RESUMO
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Epidemiologic studies show high circulating Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are associated with excess body weight, impaired fasting glucose, insulin resistance, high blood pressure, and dyslipidemia. There is scarce data on the association between renal function and circulating levels of BCAA. Therefore, we aim to study this association in a sample of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adults (ELSA-Brasil) METHODS: We analyzed participants who had at the baseline BCAA: valine, isoleucine, and leucine measured through nuclear magnetic resonance. The outcomes evaluated were estimated glomerular function (eGFR - CKD-EPI without race) and 12h-albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR). In addition, we built unadjusted and adjusted multivariable linear regression models to investigate the association between the BCAA (total and individual) and eGFR and ACR. RESULTS: We studied 4912 participants (age 51.7(±9.0) years, 53.4% women, 59.5% White (59.5%), 32.7% hypertension, and 18.2% diabetes). The mean BCAA level was 429.15 ± 87.15. The mean eGFR was 84.95 ± 15 ml/min/1.73 m2, and the median ACR was 6.5 (1.8-4920) mg/g. Descriptive analyses comparing eGFR stratified <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and ACR≥30 mg/g demonstrate that BCAA levels are higher in patients with eGFR<60 and ACR ≥30. Regarding eGFR, an inverse association was detected with BCAA levels when adjusted for demographic variables, and it is not maintained after adjustments for other confounders. Also, a positive association was found for ACR≥30 mg/g, and BCAA levels, and this association is not confirmed after adjustments. CONCLUSIONS: BCAA levels were inversely associated with eGFR and positively associated with ACR. Further studies are necessary to allow the comprehension of those associations.
Assuntos
Aminoácidos de Cadeia Ramificada , Taxa de Filtração Glomerular , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Brasil/epidemiologia , Aminoácidos de Cadeia Ramificada/sangue , Estudos Longitudinais , Rim/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Creatinina/sangue , Albuminúria/sangue , IdosoRESUMO
ABSTRACT This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of leucine (Leu) supplementation on performance and carcass traits of broilers along with the re-evaluation of standardized ileal digestible (SID) Leu requirement of broiler chicks on days 0-14. Birds were fed seven experimental diets with SID Leu levels of 16.3 (basal), 17.3, 18.3, 19.3, 20.3, 21.3, and 22.3 g/kg. Some 280 male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to the seven dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Dietary SID Leu levels had significant effects on body weight gain(BWG), feed conversion ratio(FCR), carcass, and breast percentages. BWG increased (p 0.05) when the broilers fed diets with 18.3 to 21.3 g/kg SID Leu compared to the basal diet. FCR decreased (p 0.05) by dietary SID Leu levels of 18.3 to 21.3 g/kg in comparison with the basal diet. Carcass yield increased (p 0.05) by SID Leu levels of 19.3 to 21.3 g/kg. Breast percentage increased (p 0.01) when the broilers received diets with 18.3 to 22.3 g/kg SID Leu and the highest value obtained by the SID Leu level of 21.3 g/kg. Abdominal fat decreased linearly by Leu supplementation (p 0.01). Regression analysis indicated the SID Leu requirement of 18.67, 18.88, and 19.85 g/kg for BWG, FCR, and breast meat yield, respectively. It can be concluded that broiler performance characteristics, especially breast yield, improve by Leu supplementation. Based on the results, the Leu requirement of modern broilers has increased dramatically due to genetic selection for a higher growth rate.
