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OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to evaluate whether a twice-daily instillation of 0.45% preservative-free ketorolac tromethamine (FKT) or 0.4% benzalkonium chloride-preserved ketorolac tromethamine (BACKT), every 12 h for 30 days may affect tear film parameters and the meibography in healthy dogs. Additionally, we assessed whether the same treatments irritated the ocular surface, affected goblet cell density (GCD), and the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers (OSB) in the conjunctiva of the same dogs. PROCEDURES: Experimental and masked comparison study. In 11 healthy dogs baseline values of the lipid layer thickness, tear meniscus height, non-invasive tear breakup time (NI-TFBT), and the meibomian gland (MG) loss were assessed by OSAvet®. For each dog, one eye received 40 µL of BACKT, while the other received 40 µL FKT, every 12 h for 30 consecutive days. Tear parameters and meibography were repeated 15, 30, and 60 days post-treatments. Conjunctival hyperemia and blepharospasm were monitored at the same time points. At baseline and Day 30, a conjunctival biopsy was collected for GCD and OSB determination. RESULTS: Conjunctival hyperemia and blepharospasm were not observed. At Day 15, the MG loss increased only in FKT-treated eyes (p < .001). On Day 30, both treatment groups showed increased MG loss, shortened NI-TFBT, and reduced GCD and catalase (p < .05). At Day 30, BACKT-treated eyes showed lower levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p = .006) and higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) (p = .02). Differences between treatments were not observed for any parameter at any time point (p > .05). 60 days after treatment, OSAvet® parameters tended to return to values assessed at baseline; however, significant differences remained for MG loss (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Twice-daily instillation of KT, containing or not BAC, for 30 consecutive days shortened NI-TFBT, decreased GCD, and increased the MG loss in healthy dogs. KT should be used with caution when prescribed for long periods, particularly in patients with tear film abnormalities. However, future controlled studies using KT, BAC, and other topical NSAIDs are indicated to further support this finding.

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ABSTRACT Purpose: In this prospective study, we compared ocular clinical variables in patients with acne vulgaris with those of healthy controls. These variables included tear film break-up time, meibomian gland dropout rate, and anterior chamber parameters. Methods: Our sample comprised 73 eyes from 73 patients with acne vulgaris and 67 eyes from 67 healthy controls. All participants underwent a non-invasive first tear film break-up time test and the average tear film break-up time was evaluated. Meibography was used to identify any meibomian gland dropout. The parameters of the cornea and anterior chamber were measured using Scheimpflug topography imaging. Finally, the ocular surface disease index questionnaire was administered to score each participant on their subjective experience of ocular complaints. Results: The noninvasive first tear film break-up time values of the acne vulgaris Group and the control Group were 4.7 ± 2.8 and 6.4 ± 3.5 sec, respectively. There was a significant difference between the groups (p=0.016). The number of eyes with tear break-up at any time during the measurement period was also significantly higher in the acne Group (p=0.018). In the acne vulgaris Group, the mean meibomian gland dropout rates were 33.21 ± 15.5% in the upper lids and 45.4 ± 14.5% in the lower lids. In the control group, these rates were 15.7 ± 6.9% and 21 ± 9.7% respectively. Dropout was significantly higher in the acne group for both the upper and lower lids (p=0.000). Conclusion: We found impaired tear stability in patients with acne vulgaris and a high rate of meibomian gland dropout. These glands play a key role in tear stability and their dropout is likely to result in evaporative dry eye. Measurement of the variables in this study allows objective diagnosis of this condition using a non-invasive, dye-free methodology, with minimum contact.

