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Endophytic bacteria play a crucial role in plant development and adaptation, and the knowledge of how endophytic bacteria assemblage is influenced by cultivation site and plant genotype is an important step to achieve microbiome manipulation. This work aimed to study the roots and stems of endophytic bacteriome of four maize genotypes cultivated in two regions of the semi-arid region of Pernambuco - Brazil. Our hypothesis is that the endophytic community assemblage will be influenced by plant genotypes and cultivation region. Metabarcoding sequencing data revealed significant differences in alfa diversity in function of both factors, genotypes, and maize organs. Beta diversity analysis showed that the bacterial communities differ mainly in function of the plant organ. The most abundant genera found in the samples were Leifsonia, Bacillus, Klebsiella, Streptomyces, and Bradyrhizobium. To understand ecological interactions within each compartment, we constructed co-occurrence network for each organ. This analysis revealed important differences in network structure and complexity and suggested that Leifsonia (the main genera found) had distinct ecological roles depending on the plant organ. Our data showed that root endophytic maize bacteria would be influenced by cultivation site, but not by genotype. We believe that, collectively, our data not only characterize the bacteriome associated with this plant and how different factors shape it, but also increase the knowledge to select potential bacteria for bioinoculant production.

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A new species of Oswaldocruzia Travassos, 1917 (Nematoda, Molineidae), parasite of Leptodactylus macrosternum Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926 (Anura: Leptodactylidae), from Caatinga morphoclimatic domain, Brazil, is described based on morphological and molecular data. Oswaldocruzia franciscoensis n. sp. is characterised by an anterior extremity with a cephalic vesicle divided into two portions, a body covered by cuticular longitudinal ridges, and cervical alae. Males of the new species have caudal bursa of type I with a 2-1-2 pattern, spicules divided into a shoe, bifurcated fork, and blade with two unequal branches, in which the longer branch bifurcates at its distal portion end and the smaller branch with three distal processes, each with distal bifurcations. Females have didelphic and amphidelphic uteri, an ovijector divided into vestibule, anterior and posterior sphincters, and anterior and posterior infundibula. The new species differs from its Neotropical congeners that have caudal bursa of type I, based on the presence of cervical alae and by having a spicular blade distally divided into two unequal branches, with the longer branch bifurcating at its distal portion and smaller branch with three distal processes, each distally bifurcated. The partial 18S rDNA sequence generated for Oswaldocruzia franciscoensis n. sp. is the first of a representative belonging to this genus in the Neotropical region.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange, and photochemical efficiency of sour passion fruit genotypes irrigated with saline water under the conditions of the semi-arid region of Paraíba state, Brazil. The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm in São Domingos, PB. A randomized block design was adopted, in a 5 × 3 factorial scheme, with five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water-ECw (0.3, 1.1, 1.9, 2.7, and 3.5 dS m-1)-and three genotypes of sour passion fruit (Gigante Amarelo-'BRS GA1'; Sol do Cerrado-'BRS SC1'; and Catarina-'SCS 437'. The increase in the electrical conductivity of irrigation water negatively affected most of the physiological characteristics of the sour passion fruit at 154 days after transplanting. Significant differences were observed between sour passion fruit genotypes when its tolerance was subjected to the salinity of irrigation water. There was an increase in the percentage of damage to the cell membrane with the increase in the electrical conductivity of irrigation water, with maximum values of 70.63, 60.86, and 80.35% for the genotypes 'BRS GA1', 'BRS SC1', and SCS 437', respectively, when irrigated with water of 3.5 dS m-1. The genotype 'BRS Sol do Cerrado' showed an increase in the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments when irrigated with water of 3.5 dS m-1, with maximum values estimated at 1439.23 µg mL-1 (Chl a); 290.96 µg mL-1 (Chl b); 1730.19 µg mL-1 (Chl t); and 365.84 µg mL-1 (carotenoids). An increase in photosynthetic efficiency parameters (F0, Fm, and Fv) of the genotype 'BRS Gigante Amarelo' was observed when cultivated with water with high electrical conductivity (3.5 dS m-1).

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Abstract Artificial impoundments are frequently built to mitigate the water scarcity in the drylands such as the Caatinga region in Brazil. The São Francisco Interbasin Water Transfer (SF-IWT) megaproject implemented many artificial reservoirs for that purpose. A checklist of fish species from the SF-IWT reservoirs is provided based on samples from eight years of monitoring. The collections were conducted semiannually at 28 reservoirs divided into three groups: the East Axis, North Axis, and Agreste Branch. The SF-IWT reservoirs presented a total of 47 species, 46 were recorded in the North Axis, 27 in the East Axis, and only seven in the Agreste Branch. Characids and cichlids represented most of the species. The three analyzed groups of reservoirs presented distinct communities and the reservoirs' age, richness and abundance were relevant variables responsible for fish composition. The SF-IWT reservoirs present a diverse and heterogeneous ichthyofauna, typical of lentic environments. The main colonizers of the SF-IWT reservoirs were fish from the São Francisco donor basin, invasive species anthropically released in those sites, and eventual species from the surrounding receiving basins. As the accumulation curves suggested, a continuous effort could reveal additional species, patterns in long-term colonization, and contribute to data on the reservoirs' future stabilization phase. Since invasive species were present in most reservoirs, along with donor-basin native species with potential to disperse to the receiving basins, a continuous and detailed monitoring is key for management planning and possible impacts assessment.

