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Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is among the main causes of death and neurological sequelae worldwide. Injuries are classified as diffuse (diffuse axonal injury and brain swelling) or focal (cerebral contusion [CCo], epidural hematoma, and acute subdural hematoma). Among all TBIs, CCos are the most frequent focal lesion, and treatment modalities are many. Hematoma evacuation using large craniotomies has been well described in the literature. The main goal of the present study is to discuss the advantages of minimally invasive approaches for the treatment of CCos, regarding operative time, blood loss, and postoperative tomographic results. Methods An integrative literature review was conducted on the SciELO, LILACS, and PubMed databases. Seven case reports were included in the present study. Retrospective data collection was performed, analyzing gender, age, Glasgow coma scale score on hospital admission, surgical approach, and postoperative (tomographic) results. Results The minimally invasive keyhole approach was used in seven patients with CCos. The supraorbital approach (n » 5) was performed for frontal lobe contusions, and the minipterional approach (n » 2) was performed for temporal lobe contusions. All cases had adequate hematoma evacuation, confirmed by postoperative computed tomography scans. Conclusion The minimally invasive approaches were effective for hematoma evacuation, with adequate clinical and radiological postoperative results.
Introdução O traumatismo cranioencefálico se encontra entre as principais causas de óbito e sequelas neurológicas na estatística mundial. As lesões são classificadas como difusas (lesão axonal difusa e edema cerebral traumático) ou focais (contusões cerebrais [CoC], hematoma epidural, e hematoma subdural agudo). Dentre todos os tipos de lesões cerebrais traumáticas, as contusões são a lesão focal mais comum, e são reservadas a elas múltiplas modalidades de tratamento. O principal objetivo desse estudo é discutir as vantagens dos acessos minimamente invasivos no tratamento de contusões cerebrais, especialmente no que concerne à duração do procedimento, perda sanguínea e resultados tomográficos pós-operatórios. Métodos Uma revisão integrativa de literatura foi conduzida nas plataformas Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e PubMed. Sete relatos de caso foram incluídos neste estudo. A coleta retrospectiva de dados foi realizada com a análise das seguintes variáveis: gênero, idade, escala de coma de Glasgow à admissão, acesso cirúrgico utilizado e resultados tomográficos pós-operatórios. Resultados O acesso cirúrgico minimamente invasivo foi utilizado em sete pacientes com CoC. O acesso supraorbital (n » 5) foi usado para tratar contusões frontais, enquanto o acesso minipterional (n » 2) foi usado para o tratamento de contusões temporais. Em todos os casos, foi obtida drenagem satisfatória do hematoma, confirmada por meio de tomografias pós-operatórias. Conclusão Os acessos minimamente invasivos foram efetivos para evacuação dos hematomas intraparenquimatosos, com resultados clínicos e tomográficos favoráveis.
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Introducción. El traumatismo encéfalo craneano moderado a severo (TEC-MS) es una condición compleja que cambia la estructura y función del cerebro, afectando a personas de distintas edades. Los problemas cognitivos y motores son la mayor causa de discapacidad en individuos con TEC-MS crónico. Sin embargo, muchas de estas dificultades no son visibles de inmediato clasificándose como una "Epidemia silenciosa". Las principales alteraciones reportadas por los pacientes tienen relación con problemas de la memoria, atención y lentitud psicomotora, los cuales tienen un impacto en su independencia y funcionalidad. Objetivo. Este estudio tiene por objetivo discutir y revisar la evidencia disponible acerca de la capacidad de los pacientes crónicos con TEC-MS para generar predicciones en diferentes niveles de procesamiento cerebral. Métodos. Para esto, utilizamos desde las neurociencias el modelo teórico del código predictivo para explicar las respuestas neurofisiológicas adquiridas bajo un paradigma de predicción auditiva. Esta información es complementada con el reporte de datos preliminares de sujetos con TEC-MS y sujetos control, con el fin de ilustrar los aspectos teóricos discutidos. Conclusiones. Esto podría contribuir a una mejor comprensión de los mecanismos neurales detrás de los déficits cognitivos en esta población, aportando una perspectiva que nos oriente al desarrollo de nuestras estrategias terapéuticas.
