Região do Caribe , Comunicação , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , República Dominicana , Educação , Características da Família , Relações Familiares , América Latina , América do Norte , População , Características da População , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: Commissioned by the Brazilian health ministry to conduct a publicity campaign designed to encourage the use of condoms, the Master Communication and Marketing company conducted a survey in which it collected dozens of nicknames for the penis. The television component of the campaign involves an actor who holds a heart-to-heart conversation with his penis, recommending that it use condoms and showing it, with a candle, how to do so. "Braulio" was chosen as the name for the penis. Braulio, however, is a common men's name in Brazil. Shortly after the launch of the campaign, men named Braulio staged numerous protests against the use of their name. The Health Minister subsequently suspended the campaign on September 23, 1995, to allow selection of an alternate name for the penis. The campaign has resumed, this time using eight impersonal expressions such as "partner" and "him" to identify the penis, and is planned to run for three months despite the controversy. A journalist formerly named Braulio has officially changed his name to avoid being mocked, a lawyer in Sao Paulo named Braulio will continue to head a suit against the government filed by a group of Braulios alleging moral damage, and the Catholic Church criticizes the bluntness of the campaign, which mentions oral and anal sex on the radio. Nonetheless, a health ministry poll of almost 1000 people found that 80% supported the campaign. The coordinator of the Program of Sexually Transmitted Diseases insists that the blunt language is necessary to reach the lower-income, less-educated masculine population. Official figures indicate that 80% of the slightly more than 71,000 registered AIDS cases in Brazil are among men aged 19-35 years, and it is among men aged 20-40 years that HIV is spreading most rapidly. The health ministry has been bombarded with alternate nicknames for the penis since the initial uproar, enough to fill a book. The article points out that the nicknames vary according to region.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Preservativos , Genitália Masculina , Infecções por HIV , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Rádio , Pesquisa , Comportamento Sexual , Televisão , América , Comportamento , Biologia , Brasil , Comunicação , Anticoncepção , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Genitália , América Latina , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , Fisiologia , América do Sul , Sistema Urogenital , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: In Lima, Peru, a study was conducted that evaluated the influences on mothers' decisions regarding breastfeeding. Local views and health professional advice was ascertained. A follow-up study of a group of pregnant women was conducted to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice in regard to the early feeding of their children. The women were interviewed in their homes before delivery, as soon as possible after delivery, and twice a week until their babies were 1 month old. The experience of the mother was the key factor, but advice from relatives, neighbors, and health professionals was also important. A lack of information about exclusive breast feeding was common. Although the women knew breast feeding was good, they were unaware that exclusive breast feeding was best. Health workers knew to advise against other milks, but failed to advise mothers against the use of herbal teas and sweetened water as supplements. The women commonly believed they were unable to produce enough milk to feed their children because of their own undernourishment. Others believed exclusive breast feeding would worsen their own health, while some experienced difficulties breast feeding. This led to supplementation with other milks; herbal teas were given to cure colic and to quench infants' thirst. Based on these findings, the project focused educational efforts on providing better information to mothers. Messages stressed the thirst quenching property of breast milk and its similar benefits to herbal tea, which should be consumed by the mother, rather than the infant. Since breast feeding practices were closely linked to mothers' beliefs about their own needs, the project emphasized the value and needs of the mother and the benefits of breast feeding for her. Educational activities, which continued for 12 months, included videos shown to small groups of mothers, posters, distribution of pamphlets, and messages broadcast over loudspeakers. A significant increase in the number of children aged 0-4 months being exclusively breast fed was observed; however, the increase only occurred in the second, third, and fourth month. This seemed to be a direct result of the decrease in use of herbal teas and sweetened waters. The number of women using other milks as supplements did not decrease significantly.^ieng