Resumo Barramentos artificiais são comumente construídos para mitigar a escassez hídrica em áreas semiáridas como a região da Caatinga brasileira. O Projeto de Integração do Rio São Francisco (PISF) com Bacias Hidrográficas do Nordeste Setentrional implementou muitos reservatórios artificiais com este propósito. Uma lista de espécies de peixes dos reservatórios do PISF foi obtida após amostragens realizadas em oito anos de monitoramento. As campanhas foram realizadas semestralmente em 28 reservatórios divididos em três grupos: Eixo Leste, Eixo Norte e Ramal do Agreste. Os reservatórios amostrados apresentaram um total de 47 espécies, 46 delas foram registradas no Eixo Norte, 27 no Eixo Leste e apenas sete no Ramal do Agreste. Characidae e Cichlidae foram as famílias mais representativas. Os três grupos de reservatórios analisados apresentaram comunidades distintas e a idade, a riqueza e a abundância de cada reservatório foram as variáveis que mais influenciaram a composição das espécies de peixes. Os reservatórios do PISF apresentaram uma ictiofauna diversa e heterogênea, característica de ambientes lênticos. Os principais colonizadores dos reservatórios do PISF foram peixes da bacia doadora do São Francisco, espécies invasoras antropicamente liberadas nesses locais e eventuais espécies das bacias receptoras do entorno. De acordo com o resultado das curvas de acúmulo, um esforço contínuo poderia revelar espécies adicionais, padrões na colonização em longo prazo e contribuir com dados para a fase futura de estabilização dos reservatórios. Visto que espécies invasoras estiveram presentes em quase todos os reservatórios, juntamente com espécies nativas da bacia doadora com potencial de dispersão para as bacias receptoras, um monitoramento continuo e detalhado é essencial para o planejamento de manejo e avaliação de impactos.

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Projects on river basin integration are keen social-economical drivers in dry regions like the Brazilian semiarid, however, there are concerning ecological impacts implied in those projects. In a long-term analysis, ichthyofauna colonization and spread through the East Axis of the São Francisco River Integration Project (SFIP) was monitored to assess possible impacts on the receiving Paraíba River basin. The fish were collected semiannually (2012 to 2021) from 19 sites in the São Francisco (SF) and Paraíba (PB) basins. A total of 69 fish species were recorded, with distinct fish assemblages between SF (n = 50), PB (n = 35), and the SFIP artificial reservoirs (n = 25). The SFIP reservoirs were colonized by species from the donor basin (SF). In a pioneer finding, Anchoviella vaillanti was recorded for the first time in the receiving basin and it is in the process of establishment. The two SF species that reached PB through the SFIP canals (A. vaillanti and Moenkhausia costae) may be using their year-round reproduction and wide diet to successful spread and colonize the new environment. Since we detected species with potential to reach the receiving basin and became invasives, the implementation of barriers to contain their spread are recommended.(AU)

Projetos de integração de bacias hidrográficas são socialmente importantes em regiões como o semiárido brasileiro, porém há impactos ecológicos preocupantes implícitos nesses grandes projetos de infraestrutura. A colonização e dispersão da ictiofauna pelo Eixo Leste do Projeto de Integração do Rio São Francisco (PISF) foi monitorada para avaliar possíveis impactos na bacia receptora do rio Paraíba do Norte. Os peixes foram coletados semestralmente (2012 a 2021) em 19 locais das bacias do São Francisco (SF) e Paraíba (PB). Foram registradas 69 espécies de peixes, sendo 50 nos pontos do SF, 25 nos reservatórios artificiais ao longo do PISF e 35 nos pontos do PB. As assembleias de peixes das bacias do SF, PB e dos reservatórios do PISF foram significativamente distintas. Os reservatórios do PISF foram colonizados por espécies provenientes da bacia doadora (SF). Anchoviella vaillanti foi registrada pela primeira vez na bacia receptora do PB e está em processo de estabelecimento. As duas espécies do SF que chegaram ao PB pelos canais do PISF (A. vaillanti e Moenkhausia costae) apresentaram dieta e estratégias reprodutivas que permitem o sucesso na disseminação e colonização. Uma vez que foram detectadas espécies com potencial de atingir a bacia receptora, recomenda-se o monitoramento e manejo contínuos.(AU)