Background. Moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI-MS) is a complex condition that changes the structure and function of the brain, affecting people of different ages. Cognitive and motor problems are the major cause of disability in individuals with chronic ECT-MS. However, many of these difficulties are not immediately visible, classifying them as a "Silent Epidemic." The main alterations reported by patients are related to problems with memory, attention and psychomotor slowness, which have an impact on their independence and functionality. Objetive. This study aims to discuss and review the available evidence about the ability of chronic ECT-MS patients to generate predictions at different levels of brain processing. Methods. For this, we use the theoretical model of the predictive code from neuroscience to explain the neurophysiological responses acquired under an auditory prediction paradigm. This information is complemented with the report of preliminary data from subjects with ECT-MS and control subjects, in order to illustrate the theoretical aspects discussed. Conclusions. This could contribute to a better understanding of the neural mechanisms behind cognitive deficits in this population, providing a perspective that guides us in the development of our therapeutic strategies.
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Soccer players are at risk of suffering cranial injuries in the short and long term. There is growing concern that this may lead to traumatic brain injury in soccer players. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is an analytical method that enables the measurement of changes in brain metabolites that usually occur before significant structural changes. This study aimed to use MRS to compare variations in brain metabolite levels between retired soccer players and a control group. Twenty retired professional soccer players and 22 controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging, including MRS sequences and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Metabolite analysis was conducted based on absolute concentration and relative ratios. N-acetyl-aspartate, choline, glutamate, glutamine, and myoinositol were the metabolites of interest for the statistical analysis. Retired soccer players had an average age of 57.8 years, whereas the control group had an average age of 63.2 years. Median cognitive evaluation score, assessed using the MMSE, was 28 [26-29] for athletes and 29 [28-30] for controls (p = 0.01). Uni- and multi-variate analyses of the absolute concentration of metabolites (mM) between former athletes and controls did not yield any statistically significant results. Comparison of metabolites to creatine ratio concentrations did not yield any statistically significant results. There were no changes in concentrations of brain metabolites that indicated brain metabolic changes in retired soccer players compared with controls.
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Background: Cisternostomy is a surgical technique thought of and developed as an option for severe brain trauma treatment. It demands a particular knowledge and skill to microsurgically approach basal cisterns and effectively manipulate their contents. To perform this procedure safely, the anatomy and pathophysiology must be clearly understood. Methods: Detailed microscopic dissection and anatomical review were done, after a detailed reading of facts and recent publications about cisternostomy. Cisternal pathways and landmark planning are described and augmented using a new method to show de arachnoid borders. Finally, a brief discussion is written as a synopsis. Results: Cisternostomy requires thorough microscopic knowledge and microsurgical skills. This paper intends to provide information to understand better the anatomy related, thus, easing the learning curve. The technique used to show arachnoid borders, complementing cadaveric and surgical images, was useful for this purpose. Conclusion: To perform this procedure safely, it is mandatory to handle microscopic details of cistern anatomy. Reaching a core cistern is necessary to assure effectiveness. This procedure needs, as well, surgical step-by-step landmark planning and performing. Cisternostomy could be a life-saving procedure and a new powerful tool for severe brain trauma treatment. Evidence is being collected to support its indications.