RESUMO Objetivo: Neste estudo prospectivo, pacientes com acne vulgaris e indivíduos saudáveis do grupo controle foram comparados em relação ao tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, taxa de abandono de glândulas meibomianas e parâmetros da câmara anterior, usando o tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal topográfico não invasivo, meibografia não invasiva e fotografia de Scheimpflug, respectivamente. Métodos: Setenta e três olhos de 73 pacientes com acne vulgaris e 67 olhos de 67 indivíduos saudáveis foram incluídos. Todos os participantes submetidos ao primeiro tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal não-invasivo e ao tempo médio de ruptura do filme lacrimal não-invasivo foram avaliados pelo uso do tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal; perda de glândulas meibomianas foram avaliadas por meibografia; os parâmetros da córnea e da câmara anterior foram medidos por fotografia de Scheimpflug; e, finalmente, as queixas oculares subjetivas foram pontuadas com o uso do questionário do Indice de doenças de superfície ocular. Resultados: Os valores do tempo de ruptura do primeiro filme lacrimal não-invasivo do Grupo com acne vulgaris e do Grupo controle foram 4,7 ± 2,8 e 6,4 ± 3,5 segundos, respectivamente, refererindo-se a uma diferença significativa entre os valores dos grupos (p=0,016). Qualitativamente, o número de olhos com ruptura lacrimal a qualquer momento durante o período de medição foi significativamente maior no grupo de pacientes. (p=0,018). No Grupo com acne vulgaris, a perda de glândulas meibomianas nas pálpebras superiores foi de 33,21 ± 15,5% e nas pálpebras inferiores foi de 45,4 ± 14,5%; por outro lado, no Grupo controle foi de 15,7 ± 6,9% e 21 ± 9,7% respectivamente; ambos os casos referem-se a uma diferença significativa entre os grupos (p=0,000). Conclusão: Encontramos estabilidade comprometida do filme lacrimal em pacientes com acne vulgaris. No entanto, o comprometimento foi de grau muito menor, em comparação com a taxa de perda das glândulas meibomianas que desempenham um papel fundamental na estabilidade do filme lacrimal. Esta condição pode ser documentada de forma objetiva - uma metodologia parcialmente sem contato, totalmente não-invasiva e livre de corantes.

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(1) Background: Mask-associated dry eye (MADE) has been associated with increased dry eye symptoms, apparently due to reduced tear break-up time (TBUT). This study aimed to determine the short-term impact of surgical face mask (FM) on tear film stability by measuring non-invasive tear break-up time (NIBUT). (2) Methods: Twenty-six healthy participants had NIBUT evaluated without FM, with surgical FM and with a surgical FM secured to the skin with adhesive tape (TFM). NIBUT-first was measured with Keratograph 5M (K5M, Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany). Each participant had NIBUT measured in four sessions on four consecutive days. Session 1: without FM vs. with FM. Session 2: with FM vs. without FM. Session 3: without FM vs. with TFM. Session 4: with TFM vs. without FM (3). The time between each measured setting was 2 min. Results: The mean ± SD NIBUT without FM was 8.9 ± 3.7, with FM 10.2 ± 4.1, and with TFM 8.4 ± 3.8 s. No significant differences were observed in NIBUT in any of the evaluated settings: without FM vs. with FM (p = 0.247), without FM vs. with TFM (p = 0.915), and with FM vs. with TFM (p = 0.11). (4) Conclusions: This study did not find a significant short-term effect of FM on NIBUT. Other variables or longer periods of exposure might trigger the symptoms and ocular surface alterations in MADE.