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Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. is widespread in southern and central American drylands, but little information is available concerning its associated rhizobia. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize M. tenuiflora rhizobia from soils of the tropical dry forests (Caatinga) in Pernambuco State, Brazil, at the molecular and symbiotic levels. Soil samples of pristine Caatinga areas in four municipalities were used to grow M. tenuiflora. First, the bacteria from root nodules were subjected to nodC/nifH gene amplification, and the bacteria positive for both genes had the 16S rRNA gene sequenced. Then, ten strains were evaluated using recA, gyrB, and nodC gene sequences, and seven of them had their symbiotic efficiency assessed. Thirty-two strains were obtained and 22 of them were nodC/nifH positive. Twenty strains clustered within Paraburkholderia and two within Rhizobium by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The beta-rhizobia were similar to P. phenoliruptrix (12) and P. diazotrophica (8). Both alpha-rhizobia were closely related to R. miluonense. The recA + gyrB phylogenetic analysis clustered four and five strains within the P. phenoliruptrix and P. diazotrophica branches, respectively, but they were somewhat divergent to the 16S rRNA phylogeny. For Rhizobium sp. ESA 637, the recA + gyrB phylogeny clustered the strain with R. jaguaris. The nodC phylogeny indicated that ESA 626, ESA 629, and ESA 630 probably represented a new symbiovar branch. The inoculation assay showed high symbiotic efficiency for all tested strains. The results indicated high genetic diversity and efficiency of M. tenuiflora rhizobia in Brazilian drylands and included P. phenoliruptrix-like bacteria in the list of efficient beta-rhizobia in the Caatinga biome.

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The current study implements a cellular automata-based model for the development of land use/land cover (LULC) future scenarios using a Remote Sensing (RS) Imagery series (1985 to 2018) as data input and focusing on human activities drivers in a 6700-km2 watershed vital for the water security of Paraiba state, Brazil. The methodology has three stages: the first stage is the pre-processing of images and preparing them as data input for the cellular automata land use model built in the R software environment (SIMLANDER); the stage of calibration establishes the variables and verifies the influence of each one on the LULC of the region; the last step corresponds to the validation procedures. After model calibration, land use maps for future scenarios (2019 to 2045) were simulated. The results estimate a reduction of 737 km2 of natural land cover between the years 2019 and 2045. The spatial distribution of anthropogenic interference predicted a more significant degradation in the central region of the basin. This fact can be potentially attributed by the water availability increasing from the São Francisco River diversion. It is possible to identify an ascending trend of anthropogenic actions in the semi-arid region, which host the exclusively Brazilian biome-Caatinga-and contains biodiversity that cannot be found anywhere else on the Earth. The model helps large-scale LULC modelling based on RS products and expands the possibilities of hydrological, urban and social modelling in the Brazilian context.

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This study constitutes the most comprehensive effort ever done to assess the faunal diversity of the Macrobrachium genus within two ecoregions that encompass part of the northeastern Brazil: the Northeastern Caatinga Coastal Drainages, and the São Francisco (Lower-middle and Lower portions). Through sampling in several of their hydrographic basins, bibliographic research, and consulting scientific collections, our results reveal the occurrence of five species along these ecoregions: Macrobrachium acanthurus, M. amazonicum, M. carcinus, M. jelskii and M. olfersii. We also provide the first record of these species for several river basins in both ecoregions. Additionally, we confirm the occurrence of M. carcinus from Rio Grande do Norte State and provide updated distribution maps for each species in the studied area. This carcinofauna survey may form the basis for future evaluations of eventual anthropic impacts on biological diversity resulting from projects being implemented in these regions, which involve the São Francisco interbasin water transfer.

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Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. (Fabaceae) is a plant native to Brazil and occurs in the phytogeographic domains of Caatinga and Cerrado. Relevant studies have investigated the chemical components of this plant and others have already demonstrated its teratogenic potential. It has been proven that this plant causes congenital malformations in farm animals and, consequently, financial losses to farmers in the Brazilian semiarid region. The present work aimed to carry out a bibliographic survey on the teratogenic effects of M. tenuiflora in ruminants and to group the chemical compounds occurring in this species. For this, databases were consulted and twenty-four articles published in the last 30 years (1990-2020) were included. According to the scientific documents analyzed, M. tenuiflora has embryotoxic, fetotoxic and abortive potential in farm animals, especially sheep and goats. The main classes of chemical compounds present in this species are alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and terpenoids. It is likely that some of these substances, mainly the indole alkaloid N,N-dimethyltryptamine, are related to the teratogenic effects reported in ruminants in the Brazilian semiarid region.