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno , Coleta de Dados , Atenção à Saúde , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Seguimentos , Processos Grupais , Educação em Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Pessoal de Saúde , Planejamento em Saúde , Relações Interpessoais , Entrevistas como Assunto , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , Mães , Ensino , Gravação de Videoteipe , América , Comunicação , Países em Desenvolvimento , Educação , Características da Família , Relações Familiares , Saúde , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , América Latina , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Organização e Administração , Pais , Peru , Pesquisa , Estudos de Amostragem , América do Sul , Gravação em FitaRESUMO
PIP: The Feminist Radio Endeavor (FIRE) was organized in Costa Rica in 1991 and broadcasts in English and Spanish for two hours every day on its own short-wave radio station, Radio for Peace International. In January 1995, FIRE discovered that the Costa Rican government planned to create a huge garbage land-fill proximate to a unique forest reserve which is the last primary forest reserve near the city of San Jose. The 100 acres of forest rests in a transitional zone between the Pacific and Atlantic coasts and hosts a wide variety of flora and fauna. On one side of the forest, a small village is situated whose inhabitants have protected the forest for decades. On the other side, the indigenous Quitirisi continue their centuries-old protection of the forest. In February, FIRE staff traveled by horseback and used walkie-talkie radios to air a live Radio Eco-tour of the forest and its neighboring village. People from over 100 countries listened to the broadcast. Within days, the staff was broadcasting live from outside the municipal building where delegates were discussing the growing protest over the dump site. The delegates emerged to announce that they would oppose the use of the road for dump trucks. FIRE then invited call-ins to their broadcast, and the lines were flooded with people expressing fears and frustration with the delegates for refusing to discuss the issues. Callers from the US stated that hearing the voices of the people affected brought the issue to life for them. To FIRE, this is the essential element of global communications.^ieng
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Organizações , Rádio , Árvores , Direitos da Mulher , América , América Central , Comunicação , Costa Rica , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Meio Ambiente , América Latina , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , América do Norte , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
PIP: Over the period 1975-82, the Mexican television network created and aired seven entertainment soap operas promoting educational-development themes like adult literacy, smaller family size norms, and an higher social status for women. These emissions earned high ratings in Mexico and in other Latin American countries where they were subsequently broadcast. Evidence suggests that many of the social objectives of the soaps were met. In light of such success, the authors investigated the potential of pro-socially shareable entertainment television programs in developing countries. These programs use entertaining media formats to carry pro-social messages to a wide, yet culturally-proximate audience group. Entertainment television genres such as melodramatic soap operas offer certain advantages for carrying pro-socially shareable messages to audiences. The possibility of using other television genres and media channels, however, also needs to be seriously considered. Pro-socially shareable entertainment programs do have their limitations and problems, with a certain degree of message dilution invariably accompanying the quest for shareability. Targeting specific problems in specific audience groups is difficult and the identity of a relatively small homogeneous group can be threatened in a larger culturally proximate group. The value-laden nature of pro-social content can also be problematic.^ieng
Assuntos
Publicidade , Educação , Pesquisa , Mudança Social , Televisão , América , Comunicação , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , América Latina , Marketing de Serviços de Saúde , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , México , América do NorteRESUMO