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Purpose: A randomized clinical trial was run to evaluate the effectiveness of a preservative-free 0.4% sodium hyaluronate eye drop (LOF) in different dosage schemes to alleviate signs and symptoms of dry eye disease (DED). Methods: A total of 116 subjects with mild-to-moderate DED were included, and 111 completed the study (from which 67.6% were female and 65.3% were users of oral contraceptives). Patients were randomly assigned to instill a drop of LOF either 2 (BID), 4 (QID) or 6 (6TD) times a day (at least 3 hours apart) for 30 days. The clinical parameters and symptom endpoints were Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), tear break-up time (TBUT), ocular surface staining, and conjunctival hyperemia. Other parameters evaluated were chemosis, best corrected visual acuity, and the incidence of adverse events (AE). Results: There was a significant reduction in OSDI scores by day 30 in all groups. The recovery of the OSDI score back to normal values was observed in 51.4% of patients treated (50%, 48.6%, and 55.6% in BID, QID, and 6TD, respectively, p = 0.822). Similar improvement was observed for TBUT, 50.5% of patients increased this variable to >10 seconds (39.5%, 51.4%, and 61.1%, p = 0.175), and for ocular surface staining, ≥72% showed Grade 0. There were no significant differences among posology groups regarding ocular surface staining, conjunctival hyperemia, or any safety parameters. No overall improvement in OSDI and TBUT to normal values was noted for 31 patients (21 were female and 71.4% users of contraceptive drugs). Conclusion: The ophthalmic use of preservative free LOF, 2, 4 or 6 times a day, may alleviate clinical parameters and symptoms in 50% of patients with mild-to-moderate DED after a one-month treatment. This improvement seemed to be less ubiquitous in patients within reproductive age and using oral contraceptives. Trial Registration: This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT0704531).

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Resumen Las investigaciones en torno a una ruptura de pareja plantean medir las estrategias y conductas que las personas llevan a cabo para terminar sus relaciones románticas. Se propone entender la separación de pareja a partir del Modelo de Inversión de Rusbult (1979). Resulta relevante probar el modelo incluyendo elementos psicométricos que permitan comprender su validez al evaluar las conductas de separación. De esta forma el propósito de este estudio fue someter a prueba, un análisis exploratorio y confirmatorio de una escala que mida las conductas que las personas realizan para terminar su relación de pareja. Para ello se creó una escala de Conductas ante la separación de pareja a partir de un estudio exploratorio. La escala en su versión inicial contó con 50 reactivos en escala tipo Likert, aplicados en línea a 230 adultos de la Ciudad de México y Área Metropolitana. Al inicio del Análisis Factorial Exploratorio se obtuvo una escala final de 18 reactivos distribuidos en 4 factores (alejamiento, confrontación, depresión por separación e infidelidad) que explican el 68,47% de la varianza explicada con una confiabilidad de α = .871. Esta estructura fue corroborada por un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio. Se encuentra una escala robusta y confiable, y se concluye que las conductas de separación evaluadas a partir del alejamiento con la expareja, que puede ser por medio de la comunicación o de ejercer conductas que transgreden como una infidelidad, afectan principalmente el estado emocional de las personas que lo viven.

Abstract Research on a couple's breakup aims to measure the strategies and behaviors that people carry out to end their romantic relationships. We propose to understand couple separation based on Rusbult's Reversal Model (1979). It is revealing to test the model including psychometric elements that allow us to understand its validity. Thus, the purpose of this study was to test an exploratory and confirmatory analysis of a scale that measures the behaviors that people perform to end their relationship. The initial version of the scale had 50 items on a Likert scale, applied online to 230 adults in Mexico City and Metropolitan Area. At the beginning of the exploratory factor analysis, a final scale of 18 items distributed in 4 factors (distancing, confrontation, depression due to separation and infidelity) was obtained, explaining 68.47% of the variance explained with a reliability of α = .871. This structure was corroborated by a Confirmatory Factor Analysis. A robust and reliable scale is found, and it is concluded that the separation behaviors evaluated from the distance with the ex-partner, which can be through communication or exercising behaviors that transgress such as infidelity, mainly affect the emotional state of the people who live it.