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RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de ajustar funções de densidade de probabilidades aos índices de severidade de seca (mm) e duração de seca (meses) em três sub-regiões do semiárido brasileiro. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados de totais mensais precipitados de 320 postos pluviométricos, relativos ao período de 1984 a 2014, gentilmente cedidos pela Agência Nacional de Águas. Foram utilizados o método RUN e os totais mensais precipitados para se obterem os índices que caracterizam a seca: severidade (mm) e duração (meses). Em seguida, utilizou-se a técnica de análise de agrupamento para regionalizar esses índices. O passo seguinte foi obter os ajustes à função distribuição de probabilidades para cada uma das sub-regiões. As funções distribuição de probabilidades gama biparamétrica, generalized extreme value (GEV) e logística foram as que melhor se ajustaram aos índices de severidade (mm) e os modelos GEV, Weibull tri paramétrica e gama biparamétrica ajustaram-se melhor aos índices de duração para as sub-regiões homogêneas 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente.

Abstract The objective of this work was to adjust probabilities density function to drought indexes: Severity and Duration in three sub-regions of Brazilian semi-arid (BSA). For that, were used data of total monthlies precipited of 320 rain stations for period from 1984 to 2014, kindly provided by the Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA). Were used the "Run Method" and total monthlies precipited for obtain the monthlies indexes that characterize the drought: Severity (mm) and Duration (months). We then used the Cluster Analysis technique to regionalize theses characteristic drought indexes. The following step was to adjust probabilities density functions to drought indexes: Severity and Duration in three sub-regions of in the Brazilian semi-arid (BSA). The Gamma bi-parametric, Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) and Logistics functions were better adjusted to the indices of drought Severity (mm) and the GEV, Weibull tri-parametric and bi-parametric models, were better adjusted to drought indices Duration, to the homogeneous sub-regions 1, 2 and 3, respectively.

RESUMO

Understanding the importance of environmental variables on the dominance of cyanobacteria is crucial for appropriately managing water resources. Although studies about temperate and subtropical regions show a high influence of nutrients and temperature on blooms, this relationship is still unclear for the tropics. Accordingly, we hypothesized that nutrients and temperature are the main factors driving cyanobacterial blooms in tropical reservoirs, and those relationships are intensified by the zooplankton. To test these hypotheses, we constructed a structural equation model based on the monitoring of ten reservoirs from Northeast Brazil. We analyzed the effects of physicochemical variables and zooplankton on cyanobacterial blooms and the biomass of four morphotypes. Cyanobacterial biomass varied within the reservoirs, with bloom records (0.2-268.4 mg L-1) in all of them, primarily constituted by the colonial morphotype, followed by picocyanobacteria, heterocyted, and non-heterocyted filaments. The cyanobacterial community was driven mainly by chemical variables (55.14% of the variation), followed by physical (48.28%), and zooplankton (39.47%). Through the structural equation model, we demonstrated that total cyanobacterial biomass, as well as the morphotypes, were mainly influenced by omnivorous crustaceans and total dissolved phosphorus. Solar radiation, air temperature, mixing zone, and salinity were important to explain the biomass of the morphotypes. The model explained most of the variation in the picocyanobacterial blooms (79.8%), followed by total cyanobacteria (62.4%), heterocyted filaments (59.1%), non-heterocyted filaments (58.2%), and coccoids (55.1%). Zooplankton groups were also influenced by the physicochemical variables, which presented direct and indirect effects on cyanobacteria. Given the predictions of increased eutrophication, warming, and salinization, cyanobacterial blooms will become more intense in tropical reservoirs. Thus, restoring measures must be adopted to reduce bloom development, such as external phosphorus and salt loadings, and biomanipulation.

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Class Cestoda, in addition to causing problems for the health of animals, has been very relevant for human public health due to the zoonotic character of some species. In reporting a case of a domestic cat diagnosed with Spirometra mansonoides in northeastern Brazil, we demonstrate the importance of the association among different diagnostic techniques in the identification of the parasite, as well as report the presence of this parasite in domestic cats in the Northeast region. An old female feline with limited mobility was rescued and clinically evaluated. The observed bowel loop thickening and cachexia were suggestive of parasitosis, but the diagnosis and therapy were initially concentrated only on the fracture of a limb. Two months after the first diagnosis, the animal spontaneously expelled a parasite in its stool. Eggs and an adult parasite were found and identified by the association of diagnostic techniques such as coproparasitological and morphological studies. The case was the first to identify the species in the region and to signal the epidemiological surveillance of the zoonotic potential of the specimen.