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BACKGROUND: Although the placement of an intraventricular catheter remains the gold standard technique for measuring intracranial pressure (ICP), the method has several limitations. Therefore, noninvasive alternatives to ICP (ICPni) measurement are of great interest. The main objective of this study was to compare the correlation and agreement of wave morphology between ICP (standard intraventricular ICP monitoring) and a new ICPni monitor in patients admitted with stroke. The second objective was to estimate the discrimination of the noninvasive method to detect intracranial hypertension. METHODS: We prospectively collected data of adults admitted to an intensive care unit with subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, or ischemic stroke in whom an invasive ICP monitor was placed. Measurements were simultaneously collected from two parameters [time-to-peak (TTP) and the ratio regarding the second and first peak of the ICP wave (P2/P1 ratio)] of ICP and ICPni wave morphology monitors (Brain4care). Intracranial hypertension was defined as an invasively measured sustained ICP > 20 mm Hg for at least 5 min. RESULTS: We studied 18 patients (subarachnoid hemorrhage = 14; intracerebral hemorrhage = 3; ischemic stroke = 1) on 60 occasions with a median age of 52 ± 14.3 years. A total of 197,400 waves (2495 min) from both ICP (standard ICP monitoring) and the ICPni monitor were sliced into 1-min-long segments, and we determined TTP and the P2/P1 ratio from the mean pulse. The median invasively measured ICP was 13 (9.8-16.2) mm Hg, and intracranial hypertension was present on 18 occasions (30%). The correlation and agreement between invasive and noninvasive methods for wave morphology were strong for the P2/P1 ratio and moderate for TTP using categoric (κ agreement 88.1% and 71.3%, respectively) and continuous (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.831 and 0.584, respectively) measures. There was a moderate but significant correlation with the mean ICP value (P2/P1 ratio r = 0.427; TTP r = 0.353; p < 0.001 for all) between noninvasive and invasive techniques. The areas under the curve to estimate intracranial hypertension were 0.786 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72-0.93] for the P2/P1 ratio and 0.694 (95% CI 0.60-0.74) for TTP. CONCLUSIONS: The new ICPni wave morphology monitor showed a good agreement with the standard invasive method and an acceptable discriminatory power to detect intracranial hypertension. Clinical trial registration Trial registration: NCT05121155.
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Hipertensão Intracraniana , AVC Isquêmico , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea , Adulto , Idoso , Humanos , Hipertensão Intracraniana/diagnóstico , Pressão Intracraniana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Monitorização Fisiológica/métodos , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/complicações , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea/diagnósticoRESUMO
Se describe el caso clínico de un lactante de 47 días de nacido, quien fue atendido en el Cuerpo de Guardia de Pediatría del Hospital Provincial General Docente Antonio Luaces Iraola de Ciego de Ávila, por presentar aumento de la circunferencia cefálica, irritabilidad y agitación. Los exámenes realizados mostraron signos de hipertensión endocraneana descompensada, secundaria a colección del espacio subdural izquierdo. Se eliminó el higroma subdural y la recuperación fue favorable en las primeras 36 horas; luego comenzó a convulsionar y apareció nuevamente el deterioro neurológico, por lo cual se decidió reintervenir. Se realizó inducción anestésica con tiopental sódico fentanilo y rocuronio. El paciente evolucionó sin complicaciones.
The case report of a 47 days infant is described. He was assisted in the children emergency room of Antonio Luaces Iraola Teaching General Provincial Hospital in Ciego de Ávila, due to an increase of the cephalic circumference, irritability and agitation. The exams showed signs of upset endocranial hypertension, secondary to collection of the left subdural space. The subdural hygroma was eliminated and the recovery was favorable in the first 36 hours; then a covulsion began and the neurological deterioration appeared again, reason why it was decided to operate once more. Anesthetic induction was carried out with fentanyl sodium thiopental and rocuronium. The patient had a favorable clinical course without complications.
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Derrame Subdural , Derrame Subdural/cirurgia , Lactente , Hematoma Subdural Intracraniano , Lesões Encefálicas TraumáticasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), an important risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, induces long-term hippocampal damage and hyperexcitability. On the other hand, studies support that propylparaben (PPB) induces hippocampal neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases. OBJECTIVE: Experiments were designed to evaluate the effects of subchronic treatment with PPB on TBI-induced changes in the hippocampus of rats. METHODS: Severe TBI was induced using the lateral fluid percussion model. Subsequently, rats received subchronic administration with PPB (178âmg/kg, TBI+PPB) or vehicle (TBI+PEG) daily for 5 days. The following changes were examined during the experimental procedure: sensorimotor dysfunction, changes in hippocampal excitability, as well as neuronal damage and volume. RESULTS: TBI+PEG group showed sensorimotor dysfunction (pâ<â0.001), hyperexcitability (64.2%, pâ<â0.001), and low neuronal preservation ipsi- and contralateral to the trauma. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis revealed lower volume (17.2%; pâ<â0.01) and great damage to the ipsilateral hippocampus. TBI+PPB group showed sensorimotor dysfunction that was partially reversed 30 days after trauma. This group showed hippocampal excitability and neuronal preservation similar to the control group. However, MRI analysis revealed lower hippocampal volume (pâ<â0.05) when compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: The present study confirms that post-TBI subchronic administration with PPB reduces the long-term consequences of trauma in the hippocampus. Implications of PPB as a neuroprotective strategy to prevent the development of Alzheimer's disease as consequence of TBI are discussed.