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ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare strip meniscometry and Schirmer tear test 1 results and tear film breakup time between dogs with normal eyes and dogs diagnosed with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Methods: One-hundred fifty-six eyes of 78 dogs, 88 normal eyes, and 68 eyes diagnosed with keratoconjunctivitis sicca were included in the study. The tests were performed in the following sequence: Schirmer tear test 1 was used to allocate the dogs to the normal or keratoconjunctivitis sicca group, followed by the strip meniscometry test and tear film breakup time measurement. Results: The results (mean ± standard deviation) of the tests in the normal group were as follows: Schirmer tear test 1, 22.75 ± 3.88 mm/min; strip meniscometry test, 10.01 ± 2.35 mm/5 sec; and tear film breakup time, 25.82 ± 5.47 sec. In the keratoconjunctivitis sicca group, the results were as follows: Schirmer tear test 1, 6.10 ± 4.44 mm/min; strip meniscometry test, 3.03 ± 2.62 mm/5 sec; and tear film breakup time, 10.78 ± 4.23 sec. The Spearman correlation coefficient in the keratoconjunctivitis sicca group was very high, with a significant difference between the strip meniscometry test and Schirmer tear test 1 (r=0.848, p<0.001), and moderate and significant between the strip meniscometry test and tear film breakup time (r=0.773, p<0.001). The cutoff for the strip meniscometry test for keratoconjunctivitis sicca was 7.0 mm/5 sec. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca was suspected when the values were <10 mm/5 sec. Conclusions: This study provided strip meniscometry test values from dogs with normal eyes and eyes with keratoconjunctivitis sicca, with high sensitivity and specificity compared with those of the Schirmer tear test 1. In the future, the strip meniscometry test may be another important quantitative test and could complement the gold standard Schirmer tear test for the diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs, an excellent animal model for the study of the disease.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar o teste de meniscometria em tira com o teste lacrimal de Schirmer 1 e o tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, em cães com olhos normais e cães com diagnóstico de ceratoconjuntivite seca. Métodos: Cento e cinquenta e seis olhos de 78 cães, 88 olhos normais e 68 olhos com diagnóstico de ceratoconjuntivite seca. Os testes foram realizados na seguinte sequência: o teste lacrimal de Schirmer 1 foi utilizado para alocar os cães no grupo normal ou no grupo ceratoconjuntivite seca, seguido pelo teste de meniscometria em tira e tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal. Resultados: As médias e desvios-padrão para os olhos normais foram: teste lacrimal de Schirmer 1 = 22,75 ± 3,88 mm / min; teste de meniscometria em tira = 10,01 ± 2,35 mm / 5 seg; tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal = 25,82 ± 5,47 seg; e para os olhos do grupo ceratoconjuntivite seca foram: teste lacrimal de Schirmer 1 = 6,10 ± 4,44 mm / min; teste de meniscometria em tira = 3,03 ± 2,62 mm / 5 seg; tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal = 10,78 ± 4,23 seg. O teste de correlação de Spearman no grupo ceratoconjuntivite seca foi muito alto, com diferença significativa entre teste de meniscometria em tira e teste lacrimal de Schirmer 1 (r=0,848, p<0,001), moderada e significativa entre teste de meniscometria em tira e tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal (r=0,773, p<0,001). O cut-off para teste de meniscometria em tira para ceratoconjuntivite seca foi identificado em 7,0 mm / 5 seg, valores abaixo de 10 mm / 5 seg podem ser considerados suspeitos para KCS. Conclusões: Este estudo forneceu valores de teste de meniscometria em tira em olhos normais e com ceratoconjuntivite seca em cães, revelando alta sensibilidade e especificidade em comparação com o teste lacrimal de Schirmer 1. No futuro, o teste de meniscometria em tira pode ser outro teste quantitativo importante e pode complementar o teste lacrimal de Schirmer padrão ouro para o diagnóstico de ceratoconjuntivite seca em cães, um excelente modelo animal para o estudo de ceratoconjuntivite seca.