A classe Cestoda, além de causar problemas para a saúde dos animais, tem se mostrado muito relevante para a saúde pública humana devido ao caráter zoonóticode algumas espécies. Ao relatar o caso de um gato doméstico com diagnóstico de Spirometra mansonoidesno Nordeste do Brasil, demonstramos a importância da associação entre diferentes técnicas diagnósticas na identificação do parasita, como também relatamos a presença deste parasita em gatos domésticos da região Nordeste. Uma felina idosa com mobilidade limitada foi resgatada e avaliada clinicamente. O espessamento da alça intestinal e a caquexia observada foram sugestivos de parasitose, mas o diagnóstico ea terapia foram inicialmente concentrados apenas na fratura de um membro. Dois meses após o primeiro diagnóstico, o animal expeliu espontaneamente um parasita em suas fezes. Ovos e um parasita adulto foram encontrados e identificados pela associação de técnicas diagnósticas como estudos coproparasitológicos e morfológicos. O caso foi o primeiro a identificar a espécie na região e a sinalizar a vigilância epidemiológica do potencial zoonótico do espécime.

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Class Cestoda, in addition to causing problems for the health of animals, has been very relevant for human public health due to the zoonotic character of some species. In reporting a case of a domestic cat diagnosed with Spirometra mansonoides in northeastern Brazil, we demonstrate the importance of the association among different diagnostic techniques in the identification of the parasite, as well as report the presence of this parasite in domestic cats in the Northeast region. An old female feline with limited mobility was rescued and clinically evaluated. The observed bowel loop thickening and cachexia were suggestive of parasitosis, but the diagnosis and therapy were initially concentrated only on the fracture of a limb. Two months after the first diagnosis, the animal spontaneously expelled a parasite in its stool. Eggs and an adult parasite were found and identified by the association of diagnostic techniques such as coproparasitological and morphological studies. The case was the first to identify the species in the region and to signal the epidemiological surveillance of the zoonotic potential of the specimen.(AU)

A classe Cestoda, além de causar problemas para a saúde dos animais, tem se mostrado muito relevante para a saúde pública humana devido ao caráter zoonóticode algumas espécies. Ao relatar o caso de um gato doméstico com diagnóstico de Spirometra mansonoidesno Nordeste do Brasil, demonstramos a importância da associação entre diferentes técnicas diagnósticas na identificação do parasita, como também relatamos a presença deste parasita em gatos domésticos da região Nordeste. Uma felina idosa com mobilidade limitada foi resgatada e avaliada clinicamente. O espessamento da alça intestinal e a caquexia observada foram sugestivos de parasitose, mas o diagnóstico ea terapia foram inicialmente concentrados apenas na fratura de um membro. Dois meses após o primeiro diagnóstico, o animal expeliu espontaneamente um parasita em suas fezes. Ovos e um parasita adulto foram encontrados e identificados pela associação de técnicas diagnósticas como estudos coproparasitológicos e morfológicos. O caso foi o primeiro a identificar a espécie na região e a sinalizar a vigilância epidemiológica do potencial zoonótico do espécime.(AU)

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The Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill is an autochthonous shrub native to Caatinga vegetation, which is found in much of the semi-arid region of the Brazilian Northeast. It is used in popular culture for therapeutic purposes. The latex of Jatropha and its extracts were evaluated for chemical composition, identifying the main secondary metabolites and their pharmacological activities by using qualitative and quantitative methods. Its toxicity was investigated through the acute toxic dose in Wistar rats. The antioxidant action was investigated according to the photocolorimetric method of free radical DPPH. Their antibacterial action was investigated through minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. Phenols, tannins, flavonoids and saponins were detected in latex and other extracts, except the aqueous extract. Both latex and ethanolic extracts presented moderate antioxidant activity, as well as anti-bacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, S. pyogenes, S. mutans and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative strains (Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) in various dilutions along with the hydroalcoholic extract. J. mollissima latex showed low acute toxicity in rats. Therefore, the results obtained in this research corroborate the popular use of J. mollissima and its therapeutic potential.

O pinhão-bravo (Jatropha mollissima Pohl Baill.) é um arbusto autóctone da vegetação de caatinga, encontrada em grande parte do semiárido do Nordeste brasileiro, utilizado na cultura popular com fins terapêuticos. O látex do pinhão-bravo e os extratos dele derivados foram avaliados quanto à composição química, identificando os principais metabólitos secundários a partir de métodos qualitativos e quantitativo, e quanto as suas atividades farmacológicas. Foram pesquisadas toxicidade, através da dose tóxica aguda em ratos Wistar, ação antioxidante, de acordo com o método fotocolorimétrico do radical livre DPPH, e ação antibacteriana, através da concentração inibitória mínima e da concentração bactericida mínima. Foram detectados fenóis, taninos, flavonoides e saponinas no látex e demais extratos pesquisados, exceto o extrato aquoso. Tanto o látex quanto o extrato etanólico apresentaram moderada atividade antioxidante, como também evidenciaram atividade antibacteriana contra as cepas Gram-positivas (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus mutans e Enterococcus faecalis) e Gram-negativas (Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium e Pseudomonas aeruginosa), em várias diluições, juntamente com o extrato hidroalcoólico. O látex do pinhão apresentou ainda baixa toxicidade aguda em ratos. Logo, os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa corroboram o uso popular da J. mollissima e seu potencial terapêutico.