RESUMO
Four experiments were conducted to estimate the optimal standardized ileal digestible (SID) level of branched-chain amino acids in low-protein diets during the starter, grower, and finisher periods, using the response surface methodology, and to study their effects on performance and mRNA expression of genes involved in the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway of broiler chickens from 8 to 21 D of age. In experiments 1, 2, and 3, a total of 1,500 Cobb male broiler chickens were assigned to 15 diets of a central composite rotatable design (CCD) of response surface methodology containing 5 levels of SID Leu, Val, and Ile with 5 replicate pens of 20 birds each. A 3-factor, 5-level CCD platform was used to fit the second-order polynomial equation of broiler performance. In experiment 4, a total of 540 8-day-old Cobb male broiler chickens were distributed in a completely randomized 2 x 3 x 3 factorial arrangement with 2 SID Leu levels (1.28 or 1.83%), 3 SID Val levels (0.65, 0.90, or 1.20%), and 3 SID Ile levels (0.54, 0.79, or 1.09%) for a total of 18 treatments with 5 replicate cages of 6 birds each. High Leu levels impaired (P < 0.05) gain:feed when birds were fed marginal Val or Ile diets. However, gain:feed was restored when both Val and Ile were supplemented to reach adequate or high levels. High Leu levels increased (P < 0.05) mRNA expression of S6K1 and eEF2 genes only in birds fed high Ile levels. Dietary SID Leu, Val, and Ile levels required for gain:feed optimization in low-protein diets were estimated at 1.37, 0.94, and 0.87% during the starter period; 1.23, 0.82, and 0.75% during the grower period; and 1.15, 0.77, and 0.70% during the finisher phase, respectively. Higher Val and Ile levels are required to optimize the effect of Leu supplementation on mRNA expression of mTOR pathway genes in the pectoralis major muscle of broilers from day 1 to 21 after hatch.
Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Galinhas , Dieta com Restrição de Proteínas , Isoleucina , Leucina , Valina , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Galinhas/genética , Dieta com Restrição de Proteínas/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais , Crescimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Isoleucina/administração & dosagem , Leucina/farmacologia , Masculino , Distribuição Aleatória , Valina/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Cachexia syndrome can affect cancer patients and new prevention strategies are required. Maternal nutritional supplementation can modify metabolic programming in the offspring, which lasts until adulthood. This could be a good approach against diseases such as cancer. A 3% leucine-rich diet treatment improved muscle protein turnover by modifying the mTOR and proteolytic pathways, thus we analysed whether maternal supplementation could ameliorate muscle protein turnover in adult offspring tumour-bearing rats. Pregnant Wistar rats received a control diet or 3% leucine-rich diet during pregnancy/lactation, and their weaned male offspring received a control diet until adulthood when they were distributed into following groups (n = 7-8 per group): C, Control; W, tumour-bearing; L, without tumour with a maternal leucine-rich diet; and WL, tumour-bearing with a maternal leucine-rich diet. Protein synthesis and degradation were assessed in the gastrocnemius muscle, focusing on the mTOR pathway, which was extensively altered in W group. However, the WL adult offspring showed no decrease in muscle weight, higher food intake, ameliorated muscle turnover, activated mTOR and p70S6K, and maintained muscle cathepsin H and calpain activities. Maternal leucine nutritional supplementation could be a positive strategy to improve muscle protein balance in cancer cachexia-induced muscle damage in adult offspring rats.
Assuntos
Caquexia/complicações , Dieta , Leucina/análise , Mães , Proteínas Musculares/biossíntese , Proteínas Musculares/metabolismo , Músculos/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Caquexia/metabolismo , Caquexia/patologia , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Músculos/metabolismo , Músculos/patologia , Neoplasias/complicações , Tamanho do Órgão/efeitos dos fármacos , Gravidez , Proteólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder that affects branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism and is associated with acute and chronic brain dysfunction. Recent studies have shown that inflammation may be involved in the neuropathology of MSUD. However, these studies have mainly focused on single or small subsets of proteins or molecules. Here we performed a case-control study, including 12 treated-MSUD patients, in order to investigate the plasmatic biomarkers of inflammation, to help to establish a possible relationship between these biomarkers and the disease. Our results showed that MSUD patients in treatment with restricted protein diets have high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines [IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6] and cell adhesion molecules [sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1] compared to the control group. However, no significant alterations were found in the levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-7, IL-8, and IL-10 between healthy controls and MSUD patients. Moreover, we found a positive correlation between number of metabolic crisis and IL-1ß levels and sICAM-1 in MSUD patients. In conclusion, our findings in plasma of patients with MSUD suggest that inflammation may play an important role in the pathogenesis of MSUD, although this process is not directly associated with BCAA blood levels. Overall, data reported here are consistent with the working hypothesis that inflammation may be involved in the pathophysiological mechanism underlying the brain damage observed in MSUD patients.