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OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 0.15% sodium hyaluronate (SH) on tear film breakup time (TFBT) in healthy anesthetized cats. PROCEDURES: Forty cats undergoing elective surgery were enrolled. TFBT was assessed before anesthesia to obtain baseline values. As a preanesthetic medication, cats received midazolam, tramadol, and cetamine combined in the same syringe. For anesthetic induction and maintenance, propofol and isoflurane were used. After a 15 min stabilization period to achieve the surgical anesthetic plane, one eye was treated with one drop of SH, while the other eye received saline and served as a control. TFBT was measured at the end of the general anesthesia (T40) and 35 (T75) and 80 min (T120) after the termination of the anesthesia. TFBT values were compared between the control and SH-treated eyes; both values were also compared with the baseline values (p < .05). RESULTS: In the control eyes, TFBT significantly decreased from baseline at all time points (p < .001), while in SH-treated eyes, TFBT significantly increased from baseline only at T40 (p < .0001). In SH-treated eyes, TFBT was significantly higher than that in the control eyes at all time points (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: In healthy cats, TFBT decreases significantly after 40 min of general anesthesia, and one drop of 0.15% sodium hyaluronate was able to maintain the stability of the tear film for up to 75 min in treated eyes. However, the isolated effect of each drug used in our anesthetic protocol on TFBT should be executed in further studies.

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Dry eye disease (DED) has a higher prevalence than many important systemic disorders like cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus, representing a significant quality of life burden for the affected patients. It is a common reason for consultation in general eye clinics worldwide. Nowadays, the diagnostic and therapeutic approach at the high corneal and ocular surface specialty level should be reserved for cases of severe and chronic dry eye disease associated with systemic autoimmune diseases or complicated corneal and ocular surface pathologies. In such cases, the diagnostic and therapeutic approach is often complex, elaborate, time-consuming, and costly due to the use of extensive dry eye questionnaires, noninvasive electronic diagnostic equipment, and clinical laboratory and ancillary tests. However, other eye care specialists attend a fair amount of DED cases; therefore, its diagnosis, classification, and management should be simple, practical, achievable, and effective. Considering that many patients attending non-specialized dry eye clinics would benefit from better ophthalmological attention, we decided to elaborate a practical DED classification system based on disease severity to help clinicians discriminate cases needing referral to subspecialty clinics from those they could attend. Additionally, we propose a systematic management approach and general management considerations to improve patients' therapeutic outcomes according to disease severity.

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Resumen El presente estudio tiene el propósito de establecer la relación entre las estrategias de afrontamiento, síntomas depresivos y satisfacción con la vida en adultos jóvenes tras una ruptura amorosa. Para esto, se encuestó a 220 personas, 66,8 % mujeres, en edades de entre 18 y 40 años. Se aplicaron las escalas Brief COPE de estrategias de afrontamiento, Escala SWLS de Satisfacción Vital, Escala de Depresión CES-D del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos, Cuestionario ERQ de Regulación Emocional, Escala RRS de Respuesta Rumiativa, sumado a un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Se observó que las mujeres poseen más síntomas depresivos que los hombres. Además, el tiempo transcurrido desde la ruptura, la aceptación, la supresión, el brooding y el uso de sustancias predicen una sintomatología depresiva, y, por otro lado, el brooding, la aceptación y la búsqueda de apoyo social predicen satisfacción con la vida. De este modo, es posible enfocarse en las líneas de acción para promover respuestas más adaptativas y modificar las respuestas menos adaptativas en personas afectadas por una ruptura.

Abstract The aim of this study has been to analyze the coping strategies used by young adults after a breakup and their relationship with depressive symptoms and satisfaction with life. For this, 220 people were surveyed, 66.8% women, aged between 18 and 40 years. The Brief-COPE coping strategies scale, SWLS Satisfaction with Life Scale, CES-D Depression Scale of Center for Epidemiological Studies, ERQ Emotional Regulation Questionnaire, RRS Rumination Response Scale, and a sociodemographic questionnaire were applied. It was observed that women have more depressive symptoms than men. In addition, the time elapsed since the rupture, acceptance, suppression, brooding and substance use, predict depressive symptoms and, on the other hand, brooding, acceptance and the search for social support, predict satisfaction with life. In this way, it is possible to focus on the lines of action to promote more adaptive responses and modify less adaptive responses in people affected by a rupture.