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Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/diagnóstico por imagem , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Hipocampo/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/prevenção & controle , Parabenos/administração & dosagem , Animais , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Conservantes Farmacêuticos/administração & dosagem , Ratos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
El trauma craneoencefálico tiene relevancia a nivel global, con incidencia mundial estimada de 200 casos por 100 000 personas, generando una carga importante también para el sistema de salud de Latinoamérica. El objetivo del presente documento es describir la experiencia exitosa en un Centro de Trauma en la atención de un paciente con trauma craneoencefálico penetrante con objeto a "baja velocidad", un destornillador, realizándose además una sucinta revisión acerca de la literatura relacionada actual.
Trauma brain injury has relevance at the global level, with worldwide estimated incidence of 200 cases per 100 000 people, also generating a significant burden to the health system in Latin America. The aim of this document is to describe the successful experience in a Trauma Center in the management of a patient with penetrating brain trauma injury secondary to a "low speed" object, a screwdriver, in addition a concise review about the current related literature is performed.
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Ferimentos e LesõesRESUMO
The present review paper aims to update the definition and classification of cerebral concussion, highlighting its pathophysiological mechanisms. The high prevalence of cerebral concussion in emergency rooms around the world makes it necessary to know its proper management to avoid its late sequelae, which traditionally compromise cognitive aspects of behavior. New evidence on potential neuroprotective treatments is being investigated.
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Concussão Encefálica/classificação , Concussão Encefálica/diagnóstico , Concussão Encefálica/fisiopatologia , Concussão Encefálica/tratamento farmacológico , Concussão Encefálica/epidemiologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Introduction of current neuroimaging technologies has been essential for the agile and effective diagnosis of cranial brain injuries. However, for various reasons there is a tendency to indiscriminate use. A review of the topic was made aimed at providing an update on the recommended strategies for the optimized use of these technologies. Material and method: A review of the topic of the last five years was made, using the Medline / Pubmed and SciELO platforms of complete articles, in English and Spanish. We also included relevant articles, published in previous years, located in previous bibliographic reviews carried out by the authors. CONCLUSIONS: Routine study with CT scan in all patients with head trauma is not cost effective, should be used in patients with Glasgow less than 15 points or in those with Glasgow of 15 points and risk factors of intracranial injury. Its use as a form of neuromonitoring is similarly useful, but on a selective basis. Magnetic Resonance Imaging is especially useful in the mediate or late periods of cranial trauma, in patients with clinical tomographic incongruences, very useful to establish prognosis in diffuse traumas and intracranial complications. Neurosonology is a useful tool for therapeutic decision.
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Humanos , Crânio/lesões , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/epidemiologia , Crânio/patologia , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Ultrassonografia Doppler Transcraniana , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/patologiaRESUMO
Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en comparar los procesos de la cognición social en adultos con trauma craneoencefálico (TCE) leve, moderado y severo. Es un estudio de tipo descriptivo, comparativo, transversal, a partir de la valoración de tres procesos de la cognición social: teoria de la mente, reconocimiento emocional y juicio moral de 126 adultos con TCE con edades entre los 18 y 52 años, medidos a través de tres instrumentos: Test Faux Pas, Test de las miradas y dilemas morales. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el Faux Pas (Historia de Andres p=.016) y en el test de las miradas (Miradas p = .046). Se concluye que las personas con TCE evaluadas presentan alteración en la teoría de la mente y un desempeño promedio en el reconocimiento emocional y en los dilemas morales.
Abstract The aim of this research was to compare the processes of social cognition in adults with mild, moderate and severe Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). It was a descriptive, comparative, cross - sectional study, based on the evaluation of three processes of social cognition: Theory of mind, Emotional recognition and Moral judgment of 126 adults with TBI, with ages between 18-52 years evaluated in three cities of Colombia measured through three instruments: Faux Pas Test, Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test and moral dilemmas. Significant differences were found in the Faux Pas and in the eye test. It is concluded that people with TBI evaluated have an alteration in the theory of the mind and an average performance in emotional recognition and moral dilemmas.