RESUMO
Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of standardized ileal digestible (SID) leucine and valine levels on tibiotarsus bone characteristics and the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia of broilers from day 1 to 21 (Experiment I) and day 21 to 42 post-hatch (Experiment II). Each experimental phase was evaluated independently. In both experiments, a total of 1,500 one-day-old Cobb 500 male broiler chickens were distributed in a completely randomized design 5 × 5 factorial arrangement for a total of 25 treatments. The SID leucine and valine levels were ranged from 10.0 to 19.6 g/kg, and 6.0 to 12.0 g/kg from day 1 to 21 post-hatch, respectively, while day 21 to 42 post-hatch ranged from 10.0 to 18.0 g leucine/kg, and 5.2 to 11.2 g valine/kg. Serum calcium and phosphorus, bone concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and ash, diameter and Seedor index of the tibiotarsus were not affected (p > .05) by the treatments at 21 or 42 days of age. There was an interaction (p ≤.06) between the SID levels of leucine and valine on tibiotarsus breaking strength at 21 days, but not at 42 days of age (p > .05). Tibiotarsus breaking strength was maximized in broilers from day 1 to 21 with the dietary levels of leucine and valine at 14.2 and 9.0 g/kg respectively. Dietary leucine levels reduced linearly (p < .05) the hypertrophic zone of tibiotarsus cartilage at 21 days of age. Therefore, leucine and valine supplementation interact positively on bone strength of broilers from day 1 to 21 post-hatch. Leucine can be a useful amino acid for reducing the hypertrophic cartilage zone in broilers from day 1 to 21, but not from day 21 to 42 post-hatch.
Assuntos
Densidade Óssea/efeitos dos fármacos , Galinhas , Leucina/farmacologia , Osteocondrodisplasias/veterinária , Valina/farmacologia , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais , Masculino , Osteocondrodisplasias/etiologia , Valina/administração & dosagemRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary isoleucine requeriments for Nile tilapia juveniles based on growth performance, hematological and biochemical responses, and muscle growth. Three hundred Nile tilapia juveniles (18.09 ± 0.11 g) were distributed in 20 fiberglass tanks and fed with five extruded isoproteic (280 g.kg-1 of crude protein) and isoenergetic (3000 kcal.kg-1) formulated diets containing 7.00, 8.18, 9.35, 10.53, and 11.70 g.kg-1 of isoleucine. No differences were observed (P > 0.05) in productive performance, hematological and biochemical parameters, centesimal composition, amino acid body composition, and muscle growth. The isoleucine body retention reduced linearly with increased amounts of isoleucine in the diet. Because protein is the nutrient with the highest cost in fish diets, the results from this study contribute towards the formulation of efficient and cost effective diets for Nile tilapia juveniles.
O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a exigência dietética de isoleucina para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo com base no desempenho produtivo, respostas hematológicas e bioquímicas e crescimento muscular. Trezentos juvenis de tilápia do Nilo (18,09 ± 0,11g) foram distribuídos em 20 tanques de fibra de vidro e alimentadas com cinco rações extrusadas isoproteicas (280 g kg-1 de proteína bruta) e isoenergéticas (3000 kcal kg-1) as dietas foram formuladas continham 7,00; 8,18; 9,35; 10,53 e 11,70 g kg-1 de isoleucina. Não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05) no desempenho produtivo, parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos, composição centesimal, composição corporal dos aminoácidos e crescimento muscular. A retenção corporal de isoleucina reduziu linearmente com o aumento da quantidade de isoleucina na dieta. A proteína é o nutriente com o maior custo na dieta dos peixes, assim, os resultados deste estudo contribuem para a formulação de dietas mais eficientes e com menores custos para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo.