PIP: In 1989, Pro-Pater, a private, nonprofit family planning organization in Brazil, used attractive ads with the message Vasectomy, An Act of Love to promote vasectomy. The number of vasectomies performed/day at Pro-Pater clinics increased from 11 to 20 during the publicity campaign and fell after the ads stopped but continued at higher levels. Word of mouth communication among friends, neighbors, and relatives who had vasectomies maintained these high levels. This type of communication reduced the fear that often involves vasectomies because men hear from men they know and trust that vasectomies are harmless and do not deprive them of potency. In Sao Paulo, the percentage of men familiar with vasectomies and how they are performed increased after the campaign, but in Salvador, knowledge did not increase even though the number of vasectomies in Pro-Pater clinics increased. Organizations in Colombia and Guatemala have also been effective in educating men about vasectomies. These successes were especially relevant in Latin American where machismo has been an obstacle of family planning programs. The no-scalpel technique 1st introduced in China in 1974 reduces the fear of vasectomy and has fewer complications than the conventional technique. Further trained physicians can perform the no-scalpel technique in about 10 minutes compared with 15 minutes for the conventional technique. In 1987 during a 1-day festival in Thailand, physicians averaged 57 no-scalpel vasectomies/day compared with only 33 for conventional vasectomies. This technique has not spread to Guatemala, Brazil, Colombia, the US, and some countries in Asia and Africa. Extensive research does not indicate that vasectomy has an increased risk of testicular cancer, prostate cancer, and myocardial infarction. Physicians are working on ways to improve vasectomy.^ieng
Assuntos
Publicidade , Atitude , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Medo , Relações Interpessoais , Conhecimento , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , Silicones , Reversão da Esterilização , Televisão , Vasectomia , América , Ásia , Sudeste Asiático , Comportamento , Brasil , Fenômenos Químicos , Química , China , Comunicação , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Emoções , Características da Família , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Ásia Oriental , Compostos Inorgânicos , América Latina , Marketing de Serviços de Saúde , Psicologia , Silício , América do Sul , Esterilização Reprodutiva , TailândiaRESUMO
PIP: Family planning (FP) and social marketing messages must utilize the rules concerning artfulness developed in the private sector for effective communication in the mass media around the world. They have to compete for the attention of television program viewers accustomed to receiving hundreds of 30-second messages. There are some rules essential to any effective communication program: 1) Command attention. In the US over 1350 different mass media messages vie for attention every single day. FP messages are sensitive, but dullness and passivity is not a requisite. 2) Clarify the message, and keep it simple and direct. Mixed messages equal less effective communication. 3) Communicate a benefit. Consumers do not only buy products, they buy expectations of benefits. 4) Consistency counts. The central message should remain consistent to allow the evaluation of its effectiveness, but execution should vary from time to time and medium to medium. 5) Cater to the heart and the head. Effective communication offers real emotional values. 6) Create trust. Words, graphics, sounds, and casting in the campaign should support 1 central key promise to a single prime prospect. 7) Call for action. Both commercial and social marketing campaigns can calculate results by quantifiable measurement of sales (of condoms) transactions (the number of IUD insertions), floor traffic (clinic visits), attitude shifts, and behavior change. The PRO-PATER Vasectomy Campaign of 1988 in Sao Paulo, Brazil successfully used the above rules for effective communication. During the 1st 2 months of the campaign, phone calls increased by over 300%, new clients by 97%, and actual vasectomies performed by 79%.^ieng
Assuntos
Publicidade , Comunicação , Marketing de Serviços de Saúde , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , Educação Sexual , Televisão , Vasectomia , América , Brasil , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Educação , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , América Latina , América do Norte , América do Sul , Esterilização Reprodutiva , Estados UnidosRESUMO
PIP: The Center for Family Orientation (COF), a private family planning agency with clinics in 8 provinces of Bolivia, initiated a bold, scientifically planned, and successful mass media campaign in 1986. As late as 1978 the Bolivian government had been hostile to COF. The Johns Hopkins University/Population Communication Services helped COF determine that the Bolivian public and its leaders were open to more information about family planning. Bolivia, the poorest Latin American country, then had 7 million people, expected to double in 27 years. There are 2 distinct indigenous groups, the Aymara and the Quechua, and Spanish-speaking people, centered in the cities of La Paz, Cochabamba, and Santa Cruz, respectively. Only 4% of couples use modern family planning methods. Initial surveys of 522 opinion leaders, 300 family planning users, focus groups of users, and a population survey of 1300 people in 8 provinces showed that 