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Teoria da Mente , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas , Cognição Social , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais , Pacientes/psicologia , Pesquisa , Encéfalo , Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental , Julgamento , MoralRESUMO
Resumen Los trastornos del ciclo circadiano vigilia-sueño son primarios y secundarios. Los primarios o intrínsecos son menos frecuentes (31%) que los secundarios o extrínsecos pero más rápido diagnosticados y tratados (69%). Los primarios se deben a alteraciones intrínsecas anatómico y/o funcionales del ciclo circadiano sueño-vigilia. Su tratamiento está bien definido en caso de que exista. Los trastornos del sueño secundarios son alteraciones extrínsecas del sueño de origen adquirido cuyo diagnóstico de certeza es más clínico que polisomnográfico y su tratamiento dirigido a la condición asociada así como a la manifestación anormal onírica. Aunque las secundarias son más comunes que las primarias (69% contra 31%) se diagnostican y tratan menos que las primarias. Cuando no se diagnostican y tratan correctamente inducen problemas significativos emocionales, conductuales y cognoscitivos en niños y adolescentes comparados con aquellos sin tales sin trastornos del sueño. El propósito de esta revisión es que los pediatras generales, pediatras neurólogos y paidopsiquiatras tengan en mente la alta incidencia de los trastornos secundarios del sueño en niños con enfermedades neurológicas y que pregunten a los padres y pacientes sobre la calidad del sueño de sus hijos y realicen un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz para evitar consecuencias en algunos casos fatales.
Abstract The disorders of the circadian cycle sleep-wake are primary and secondary. The primary or intrinsic are less frequent (31%) than the secondary or extrinsic but early diagnosed and treated (69%). The primary intrinsic alterations are due to anatomical and/or functional process circadian rhythm sleep-wake cycle. Its treatment is well defined in case it exists. The secondary sleep alterations are extrinsic and their diagnosis is more clinical than polysomnographic and its treatment directed to the associated condition as well as the manifestation abnormal sleep. Although the secondary are more common than the primary (69% vs. 31%) they are diagnosed and treated less than the primaries. When not properly diagnosed and treated induce significant problems with emotional, behavioral and cognitive changes in children and adolescents compared with those without sleep disorders. The purpose of this review is that the general pediatricians, pediatric neurologists and pediatric psychiatric bear in mind the high incidence of side effects of sleep disorders in children with neurological diseases and to ask parents and patients about the quality of sleep of their children and adolescents and make a diagnosis and early treatment to avoid fatal consequences in some cases.
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Criança , Adolescente , Doenças Neuromusculares , Transtorno do Comportamento do Sono REMRESUMO
Oligodendroglial cell changes in human traumatic brain injuries and hydrocephalus have been reviewed and compared with experimental brain edema. Resting unreactive oligodendrocytes, reactive oligodendrocytes, anoxic-ischemic oligodendrocytes, hyperthrophic phagocytic oligodendrocytes, and apoptotic oligodendrocytes are found. Anoxic-ischemic oligodendrocytes exhibit enlargement of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and enlargement and disassembly of nuclear envelope. They appear in contact with degenerated myelinated axons. Hypertrophic phagocytic oligodendrocytes engulf degenerated myelinated axons exerting myelinolytic effects. A continuum oncotic and apoptotic cell death type leading to necrosis is observed. The vasogenic and cytotoxic components of brain edema are discussed in relation to oligodendroglial cell changes and reactivity.
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Edema Encefálico/patologia , Lesões Encefálicas/patologia , Hidrocefalia/patologia , Oligodendroglia/ultraestrutura , Animais , HumanosRESUMO
El trauma craneoencefálico severo representa por lo menos la mitad de las muertes relacionadas con trauma, la patofisiología celular y clínica esta extensamente estudiada y documentada, las opciones de monitorización y tratamiento constituyen los paradigmas actualmente para la el progreso en la sobrevida disminuyendo la probabilidad de secuelas, junto con los principios de manejo general que incluyen entre otros el control de la temperatura, tensión arterial, sedación, ventilación, nutrición hacen posible la calidad en la atención de nuestros pacientes.
Severe brain trauma accounts for at least half of the deaths related to trauma, cellular pathophysiology and clinic it is extensively studied and documented , the monitoring and treatment options are currently paradigms for progress in decreasing the likelihood of survival sequels along with general management principles which include among others the temperature control, blood pressure, sedation, ventilation, nutrition enables quality care for our patients.