Assuntos
Animais , Ciclídeos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ciclídeos/sangue , Dieta/veterinária , Isoleucina/administração & dosagem , Suplementos Nutricionais , Aminoácidos Essenciais , Aminoácidos de Cadeia Ramificada , Contagem de Células Sanguíneas , Testes Hematológicos/veterináriaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary isoleucine requeriments for Nile tilapia juveniles based on growth performance, hematological and biochemical responses, and muscle growth. Three hundred Nile tilapia juveniles (18.09 ± 0.11 g) were distributed in 20 fiberglass tanks and fed with five extruded isoproteic (280 g.kg-1 of crude protein) and isoenergetic (3000 kcal.kg-1) formulated diets containing 7.00, 8.18, 9.35, 10.53, and 11.70 g.kg-1 of isoleucine. No differences were observed (P > 0.05) in productive performance, hematological and biochemical parameters, centesimal composition, amino acid body composition, and muscle growth. The isoleucine body retention reduced linearly with increased amounts of isoleucine in the diet. Because protein is the nutrient with the highest cost in fish diets, the results from this study contribute towards the formulation of efficient and cost effective diets for Nile tilapia juveniles.(AU)
O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a exigência dietética de isoleucina para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo com base no desempenho produtivo, respostas hematológicas e bioquímicas e crescimento muscular. Trezentos juvenis de tilápia do Nilo (18,09 ± 0,11g) foram distribuídos em 20 tanques de fibra de vidro e alimentadas com cinco rações extrusadas isoproteicas (280 g kg-1 de proteína bruta) e isoenergéticas (3000 kcal kg-1) as dietas foram formuladas continham 7,00; 8,18; 9,35; 10,53 e 11,70 g kg-1 de isoleucina. Não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05) no desempenho produtivo, parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos, composição centesimal, composição corporal dos aminoácidos e crescimento muscular. A retenção corporal de isoleucina reduziu linearmente com o aumento da quantidade de isoleucina na dieta. A proteína é o nutriente com o maior custo na dieta dos peixes, assim, os resultados deste estudo contribuem para a formulação de dietas mais eficientes e com menores custos para juvenis de tilápia do Nilo.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ciclídeos/sangue , Ciclídeos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Isoleucina/administração & dosagem , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais , Aminoácidos Essenciais , Aminoácidos de Cadeia Ramificada , Testes Hematológicos/veterinária , Contagem de Células SanguíneasRESUMO
The objective of this study was to determine the requirements and interactions between the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Leu and Val levels in low-protein diets, and their effects on performance, serum characteristics, carcass yield and diameter of muscle fibers of broiler chickens from d 21 to 42 posthatch. A total of 1,500 21-day-old Cobb 500 male broiler chickens were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 5 × 5 factorial arrangement for a total of 25 treatments with 3 replicates of 20 birds each. Treatments consisted of 5 SID Leu levels (1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, or 1.8%) and 5 SID Val levels (0.52, 0.67, 0.82, 0.97, or 1.12%). At 42 d of age, there was interaction (P < 0.05) between the SID levels of Leu and Val on feed intake and weight gain. There was a quadratic effect (P < 0.05) of Leu and Val levels on feed conversion, with minimal point estimated at the levels of 1.19 and 0.86%, respectively. Dietary Leu supplementation reduced linearly (P < 0.05) serum concentrations of triglycerides and ß-hydroxybutyrate. Dietary Leu increased (P ≤ 0.05) the fiber diameters of the pectoralis major muscle and breast yield at the levels of 1.24 and 1.13%, respectively, while the thigh yield was improved with the level of 0.71% Val. Abdominal fat decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of dietary Leu and Val. The SID Leu and Val levels needed to optimize weight gain and feed conversion in low-CP diets for broiler chickens from d 21 to 42 posthatch were estimated at 1.15 and 0.86%, and 1.19 and 0.86%, respectively. The supplementation of Leu and Val can reduce the abdominal fat deposition in birds fed low-CP diets during the grower phase. Leu and Val interactions can influence the performance but not the serum characteristics, carcass yield and diameter of muscle fibers of broilers fed low-protein diets. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the dietary Leu content to estimate the ideal level of Val in low-CP diets for optimum broiler performance.
Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Galinhas/fisiologia , Dieta com Restrição de Proteínas/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais , Leucina/metabolismo , Necessidades Nutricionais , Valina/metabolismo , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Galinhas/sangue , Galinhas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Dieta/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Digestão/fisiologia , Íleo/fisiologia , Leucina/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Distribuição Aleatória , Valina/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Aiming to assess isoleucine levels in low protein diets for laying Japanese quails, 648 quails of 182 days of age were distributed in experimental block design with six treatments and six replicates of 18 birds each. Treatments consisted of a basal level corresponding to 0.672% isoleucine and supplemented with isoleucine to the levels of 0.816, 0.960; 1.104; 1.248%. The experimental diets were compared to a control diet containing 20% CP. The parameters studied were: performance, egg quality, total solids and nitrogen in the excreta. There was a linear increase only for isoleucine intake with increasing levels of isoleucine in the diets. The comparison of mean values of each combination of isoleucine levels for diets with 16% CP with the control with 20% CP showed that the intake of CP and isoleucine, egg weight, nitrogen excretion and yolk color were significantly affected. For Japanese quail fed diets with 16% CP, with isoleucine level at 0.672%, meets the requirements for obtaining satisfactory performance and egg quality and promoted a reduction in nitrogen excretion.
Com o objetivo de avaliar níveis de isoleucina em rações para codornas japonesas em postura, foram utilizadas 648 codornas, distribuídas em delineamento em blocos ao acaso com seis tratamentos e seis repetições de 18 aves cada. Os tratamentos consistiram de ração basal com 16% de PB correspondente em nível de isoleucina de 0,672% e suplementada com isoleucina, em substituição ao ácido glutâmico, correspondendo aos níveis de isoleucina de 0,816; 0,960; 1,104; 1,248%. As dietas experimentais foram comparadas a uma dieta controle contendo 20% PB. Foram estudados o desempenho, a qualidade do ovo, os sólidos totais dos ovos e nitrogênio nas excretas das aves. Observou-se aumento linear apenas para consumo de isoleucina com elevação dos níveis de isoleucina das dietas. Pela comparação das médias de cada combinação de níveis de isoleucina para dietas com 16% PB com o tratamento controle 20% PB, verificou-se que o consumo de PB, consumo de isoleucina, peso do ovo, excreção de nitrogênio e cor da gema foram significativamente influenciados. Para codornas japonesas submetidas a dietas com 16% de PB, o nível de isoleucina de 0,672%, atende as exigências para obtenção de resultados satisfatórios de desempenho e qualidade de ovos e proporcionou uma redução na excreção de nitrogênio.
Assuntos
Animais , Coturnix/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Coturnix/metabolismo , Dieta , Dieta/veterinária , Isoleucina/administração & dosagem , Isoleucina/análise , Isoleucina/fisiologiaRESUMO
Aiming to assess isoleucine levels in low protein diets for laying Japanese quails, 648 quails of 182 days of age were distributed in experimental block design with six treatments and six replicates of 18 birds each. Treatments consisted of a basal level corresponding to 0.672% isoleucine and supplemented with isoleucine to the levels of 0.816, 0.960; 1.104; 1.248%. The experimental diets were compared to a control diet containing 20% CP. The parameters studied were: performance, egg quality, total solids and nitrogen in the excreta. There was a linear increase only for isoleucine intake with increasing levels of isoleucine in the diets. The comparison of mean values of each combination of isoleucine levels for diets with 16% CP with the control with 20% CP showed that the intake of CP and isoleucine, egg weight, nitrogen excretion and yolk color were significantly affected. For Japanese quail fed diets with 16% CP, with isoleucine level at 0.672%, meets the requirements for obtaining satisfactory performance and egg quality and promoted a reduction in nitrogen excretion.(AU)