90% wanted modern family planning services. Radio was chosen to inform potential users about COF's services, to increase clinic attendance, and to involve men. To obtain support from public leaders, 10 conferences were held. The 1st series of radio messages focused on health benefits of family planning and responsible parenthood; the 2nd series gave specific benefits, information on child spacing, breast feeding, and optimal ages for childbearing. Besides 36,800 radio spots broadcast on 17 stations, booklets, posters, calendars, promotional items, and audiotapes to be played in public busses, were all designed, pretested, and revised. New acceptors increased 71% during the 11-month campaign. Success of the project influenced the start of the National Reproductive Health Project and new IEC efforts planned through cooperation of public and private institutions.^ieng
Assuntos
Instituições de Assistência Ambulatorial , Comunicação , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Folhetos , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde , Cooperação do Paciente , Setor Privado , Opinião Pública , Rádio , Gravação em Fita , América , Atitude , Comportamento , Bolívia , Atenção à Saúde , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Saúde , Instalações de Saúde , Planejamento em Saúde , América Latina , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , Organização e Administração , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Psicologia , Pesquisa , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: In January 1990, the Health Secretary asked the Technologies for Primary Health Care (PRITECH) project to facilitate access to the many small villages with 500 people in Mexico since PRITECH had assisted the diarrhea disease control program. 1st PRITECH had Ministry of Health staff train trainers which would eventually spread the information to the rural areas. This strategy was effective only for those people who did not live in remote areas. The same reasons for remote people being at high risk of disease also limited this strategy: isolation, lack of education, limited diets, lack of access to services, and limited fluency in Spanish. PRITECH hired a local consulting organization, CICLOPE, to develop a new strategy. CICLOPE limited its activities to the states of Hidalgo and Vera Cruz for 8 months. 1st CICLOPE staff provided proper diarrhea management training including emphasis on oral rehydration therapy (ORT) to rural health auxiliaries. They used a gourd painted to look like an infant with holes and other modifications to depict the workings and results of diarrheal dehydration. The staff then sent the auxiliaries to their own communities to use the gourd dolls to teach mothers about ORT and correct diarrhea management. The staff conducted follow-up activities to monitor the auxiliaries' progress. This training approach allowed the auxiliaries to realize the abilities of the mothers and their active role in learning. The auxiliaries conducted the training at markets where women living in remote areas came weekly. The local radio announced market day events in which the auxiliaries participated and aired dramas about diarrhea management. CICLOPE staff and the auxiliaries sat up a booth at these markets to promote proper diarrhea management. They used a flip chart, comic books, a lottery game, and entertainment to impart education messages.^ieng
Assuntos
Recursos Audiovisuais , Comunicação , Diarreia , Educação em Saúde , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto , Atenção Primária à Saúde , Rádio , População Rural , Ensino , América , Atenção à Saúde , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Educação , Saúde , Serviços de Saúde , América Latina , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , México , América do Norte , População , Características da PopulaçãoRESUMO
In developing countries it is common for older children to assume much of the responsibility for care of their younger siblings. Based on this observation, the "child-to-child" approach to health education targets these older children as a means of improving child health. As the initial phase in the development of a radio health curriculum in Bolivia, a module on diarrheal disease was developed and field-tested among fourth- and fifth-grade students in Cochabamba. The module consists of 10 interactive radio lessons in which the students respond orally to drill and practice, sing songs, or write key concepts in their notebooks. Following the 25-minute radio broadcast, the teacher conducts a 20-minute session that focuses on application and practice of the new behaviors. The module includes lessons on personal hygiene, water and oral rehydration, home sanitation, and nutrition. The field evaluation revealed the need for modifications in the teachers' role and greater attention to teacher training. Students responded enthusiastically and achieved significant knowledge gains as a result of the program. Plans are underway to expand the radio health program.