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Abstract Considering the importance that has it been given to couple relationships, their breakdown has a negative impact on its members, especially on those who are victims (passive role) of the other's decision. Thus, from the cultural point of view, when a great value is attributed to romantic relationships, in terms of personal and family fulfillment, and this is transmitted to the members of the couple, facilitating the development of beliefs, norms, attitudes and expectations about the love experience, the search and consummation of that love becomes a guideline in people's lives. And if coupled with this, the attachment representing the means by which the biological needs for affection and security are met through the connection with another, it can be devastating to lose the source of such satisfactions. Based on the foregoing, the purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between the historic socio-cultural premises (PHSC, for its Spanish acronym) about romantic mourning and the attachment styles with the breakup strategies perceived by the passive subjects with a positive and negative romantic history. To do this, the study used a non-probabilistic sample of 547 residents of Mexico City who had been left by their partner. After performing some correlation analyzes, results indicated that the PHSC's have greater effects on the perception of negative breakup strategies in people with a positive or negative romantic history. The effects increased when dealing with PHSC's about feelings, mainly in passive members with a negative history and with an anxious attachment style followed by those with avoidant style. For their part, positive PHSCs are associated, but at a low level, with any perceived strategy.

Resumen Dada la importancia que se confiere a las relaciones de pareja, su rompimiento generalmente repercute de manera negativa en la vida de sus miembros, sobre todo en quien es víctima de la decisión del otro -es decir, quien ejerce un papel pasivo-. Así, desde el punto de vista cultural, cuando se le atribuye a la relación de pareja un valor importante como fuente de realización personal y familiar, y ello se transmite a través de los miembros -lo que facilita el desarrollo de creencias, normas, actitudes y expectativas del amor-, su búsqueda y consumación se vuelve una directriz en la vida de las personas. Adicional a esto, si el apego -que representa el medio por el cual se cubren las necesidades biológicas de afecto y seguridad- se ve satisfecho en la vinculación con el otro, puede que resulte devastador perder la fuente de tales satisfactores. Con base en lo anterior, el propósito de este estudio fue identificar la relación entre los estilos de apego y las premisas histórico-socioculturales (PHSC) del duelo romántico con las estrategias de rompimiento percibidas por los abandonados con historia romántica positiva o negativa. Para ello, se trabajó con una muestra no probabilística de 547 personas residentes de la Ciudad de México que habían sido dejadas por su pareja. Tras realizar algunos análisis de correlación, los resultados indicaron que las PHSC tienen mayores efectos sobre la percepción de estrategias de rompimiento negativo tanto en personas con historia romántica positiva como negativa. Los efectos incrementan cuando se trata de las PHSC sobre el sentir, principalmente en abandonados con historia negativa y con estilo de apego ansioso-ambivalente, seguido del evitativo. Por su parte, las PHSC positivas se asocian, pero en un nivel bajo, con cualquier estrategia percibida.

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PURPOSE: To analyze potential risk factors for ocular surface damage in a representative population of Mexican patients with dry eye disease (DED). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective and cross-sectional population-based epidemiologic cohort study was conducted through a survey of patients with symptoms, signs, known preexisting diagnosis, and clinical conditions related to DED. Fluorescein staining, tear break-up time (TBUT), and Oxford lissamine green staining were performed on both eyes of patients enrolled in the study. RESULTS: A total of 2,725 surveys including 1,543 (56.6%) women and 1,182 (43.3%) men were analyzed. Most common pre-existing diagnosis included dry eye (58%), chronic blepharitis (17%), and ocular allergy (15%). More than 70% of patients had a positive fluorescein test, and this prevalence increased proportionally to the number of reasons for consultation. The same was true for gender (P<0.001) and age (P<0.0001), with women showing a strong correlation with age (R2=0.93912, P=0.001). The association between positive fluorescein staining and diagnosis was significant for dry eye (P<0.0001), Sjögren's syndrome (P<0.0001), and glaucoma (P<0.05). No significant association between TBUT and age or gender was found, but the shorter the TBUT, the larger the prevalence of fluorescein staining. Reduced TBUT was seen more frequently in patients with dry eye (57%), ocular allergy (16%), and chronic blepharitis (15%). Most patients (39%) with Oxford grades III and IV were older, complained of red eye (51.0%), foreign body sensation (47.0%), burning (46.0%), and were using eye drops (67%) and systemic medications (47%). CONCLUSION: The Mexican profile of patients with significant ocular surface damage related to DED includes women at older ages, complaining of red eye, foreign body, and burning sensation. Diagnoses of dry eye, Sjögren's syndrome, and glaucoma were also risk factors for significant ocular surface damage, along with long-term use of preserved eyes drops and systemic medications.

