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Legume plants develop two types of root postembryonic organs, lateral roots and symbiotic nodules, using shared regulatory components. The module composed by the microRNA390, the Trans-Acting SIRNA3 (TAS3) RNA and the Auxin Response Factors (ARF)2, ARF3, and ARF4 (miR390/TAS3/ARFs) mediates the control of both lateral roots and symbiotic nodules in legumes. Here, a transcriptomic approach identified a member of the Lateral Organ Boundaries Domain (LBD) family of transcription factors in Medicago truncatula, designated MtLBD17/29a, which is regulated by the miR390/TAS3/ARFs module. ChIP-PCR experiments evidenced that MtARF2 binds to an Auxin Response Element present in the MtLBD17/29a promoter. MtLBD17/29a is expressed in root meristems, lateral root primordia, and noninfected cells of symbiotic nodules. Knockdown of MtLBD17/29a reduced the length of primary and lateral roots and enhanced lateral root formation, whereas overexpression of MtLBD17/29a produced the opposite phenotype. Interestingly, both knockdown and overexpression of MtLBD17/29a reduced nodule number and infection events and impaired the induction of the symbiotic genes Nodulation Signaling Pathway (NSP) 1 and 2. Our results demonstrate that MtLBD17/29a is regulated by the miR390/TAS3/ARFs module and a direct target of MtARF2, revealing a new lateral root regulatory hub recruited by legumes to act in the root nodule symbiotic program.
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Medicago truncatula , Proteínas de Plantas , Nodulação , Raízes de Plantas , Fatores de Transcrição , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Medicago truncatula/genética , Medicago truncatula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Medicago truncatula/microbiologia , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Nodulação/genética , Raízes de Plantas/genética , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Nódulos Radiculares de Plantas/genética , Nódulos Radiculares de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Simbiose/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genéticaRESUMO
Do different medico-scientific understandings of autoimmune inflammation, whose carriers disobediently promote the therapeutic use of immunostimulants, have the potential to destabilize the hegemony of the standard palliative treatment based on immunosuppression? Here I explore whether and how medical paradigms in Brazil develop and expand around immunopathologies through practices of exclusion and inclusion in the context of global circulation of knowledges, therapies, and regulatory frameworks. While focusing on concurrent immunotherapeutic models within biomedicine, I discuss aspects of legal-epistemological frictions that animate controversies in which distinct ways of co-producing medical evidence affect and are affected by the biomedical establishment.
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Conhecimento , Humanos , Brasil , Antropologia MédicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In eastern Neotropical South America, the Cerrado, a large savanna vegetation, and the Atlantic Forest harbour high biodiversity levels, and their habitats are rather different from each other. The biomes have intrinsic evolutionary relationships, with high lineage exchange that can be attributed, in part, to a large contact zone between them. The genomic study of ecotypes, i.e. populations adapted to divergent habitats, can be a model to study the genomic signatures of ecological divergence. Here, we investigated two ecotypes of the tree Plathymenia reticulata, one from the Cerrado and the other from the Atlantic Forest, which have a hybrid zone in the ecotonal zone of Atlantic Forest-Cerrado. METHODS: The ecotypes were sampled in the two biomes and their ecotone. The evolutionary history of the divergence of the species was analysed with double-digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing. The genetic structure and the genotypic composition of the hybrid zone were determined. Genotype-association analyses were performed, and the loci under putative selection and their functions were investigated. KEY RESULTS: High divergence between the two ecotypes was found, and only early-generation hybrids were found in the hybrid zone, suggesting a partial reproductive barrier. Ancient introgression between the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest was not detected. The soil and climate were associated with genetic divergence in Plathymenia ecotypes and outlier loci were found to be associated with the stress response, with stomatal and root development and with reproduction. CONCLUSIONS: The high genomic, ecological and morphophysiological divergence between ecotypes, coupled with partial reproductive isolation, indicate that the ecotypes represent two species and should be managed as different evolutionary lineages. We advise that the forest species should be re-evaluated and restated as vulnerable. Our results provide insights into the genomic mechanisms underlying the diversification of species across savanna and forest habitats and the evolutionary forces acting in the species diversification in the Neotropics.