Assuntos
Proteção da Criança , Educação em Saúde/métodos , Rádio , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Bolívia , Currículo , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Educação em Saúde/organização & administração , Humanos , Lactente , Desempenho de PapéisRESUMO
PIP: In Mexico, Mexicanos contra el SIDA, a confederation of 15 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), was formed in July 1989 in order to present a stronger political presence, strengthen activities, and increase access to international funding. The group works with homosexuals, women, persons who are seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), laborers, students, and professionals. From July 27 to December 15, 1989, in collaboration with the Mexican Radio Institution (IMER), 90 radio spots, which were primarily aimed at youngsters, were broadcast. 16 full-length programs were also produced. The result was a huge demand for condoms and information, especially in Mexico City, among young people who attended rock concerts organized in collaboration with IMER. The national acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) program, CONASIDA, began public education campaigns again in response to the radio programs, in spite of the anti-abortionists, Provida, who had put a stop to public education on condoms and AIDS prevention in 1988. Mexicanos contra el SIDA threatened legal action when Provida and the National Union of Parents in Families tried to take legal action against the director of CONASIDA, Dr. Jaime Sepulveda Amor. The confederation has now signed a working agreement with CONASIDA, although there is concern regarding CONASIDA's political control of funds and fear the bureaucracy will slow down work. The confederation is seeking more direct contact with international funding agencies.^ieng
Assuntos
Aborto Induzido , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Publicidade , Preservativos , Infecções por HIV , Serviços de Informação , Organizações , Opinião Pública , Rádio , América , Comunicação , Anticoncepção , Países em Desenvolvimento , Doença , Economia , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Planejamento em Saúde , América Latina , Marketing de Serviços de Saúde , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , México , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , Política , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: An example of the potential power of mass media in helping implement health programs, Brazil conducted a highly successful advertising campaign aimed at increasing the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding. The advertising campaign formed part of the 1981-84 breastfeeding program, which included -- among other things -- implementing maternity laws, establishing support groups for breastfeeding mothers, and disseminating information to policymakers. While several methods to inform parents had been tried, all had encountered resistance. An intensive mass media campaign changed all that. In 1982, 100 television channels began airing frequent, prime- time commercials -- an effort supplemented by radio sports, posters, and print advertisements. The airing of commercials followed extensive research and pretesting of the material, and were intended to help break down social barrier to breastfeeding, which included: women's fears that their breast size made then incapable of breastfeeding; employers' lack of support for working mothers; the lack of unity among doctors that breastfeeding is right for every child; and "machismo" -- men's attitude that the breast is only a sexual object. In order to establish a common goal, all spots ended with the slogan: "Breastfeeding -- 6 months that build up a life." And to establish credibility, the commercials featured well-known Brazilian celebrities. A spot aimed at facilitating the act for other women showed a popular actress breastfeeding her own child; another commercial showed a well- known singer and male role model asking fathers to support breastfeeding. An evaluation conducted in 1987 indicated significant positive changes due to the advertising campaign, demonstrating the potential of mass media in raising public awareness.^ieng
Assuntos
Publicidade , Aleitamento Materno , Comunicação , Liderança , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , Televisão , América , Brasil , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Lactente , América Latina , Marketing de Serviços de Saúde , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: Mass media techniques that combine entertainment with health education are particularly effective in producing behavioral changes. The Enter-educate approach is based on the assumption that the power of mainstream popular culture is great enough to generate models for overall social behavior. Enter-education incorporate 5 factors; projects are personal, popular, pervasive, persuasive, and profitable. The importance of personal identification with characters in a film or radio serial is demonstrated by a Filipino television drama that dealt with teenage pregnancy. 27% of the target audience of 17-24-year-old females watched this show, and 98% found it believable and informative. A campaign in Nigeria to support responsible parenthood was boosted by the participation of a popular rock star. 88% of residents in Lagos reported hearing the 2 songs and seeing the music video that featured this star. A project in Mexico and 10 other countries in Latin America recognized the importance of pervasiveness in its combination of music recordings, radio, and television to reach young people with messages about responsible sexuality. The persuasive effect of television was confirmed in a Turkish television campaign that showed a series of portraits of a family as children were added over time and ended with a portrait containing an empty chair for the mother. The health risks to women of too many closely spaced pregnancies could not have been as dramatically portrayed in print. Finally, enter-education campaigns have the potential to attract commercial support. A campaign in the Philippines against adolescent pregnancy received generous support from corporations in the form of purchase of air time, subsidization of printed materials, and provision of hotline counselors.^ieng