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O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a violência doméstica associada ao rompimento conjugal. Foram entrevistados 12 sujeitos, 10 homens e duas mulheres, recrutados diretamente em comunidades virtuais do Facebook que atuam como grupos de apoio para pais que lutam na justiça para obter a guarda compartilhada dos filhos. Os participantes relataram dificuldades de manutenção dos laços parentais após o rompimento da relação conjugal, associadas à violência doméstica vivenciada após a decisão de separação conjugal. Dentre os principais tipos de violência relatados, ressalta-se a violência física, a sexual e a psicológica. Conclui-se que a compreensão do fenômeno da violência associada ao rompimento conjugal pode contribuir para a proteção psicológica dos filhos e para a desconstrução de modelos de violência familiar.(AU)

The present article is part of a broader research on the experience of parents who fight for the shared custody of their children. The purpose of this study was to investigate domestic and intrafamilial violence associated to the conjugal breakup. The authors interviewed 12 subjects - 10 men and two women - recruited directly online, from Facebook communities that serve as a support network for parents that dispute in court the shared custody of their children. The participants mentioned difficulties in maintaining parental bonds after the breakup of the conjugal relationship, a process accompanied by an increase of violence between family members. Among the main types of violence mentioned, the authors highlight physical, sexual and psychological violence. The authors conclude that the comprehension of the violence phenomenon associated to the conjugal breakup may contribute not only to the psychological protection of children but also to the deconstruction of models of family violence.(AU)

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The main objective of this study was to propose an improvement to the flocculation kinetics model presented by Argaman and Kaufman, by including a new term that accounts for the irreversible floc breakup process. Both models were fitted to the experimental results obtained with flocculation kinetics assays of low turbidity raw water containing Microcystis aeruginosa cells. Aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride were used as coagulants, and three distinct average velocity gradient (G) values were applied in the flocculation stage (20, 40 and 60 s-1). Experimental results suggest that the equilibrium between the aggregation and breakup process, as depicted by Argaman and Kaufman's original model, might not be constant over time, since the residual turbidity increased in various assays (phenomenon that was attributed to the irreversible floc breakup process). In the aluminum sulfate assays, the residual turbidity increase was visible when G = 20 s-1 (dosages of 60 and 80 mg L-1). For the ferric chloride assays, the phenomenon was noticed when G = 60 s-1 (dosages of 60 and 80 mg L-1). The proposed model presented a better fit to the experimental results, especially at higher coagulant dosages and/or higher values of average velocity gradient (G).

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Muitas pessoas ao se desligarem de seus parceiros podem apresentar dificuldades em prosseguir a vida delas sem os mesmos e deixar com que essa relação passada não permita novos relacionamentos. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo entender como relacionamentos passados podem ter influências na vida e na constituição de novos relacionamentos para os indivíduos. Para tal foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura nas bases de dados da BvsPsi, Medline, Lilacs e PsycINFO, sem limite de tempo, com os descritores: ex-parceiro, relações cíclicas e os seus correspondentes, em inglês: “ex partner” e “love cyclical relationships”. Buscas adicionais forneceram um total de 10 trabalhos. Pode-se constatar que permanecer fixada a histórias passadas podem fazer com que o nível de satisfação sofra um rebaixamento na vida do indivíduo, sendo que contatos com ex-parceiro quase sempre produzem mais ressentimentos e implicações negativas se comparadas às consequências positivas desse contato.(AU)