Com o objetivo de avaliar níveis de isoleucina em rações para codornas japonesas em postura, foram utilizadas 648 codornas, distribuídas em delineamento em blocos ao acaso com seis tratamentos e seis repetições de 18 aves cada. Os tratamentos consistiram de ração basal com 16% de PB correspondente em nível de isoleucina de 0,672% e suplementada com isoleucina, em substituição ao ácido glutâmico, correspondendo aos níveis de isoleucina de 0,816; 0,960; 1,104; 1,248%. As dietas experimentais foram comparadas a uma dieta controle contendo 20% PB. Foram estudados o desempenho, a qualidade do ovo, os sólidos totais dos ovos e nitrogênio nas excretas das aves. Observou-se aumento linear apenas para consumo de isoleucina com elevação dos níveis de isoleucina das dietas. Pela comparação das médias de cada combinação de níveis de isoleucina para dietas com 16% PB com o tratamento controle 20% PB, verificou-se que o consumo de PB, consumo de isoleucina, peso do ovo, excreção de nitrogênio e cor da gema foram significativamente influenciados. Para codornas japonesas submetidas a dietas com 16% de PB, o nível de isoleucina de 0,672%, atende as exigências para obtenção de resultados satisfatórios de desempenho e qualidade de ovos e proporcionou uma redução na excreção de nitrogênio.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Coturnix/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Coturnix/metabolismo , Isoleucina/administração & dosagem , Isoleucina/análise , Isoleucina/fisiologia , Dieta , Dieta/veterináriaRESUMO
A cirrose hepática (CH) é uma doença com altas taxas de mortalidade e que apresenta, como único tratamento definitivo, o transplante hepático (TH). Infelizmente, nem todos os pacientes têm acesso ao TH e muitos acabam morrendo ainda na lista de transplante. O uso de aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada (AACR) já é amplamente conhecido como tratamento eficaz para a melhora da qualidade de vida destes pacientes. Neste relato, pela primeira vez, documentou-se uma grande melhora clínica e laboratorial em um paciente após o tratamento com AACR, que permitiu ao paciente sair inclusive da lista de transplante. Além da diminuição do escore MELD, houve reestabilização do peso corporal e melhora da qualidade de vida, documentada pelo questionário SF-36.
Liver cirrhosis (LC) is a disease with high mortality rates and its only definitive treatment is the orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Unfortunately, not all patients have access to OLT and many of them end up dying on the transplant waiting list. The use of branched chain amino acids (BCAA) is widely known as an effective treatment for improving the quality of life of these patients. For the first time, in this paper we documented a great improvement of clinical and laboratorial tests of a patient treated with BCAA, which allowed him to be out of the transplant waiting list. In addition to the increase of the MELD score, the patient achieved restabilization of body weight and recovery of the quality of life registered by the SF-36 questionnaire.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Encefalopatia Hepática , Aminoácidos de Cadeia Ramificada , Transplante de Fígado , Cirrose Hepática/mortalidade , Cirrose Hepática AlcoólicaRESUMO
We report the first molecular and in silico analysis of Monilophthora perniciosa polygalacturonases (PGs). Three MpPG genes (MpPG1, MpPG2 and MpPG3) were identified and analyzed at transcriptional level, by RT-qPCR, in dikaryotic M. perniciosa mycelium grown on solid-bran based medium and on liquid medium supplemented with different fermentable and non-fermentable carbon sources. The MpPG genes presented different expression patterns suggesting different individual regulation. However, all are mainly regulated by fermentable carbon sources (galactose and mannose). The integrated analysis of PG gene expression and systems biology (using MpG1 and MpG2 orthologs in Neurospora crassa, named NCU06961 and NCU02369, respectively) allowed identifying some possible mechanism of protein regulation during the necrotrophic fungal phase. MpPG1-NCU06961 and MpPG2-NCU02369 directly or indirectly interacted with central and highly connected proteins involved in protein synthesis and protein regulation associated to post-translational modifications, in cell wall metabolism, and in cellular metabolism related to energy production. This analysis also allowed the identification of key proteins for further studies of M. perniciosa development and/or for disease management, such as MpPG2, a pectin methylesterase, an acetolactate synthase and the small ubiquitin-like modifier SMT3-like.