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Humanos , Hipertensão Intracraniana/terapia , Monitorização Fisiológica/métodos , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/cirurgia , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/complicações , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais/fisiopatologia , Diagnóstico por Imagem/métodos , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Assistência Pré-HospitalarRESUMO
El síndrome postconmocional consiste en una triada de síntomas físicos, cognitivos y psicológicos que ocurren después de un trauma craneoencefálico y que pueden causar una incapacidad ocupacional o social significativa. Tal síndrome es un trastorno muy presente y relevante en la actividad forense, que suele acompañar a los traumatismos craneoncefálicos, principalmente a los de leve intensidad, los cuales ocasionan un grave problema de salud por ser causa tanto de mortalidad como de repercusiones por discapacidad especialmente en gente joven. Pese a las investigaciones realizadas, aún no existe una definición conceptual clara y no se cuenta con criterios válidos universalmente aceptados, por lo que se pretende realizar una revisión del tema y brindar recomendaciones al momento de realizar la valoración médico legal de tal síndrome.
The postconcussion syndrome is a triad of physical, cognitive and psychological symptoms that occur after a head trauma and can cause significant social or occupational disability. Such syndrome is a very present and relevant in forensic activity disorder that often accompanies trauma craneoncefálicos, mainly mild, which cause a serious health problem cause of both mortality and disability impact especially young people. Despite investigations, there is still no clear conceptual definition and there is no universally accepted criteria valid, so it aims to review the issue and make recommendations at the time of the forensic assessment of such syndrome.
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Humanos , Traumatismos Craniocerebrais , Medicina LegalRESUMO
Objetivo: Analisar os traumas da face sob a ótica do Código Penal Brasileiro caracterizando as qualificadoras da lesão corporal em decorrência de violência doméstica, artigo 129 do Código Penal, e de suas alterações com a Lei Maria da Penha. Metodologia: Um caso de violência contra a mulher foi relatado e, partindo deste caso, foi realizada uma discussão com base na legislação brasileira vigente, referente ao tema. Conclusão: Conclui-se que mesmo com todas essas mudanças na legislação, o Brasil avançou muito pouco. A violência domestica contra a mulher ainda tem muito a ser vencida, até mesmo por estar ligada a um fator cultural muito forte e difícil de desprender na sociedade... (AU)
Obective: To analyze facial traumas from the perspective of the Brazilian Penal Code, characterizing the bodily injury caused by domestic violence, Article 129 of the Penal Code, and its changes resulting from the Maria da Penha Act. Methodology: A case of violence against a woman was reported, which served as the starting point for a discussion on the current Brazilian legislation on the issue. Conclusion: It was concluded that despite all the changes in the legislation, Brazil has made very little progress in this area. Much remains to be done in the fight against domestic violence targeting women, particularly since the latter involves a strong cultural factor that is difficult to eliminate from Brazilian society... (AU)
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Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Palato/lesões , Ferimentos por Arma de Fogo , Face/cirurgia , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas , Traumatismos MaxilofaciaisRESUMO
El manejo del paciente con injuria cerebral aguda ha tenido grandes avances en la última década. Neurocirujanos y Neurointensivistas cuentan cada vez con más y mejores métodos de monitoreo que colaboran en la prevención del daño secundario. A pesar de esto, aún no contamos con consensos que permiten decidir cual método de monitoreo utilizar en cada patología en particular. Estamos en permanente revisión para definir cuál es el método más preciso y efectivo en la medición de datos de relevancia que permitan aplicar una terapéutica más racionalmente orientada. Esta revisión ha llegado al punto de cuestionar la efectividad del monitoreo de la Presión Intracraneana en el Trauma Encéfalo Craneano Grave. Más allá de la relevancia de los cambios inflamatorios que alteran la presión intracraneana, la pérdida de la autorregulación determina un alto riesgo de complicaciones en la primera semana del paciente neurocrítico, independientemente de la causa de injuria primaria. Los trastornos del Flujo Sanguíneo Cerebral (FSC) subyacentes parecen jugar un papel de importancia en la generación del daño secundario. A fin de poder monitorear estos eventos potencialmente nocivos, se han desarrollado métodos de medición indirecta del FSC como el Doppler transcraneano (DTC), Saturación Yugular de Oxígeno (SayO2), Espectrometría Cercana al Infrarrojo (Near infrared) y Presión Tisular de Oxígeno (PtiO2) En esta revisión focalizaremos nuestra atención en describir las evidencias en la utilidad de la SayO2 como método de monitoreo y como guía de tratamiento