Many people when they leave their partners may have difficulties to continue their lives without them and leave with that past relationship does not allow new relationships. Therefore, this study aimed to understand how past relationships can have influences in life and establishing new relationships for individuals. To this end we carried out a systematic review of the literature in the BvsPsi databases Medline, Lilacs and PsycINFO, no time limit, with the descriptors: ex partner and love cyclical relationships in Portuguese and in English. Additional searches provided a total of 10 studies. It can be seen that remain attached to past history can cause the level of satisfaction suffers a downgrade in the individual's life, and contacts with former partners almost always produce more negative resentment and implications compared to the positive consequences of this contact.(AU)

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RESUMO

Das etapas de um relacionamento amoroso, o término da relação constitui-se como uma das mais difíceis, e é, muitas vezes, expressa por meio de composições musicais que tratam dos sentimentos provenientes desse rompimento. Dentre os ritmos musicais que abordam esse tema, destaca-se o sertanejo universitário, cujas letras elucidam, em especial, relacionamentos amorosos descompromissados e de curta duração. Diante disso, a investigação das representações sociais difundidas por meio dessas letras se torna relevante para a compreensão do pensamento social acerca dos términos de relacionamentos amorosos. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar as representações sociais de término de relacionamentos amorosos e presentes em canções do estilo musical sertanejo universitário. Foram analisadas 211 letras musicais, submetidas à análise lexical no software ALCESTE. Os resultados e análises apontam diferentes sentimentos e comportamentos derivados desse rompimento afetivo, devido a distintos estágios vivenciados desse sofrimento, tanto por parte de quem rompeu a relação quanto de quem foi abandonado, trazendo elementos que vão desde dor, sofrimento, incerteza e desilusão até resignação, felicidade e satisfação com o fim da relação

When it comes to the stages of a romantic relationship, the breakup moment is one of the most difficult for people to experience, and is often expressed through musical compositions, which talk about feelings related to this rupture. Among the musical rhythms that talk about this theme one particularly stands out the Country & Western , whose lyrics elucidate, especially, love relationships and uncommitted short-lived. Therefore, the research of social representations disseminated through these lyrics is relevant to social understand about loving relationship breakups. The aim of this study was to investigate the social representations of romantic relationship breakups present in songs of the musical style called Country & Western. For this study, 211 lyrics were analyzed, submitted to lexical analysis in the ALCESTE software. The results and analysis demonstrate varied feelings and behaviors derived from this breakup, owing to the different stages of the suffering, experienced either by both, the one who terminated the relationship and who was abandoned, bringing elements ranging from pain, suffering, uncertainty and disappointment to resignation, happiness and satisfaction with the relationship which was terminated

En las etapas de una relación amorosa, el término de la relación es una de las experiencias más difíciles, y a menudo se expresa a través de composiciones musicales, que tratan sobre los sentimientos de esta interrupción. Entre los ritmos musicales que abordan este tema destaca el sertanejo universitario, cuyas letras tratan, especialmente, las relaciones amorosas sin compromiso y de corta duración. El propósito de este estudio fue investigar las representaciones sociales del término de las relaciones amorosas, presentes en canciones del estilo musical sertanejo universitario. Se analizaron 211 letras, presentada al análisis de léxico del software ALCESTE. Los resultados y los análisis muestran diferentes sentimientos y comportamientos derivados de este rompimiento afectivo, debido a las diferentes etapas experimentadas en ese sufrimiento, tanto por los que rompieron la relación, cuanto por quien fue abandonado, con elementos que van desde el dolor, el sufrimiento, la incertidumbre y la decepción, hasta la resignación, la felicidad y la satisfacción con el fin de la relación

Assuntos