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The Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill is an autochthonous shrub native to Caatinga vegetation, which is found in much of the semi-arid region of the Brazilian Northeast. It is used in popular culture for therapeutic purposes. The latex of Jatropha and its extracts were evaluated for chemical composition, identifying the main secondary metabolites and their pharmacological activities by using qualitative and quantitative methods. Its toxicity was investigated through the acute toxic dose in Wistar rats. The antioxidant action was investigated according to the photocolorimetric method of free radical DPPH. Their antibacterial action was investigated through minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. Phenols, tannins, flavonoids and saponins were detected in latex and other extracts, except the aqueous extract. Both latex and ethanolic extracts presented moderate antioxidant activity, as well as anti-bacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, S. pyogenes, S. mutans and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative strains (Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) in various dilutions along with the hydroalcoholic extract. J. mollissima latex showed low acute toxicity in rats. Therefore, the results obtained in this research corroborate the popular use of J. mollissima and its therapeutic potential.(AU)

O pinhão-bravo (Jatropha mollissima Pohl Baill.) é um arbusto autóctone da vegetação de caatinga, encontrada em grande parte do semiárido do Nordeste brasileiro, utilizado na cultura popular com fins terapêuticos. O látex do pinhão-bravo e os extratos dele derivados foram avaliados quanto à composição química, identificando os principais metabólitos secundários a partir de métodos qualitativos e quantitativo, e quanto as suas atividades farmacológicas. Foram pesquisadas toxicidade, através da dose tóxica aguda em ratos Wistar, ação antioxidante, de acordo com o método fotocolorimétrico do radical livre DPPH, e ação antibacteriana, através da concentração inibitória mínima e da concentração bactericida mínima. Foram detectados fenóis, taninos, flavonoides e saponinas no látex e demais extratos pesquisados, exceto o extrato aquoso. Tanto o látex quanto o extrato etanólico apresentaram moderada atividade antioxidante, como também evidenciaram atividade antibacteriana contra as cepas Gram-positivas (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus mutans e Enterococcus faecalis) e Gram-negativas (Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium e Pseudomonas aeruginosa), em várias diluições, juntamente com o extrato hidroalcoólico. O látex do pinhão apresentou ainda baixa toxicidade aguda em ratos. Logo, os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa corroboram o uso popular da J. mollissima e seu potencial terapêutico.(AU)

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Resumo Em 2003, o governo federal lançou o Programa Bolsa Família (PBF), uma transferência condicional de renda destinada às famílias pobres que cumprissem com certas condições relacionadas à saúde e educação. Foi realizado um estudo ecológico longitudinal com dados em painel, a partir dos microdados dos 1.133 municípios do Semiárido. O objetivo consistiu em avaliar o efeito do PBF sobre a mortalidade infantil na região Semiárida do Brasil, no período 2004-2010. O estudo de associação foi feito por meio de regressão linear multivariada por dados em painel com efeitos fixos. A Taxa de Mortalidade Infantil foi considerada como variável dependente, ajustada por covariáveis sociais e demográficas, e pelo efeito do maior esquema de cuidados de saúde primária no País - Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). O PBF e a ESF tiveram um papel significativo na redução da mortalidade infantil, bem como no aumento das consultas de pré-natal, redução das taxas de analfabetismo, baixos níveis de fecundidade e diminuição de indivíduos que viviam em agregados familiares com acesso ao abastecimento de água e saneamento inadequados. Concluiu-se que o PBF teve um impacto positivo na redução dos níveis da mortalidade infantil, o qual foi potencializado pela intervenção de fatores sociais e demográficos.

Abstract In 2003, the Brazilian federal government launched the Bolsa Família Programme (Programa Bolsa Família - PBF), a widespread conditional cash transfer to poor households when they comply with conditions related to health and education. A longitudinal ecological study using panel data from 1,133 municipalities of the Brazilian semiarid region was performed. The main goal was to assess the effect of the PBF on child mortality (CM) in the semiarid region of Brazil during the period of 2004-2010. Associations were estimated using a multivariate linear regression for the panel data with fixed effects. The child mortality rate (CMR) was considered the dependent variable, adjusted for relevant social and demographic covariates, and for the effect of the largest primary healthcare scheme in the country through the Family Health Strategy (FHS). The PBF and the FHS played significant roles in reducing CM, increasing prenatal consultations, reducing illiteracy rates, lowering fertility levels, and decreasing the number of individuals living in households with inadequate access to water supplies and sanitation. In conclusion, the PBF had a positive impact on reducing CM levels; its impact was boosted by the intervention of other social and demographic factors.