The management of patients with acute brain injury has made great advances in the last decade. Neurosurgeons and Neurointensivists have more and better monitoring methods which cooperate in the prevention of secondary damage. Despite this, we still have not consensus on deciding which monitoring method is going to be used in each particular pathology.We are constantly reviewing of which method is more accurate and effective in measuring relevant data to help guiding a therapy more rationally oriented. This ongoing review has reached the point of questioning the effectiveness of monitoring of Intracranial Pressure in Severe Trauma Brain Injury. Beyond the relevance of inflammatory changes with changes in intracranial pressure, the loss of autoregulation determines a high risk of complications in the first week of neurocritical patients, regardless the cause of the primary injury. Disorders of Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) underlying seem to play an important role in the generation of secondary damage. In order to monitor these potentially harmful events there have been developed indirect measurement methods FSC and transcranial Doppler (TCD), Jugular Oxygen Saturation (SayO2) Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Tissue Oxygen Pressure (PtiO2) In this review we will focus on describing the evidence on the usefulness of the SayO2 as a method to guide monitoring and treatment
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Humanos , Hemorragia Subaracnóidea , Encefalopatias , Hemorragias Intracranianas , Lesões Encefálicas TraumáticasRESUMO
The patient with head trauma is a challenge for the emergency physician and for the neurosurgeon. Currently traumatic brain injury constitutes a public health problem. Knowledge of the various therapeutic strategies to provide support in the prehospital and perioperative are essential for optimal care. Rapid infusion of large volumes of crystalloids to restore blood volume and blood pressure quickly is now the standard treatment for patients with combined TBI and HS The fluid in patients with brain and especially in the carrier of brain injury is a critical topic; we present a review of the literature about the history, physiology of current fluid preparations, and a discussion regard the use of fluid therapy in traumatic brain injury and decompressive craniectomy.
RESUMO
La rehabilitación neuropsicológica es un área de la neuropsicología aplicada que se encarga de la intervención de los procesos cognitivos alterados, permitiendo un mejor nivel de procesamiento de información y una mayor adaptación funcional del paciente con daño neurológico adquirido. En este artículo se describen algunas generalidades de esta terapia y se exponen los principios básicos para el diseño y aplicación de programas de rehabilitación neuropsicológica. De igual forma, se revisan y detallan las técnicas más empleadas para la intervención de alteraciones cognitivas en atención, memoria, funciones ejecutivas y percepción visual, además se presentan algunos conceptos sobre la terapia de la conducta, su aplicación y utilidad durante la rehabilitación de los pacientes con lesión cerebral. La rehabilitación neuropsicológica es en la actualidad una herramienta terapéutica útil para pacientes con alteraciones neuropsicológicas secundarias a daños cerebrales, ya que permite mejorar el desempeño funcional y aumenta la calidad de vida del paciente y su familia.
Neuropsychological rehabilitation is an area of applied neuropsychology that intervenes over altered cognitive processes, allowing a higher level of information processing and functional adaptation of the patient with acquired brain disfunction. The present article describes some observations of the mentioned therapy, and presents the basic principles for the design and application of neuropsychological rehabilitation programs. In addition, it revises and gives details about the most frequently used techniques in the intervention of cognitive disfunction in attention, memory, executive functions, and visual perception. It also presents concepts about behavior therapy, and its applicability and utility during the rehabilitation of patients with brain disfunction. Nowadays, neuropsychological rehabilitation is a useful therapeutic tool for patients with secondary neuropsychological alterations due to brain damage, so that it allows improving in functionality and a higher quality of life for both, the patient and his family.
RESUMO
Intracranial hypertension is the largest cause of death in young patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Decompressive craniectomy is part of the second level measures for the management of increased intracranial pressure refractory to medical management as moderate hypothermia and barbiturate coma. The literature lack of concepts is their indications. We present a review on the state of the art.