Assuntos
Adolescente , Cultura , Educação em Saúde , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , Rádio , Comportamento Social , Televisão , África , África Subsaariana , África Ocidental , Fatores Etários , América , Ásia , Sudeste Asiático , Comportamento , Comunicação , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Educação , América Latina , México , Nigéria , América do Norte , Filipinas , População , Características da PopulaçãoRESUMO
PIP: Trinidad and Tobago are using educational programs to help the prevention of the spread of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). They have used posters and dramatic presentations on television, and have timed presentations to key periods like carnival activities. Also, popular singing groups have been used to send the message to young people. Both government and private groups are focusing their efforts on care for people with AIDS. The Red Cross, in concert with family planning organizations and religious groups, are working together to educate and help care for people with AIDS. AIDS patients not only have to contend with the disease, but the discrimination that also wears them down, and even rejection by their own families. The family planning group will target women, with little education, and the Red Cross will target teachers and school children. Educational materials have been developed, including a workbook using the question and answer format, a cartoon booklet, and a brochure, all written in simple language. These major organizations are setting the pace and many other local groups are getting involved, including community and volunteer groups. They will help with the homeless and those with drug problems in fund raising and volunteer activities for an AIDS hotline.^ieng
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Participação da Comunidade , Educação , Governo , Infecções por HIV , Serviços de Informação , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , Programas de Rastreamento , Setor Privado , Comportamento Sexual , Parceiros Sexuais , Televisão , América , Comportamento , Região do Caribe , Comunicação , Países em Desenvolvimento , Diagnóstico , Doença , Economia , Planejamento em Saúde , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , Política , Trinidad e Tobago , VirosesRESUMO
PIP: Private conservation organizations have become more prevalent throughout Latin America in the last decade. They range from well organized and financed, internationally-recognized organizations, to small volunteer groups. They are committed to preserving the natural resources and cover national park management, the protection of wildlife, reforestation, environmental contamination and other issues. Also in Latin America environmental education has become an important part of the resource conservation programs. One of the most advanced and successful programs is in Ecuador and is called Natura. It has produced many educational materials including slide programs, television spots and programs, booklets, a complete primary school curriculum, posters, radio programs and a profile of Ecuador's environment. Their programs have been successful because they analyze their target audience and tailor the program to their needs and desires. They also follow up with evaluation questionnaires and testing for each program. It has been difficult for organizations such as these to implement programs in rural areas. There are some groups developing environmental education programs in rural areas through alliances with development assistance organizations. There are essential for the protection of wild areas where human needs must be balanced with longterm ecological priorities.^ieng
Assuntos
Ecologia , Educação , Meio Ambiente , Meios de Comunicação de Massa , Setor Privado , Rádio , População Rural , Inquéritos e Questionários , Televisão , América , Bolívia , América Central , Comunicação , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Equador , Guatemala , América Latina , América do Norte , População , Características da População , América do SulRESUMO
The USAID has, since 1972, funded the development of a new methodology for educational radio for young children through 3 projects: the Radio Mathematics PRoject of Nicaragua, the Radio Language Arts Project of Kenya, and the Radio Science PRoject of Papua New Guinea. These projects developed math programs for grades 1-4 and English as a second language for grades 1-3; programs to teach science in grades 4-6 are now being developed. Appropriate techniques were developed to engage young children actively in the learning process. Lessons are planned as a "conversation" between the children and the radio; scripts are written as 1/2 of a dialogue, with pauses carefully timed so that written as 12 of a dialogue, with pauses carefully timed so that students can contribute their 1/2. Teaching techniques used in all 3 projects include choral responses, simultaneous individual seatwork, and activities using simple materials such as pebbles and rulers. Certain techniques were specific to the subject being taught, or to the circumstances in which the lessons were to be used. Patterned oral drill was used frequently in the English lessons, including sound-cued drills. "Deferred" oral responses were used often in the math lessons. In this method, the children are instructed to solve a problem silently, not giving the answer aloud until requested, thus allowing time for even the slower children to participate. "One-child" questions were used in both English and science: the radio asks a question to be answered by a single child, who is selected on the spot by the classroom teacher. This allows for open-ended questions, but also requires constant supervision of the classroom teacher. Songs and games were used in all programs, and extensively for didactic purposes in the teaching of English. Instructions for science activities are often more complex than in other courses, particularly when the children are using science apparatus, especially when they work in pairs to share scarce equipment, a cost-saving device developed specifically for use in the science course.