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RESUMO

Given the importance of climate for society at different scales, such as local, regional, and global scales, the analysis of trends of climatic elements improves the assessment of projections and variations, aiding in the design of policies focused on processes of adaptation to and mitigation of the effects of climate change. The aim of this study was to detect mean air temperature trends in the Sertão Paraibano mesoregion in Brazil by constructing temperature series with observed data provided by the Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) collected in the localities of Patos and São Gonçalo and with data estimated using Estima_T software to study the spatial and temporal distribution of the mean air temperature of seven localities in the Sertão Paraibano mesoregion: Água Branca, Aguiar, Coremas, Patos, Princesa Isabel, São Gonçalo, and Teixeira. The temperature series with observed and estimated data were compared, showing the variability of using temperature estimates to overcome the lack of meteorological stations in the study area. Descriptive analysis shows low data dispersion in relation to the annual mean values and, therefore, low variability. The monthly mean temperature pattern was similar in all localities and December was always the warmest month, whereas July was the coldest, both in the estimated and observed data series. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test indicated that estimated series show trends of significant increases in mean air temperature, in annual, biannual, quarterly, and monthly periods, in all localities. Sen's slope results indicate significant increases in temperature from 0.008 to 0.011 °C/year.

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Ao longo dos anos as intoxicações por plantas têm causado prejuízos significativos para os criadores de ruminantes de várias regiões do Brasil, afetando de forma direta o setor pecuário do país. Desta forma, objetivou-se realizar um levantamento com produtores, médicos veterinários, zootecnistas, engenheiros agrônomos e técnicos agrícolas sobre as principais plantas que causam intoxicações em ruminantes no Curimataú Paraibano. O presente trabalho foi realizado em cinco municípios da microrregião do Curimataú Ocidental Paraibano, incluindo Barra de Santa Rosa, Cuité, Damião, Nova Floresta e Sossego. As entrevistas foram realizadas por meio de três formulários estruturados, contendo indagações específicas sobre casos de intoxicações identificados na referida microrregião. Para a realização desta pesquisa, foram entrevistados 30 participantes (6 representantes de cada município) entre os meses de junho e outubro de 2016. A partir dos dados obtidos por meio das entrevistas, verificou-se que as principais plantas comprovadamente tóxicas do Curimataú Ocidental Paraibano, segundo os entrevistados, foram: Anadenanthera colubrina, Mascagnia rigida, Prosopis juliflora e Manihot glaziovii. Muitos entrevistados demonstram não conhecer o princípio tóxico de outras plantas presentes na região e citadas na literatura como responsáveis por intoxicações em ruminantes, tais como: Mimosa tenuiflora, Crotalaria retusa e a Solanum paniculatum. As plantas Physalis angulata e Ricinus communis foram mencionadas como tóxicas, mas estudos toxicológicos devem ser realizados para comprovar a toxicidade das mesmas. Tais resultados demonstram que são necessárias medidas profiláticas eficazes nas propriedades rurais, evitando, assim, a ocorrência de surtos e mortes de ruminantes.

Over the years the plant poisonings have caused significant losses to ruminant producers from various Brazilian regions, affecting the livestock sector in the country. Thus, this study aims to conduct a survey with producers, veterinarians, zootechnists, agronomists and agricultural technicians about the major plants poisoning ruminants in the Curimataú Paraibano. This study was conducted in five cities in the Curimataú Ocidental Paraibano, including Barra de Santa Rosa, Cuité, Damião, Nova Floresta and Sossego. The interviews were conducted through three structured forms, containing specific questions about poisoning cases identified in the microregion cited. To carry out this survey, a total of 30 participants were interviewed (six representatives from each city) between June and October 2016. From the data obtained from the interviews, one found the main toxic plants in Curimataú Ocidental Paraibano, from the viewpoint of those interviewed, were: Anadenanthera colubrina, Mascagnia rigida, Prosopis juliflora, and Manihot glaziovii. Many interviewees demonstrate they don't know the toxic principle of other plants present in the region and cited in the literature as responsible for poisoning in ruminants, such as: Mimosa tenuiflora, Crotalaria retusa and Solanum paniculatum. The plants Physalis angulata and Ricinus communis were mentioned as toxic, but new experiments must be carried out to prove their toxicity. These results show effective prophylactic measures are necessary in rural properties, thus preventing the occurrence of outbreaks and deaths of ruminants.

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RESUMO

Ao longo dos anos as intoxicações por plantas têm causado prejuízos significativos para os criadores de ruminantes de várias regiões do Brasil, afetando de forma direta o setor pecuário do país. Desta forma, objetivou-se realizar um levantamento com produtores, médicos veterinários, zootecnistas, engenheiros agrônomos e técnicos agrícolas sobre as principais plantas que causam intoxicações em ruminantes no Curimataú Paraibano. O presente trabalho foi realizado em cinco municípios da microrregião do Curimataú Ocidental Paraibano, incluindo Barra de Santa Rosa, Cuité, Damião, Nova Floresta e Sossego. As entrevistas foram realizadas por meio de três formulários estruturados, contendo indagações específicas sobre casos de intoxicações identificados na referida microrregião. Para a realização desta pesquisa, foram entrevistados 30 participantes (6 representantes de cada município) entre os meses de junho e outubro de 2016. A partir dos dados obtidos por meio das entrevistas, verificou-se que as principais plantas comprovadamente tóxicas do Curimataú Ocidental Paraibano, segundo os entrevistados, foram: Anadenanthera colubrina, Mascagnia rigida, Prosopis juliflora e Manihot glaziovii. Muitos entrevistados demonstram não conhecer o princípio tóxico de outras plantas presentes na região e citadas na literatura como responsáveis por intoxicações em ruminantes, tais como: Mimosa tenuiflora, Crotalaria retusa e a Solanum paniculatum. As plantas Physalis angulata e Ricinus communis foram mencionadas como tóxicas, mas estudos toxicológicos devem ser realizados para comprovar a toxicidade das mesmas. Tais resultados demonstram que são necessárias medidas profiláticas eficazes nas propriedades rurais, evitando, assim, a ocorrência de surtos e mortes de ruminantes.(AU)

Over the years the plant poisonings have caused significant losses to ruminant producers from various Brazilian regions, affecting the livestock sector in the country. Thus, this study aims to conduct a survey with producers, veterinarians, zootechnists, agronomists and agricultural technicians about the major plants poisoning ruminants in the Curimataú Paraibano. This study was conducted in five cities in the Curimataú Ocidental Paraibano, including Barra de Santa Rosa, Cuité, Damião, Nova Floresta and Sossego. The interviews were conducted through three structured forms, containing specific questions about poisoning cases identified in the microregion cited. To carry out this survey, a total of 30 participants were interviewed (six representatives from each city) between June and October 2016. From the data obtained from the interviews, one found the main toxic plants in Curimataú Ocidental Paraibano, from the viewpoint of those interviewed, were: Anadenanthera colubrina, Mascagnia rigida, Prosopis juliflora, and Manihot glaziovii. Many interviewees demonstrate they don't know the toxic principle of other plants present in the region and cited in the literature as responsible for poisoning in ruminants, such as: Mimosa tenuiflora, Crotalaria retusa and Solanum paniculatum. The plants Physalis angulata and Ricinus communis were mentioned as toxic, but new experiments must be carried out to prove their toxicity. These results show effective prophylactic measures are necessary in rural properties, thus preventing the occurrence of outbreaks and deaths of ruminants.(AU)

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Caatinga is a biome from the Brazilian northeastern semiarid region which needs further studies for the preservation of its native species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological behavior of six native species. The experiment was arranged in six treatments (native species) and three replicates in a randomized block design. Net photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic photon flux density, chlorophyll content, and soil moisture were evaluated. According to the results, Mimosa spp. had the lowest levels of chlorophyll content. In all species, water deficit caused significant decrease in transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. M urundeuva and Cnidoscolus spp. can be considered the most sensitive species to drought as changes in those variables also led to the decline in net photosynthesis. The other species can be considered more tolerant to drought, since net photosynthesis did not suffer significant decrease despite the harmful effects of water deficit on transpiration and stomatal conductance.

A Caatinga é um bioma do semiárido brasileiro que precisa ser mais estudado, para preservar suas espécies nativas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o comportamento fisiológico de seis espécies nativas. O experimento foi organizado em seis tratamentos (espécies nativas) e três repetições em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso. Foram avaliadas a fotossíntese líquida, transpiração, condutância estomática, densidade DE fluxo de fótons fotossintéticos, teor de clorofila e umidade do solo. De acordo com os resultados, Mimosa spp., mostrou os níveis mais baixos de teor de clorofila. Em todas as espécies, o déficit hídrico provoca diminuição significativa na taxa de transpiração e na condutância estomática. M. urundeuva e Cnidoscolus spp., podem ser consideradas as espécies mais sensíveis à seca, porque as mudanças nessas variáveis levaram também ao declínio da fotossíntese líquida. As outras espécies podem ser consideradas mais tolerantes à seca, pois, apesar dos efeitos nocivos do déficit de água na transpiração e na condutância estomática, a fotossíntese líquida não sofre queda significativa.

Assuntos