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Pradaria , Árvores , Árvores/genética , Florestas , Ecossistema , Genômica , Genética PopulacionalRESUMO
Background: The anterior wall of the cavernous sinus (CS) represents an important landmark for endoscopic surgery that although mentioned before, no precise anatomical boundaries have been described. We describe the anatomical landmarks that delimit the anterior wall of the CS, emphasizing its importance as a reference for accessing the CS through endoscopic approaches. Methods: Six adult cadaveric heads fixed with formaldehyde and injected with colored silicone were studied. In all the heads, an endonasal endoscopic approach to the sellar and parasellar regions was performed and the anatomy of the anterior wall of the CS was studied. Results: Four consistent anatomical landmarks that mark the limits of the anterior wall of the CS were found in all the specimens: anterosuperiorly, the lateral opticocarotid recess; posterosuperiorly, the medial opticocarotid recess; anteroinferiorly, the inferior part of the maxillary strut; and posteroinferiorly, the superolateral angle of the clival recess. Conclusion: It is of paramount importance to recognize the anatomical landmarks that define the limits of the anterior wall of the CS to achieve a safe access to this so complex region.
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The superconducting state properties of the CuBa2Ca3Cu4O10+δ (Cu-1234) system, with a transition temperature as high as 117.5 K, were investigated. The ac magnetic susceptibility measurements confirmed a very sharp transition to the superconducting state. The upper critical field, Hc2, as high as 91 T, and the irreversibility field, Hirr, as high as 21 T at 77 K, were determined using dc SQUID magnetization measurements. The intragrain critical current density, jc, estimated from a magnetic hysteresis loop, is as high as 5 × 109 A/m2 in a self-generated magnetic field at 77 K. However, the intergrain critical current density in the studied material is smaller by four orders of magnitude due to very weak intergrain connections.
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Bark allows species to survive fire, protecting their inner tissues and allowing new branches to resprout from aerial buds. Thus, bark production is likely to be selected with aerial bud protection in fire-prone ecosystems. By considering the coexistence of fire-prone and fire-free ecosystems, in addition to the different impacts of flames on different growth forms, in this study we tested whether: (1) species from areas with higher fire frequencies have a faster bark production; (2) bark growth rate differs between trees and shrubs; (3) generalists adjust their bark production according to their environment (fire-prone or fire-free ecosystems); and (4) fast bark production results in better aerial bud protection. METHODS: We sampled two different types of forests and savannas in the Cerrado and registered every woody individual with height between 1.5 and 3 m tall (directly exposed to the flames). For the 123 species registered, we sampled three different individuals in each vegetation type where the species occurred to assess their bark production and aerial bud protection. We then checked, for each species, their preferred habitat (savanna and forest specialists or generalists) and their predominant growth form. KEY RESULTS: A minimal threshold of 0.13 mm per growth unit of bark production differentiated woody communities from savannas and forests. Shrubs and trees did not differ in terms of bark growth rate, despite being exposed to the flames in a different manner. Generalist species in savannas were able to produce bark above the threshold. However, when these species were in forests they produced bark below the threshold. Finally, a higher bark growth rate accounted for a better aerial bud protection. CONCLUSIONS: Generalist species are likely to be capable of displaying plasticity in their bark production, which could be important for their success in contrasting ecosystems. The relationship between aerial bud protection and bark growth rate suggests that bark production plays an important role in protecting the dormant buds, in addition to being selected in fire-prone ecosystems.
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Ecossistema , Incêndios , Pradaria , Casca de Planta , Florestas , ÁrvoresRESUMO
Background: Marine species constitute commercially important resources, and knowledge about mechanisms that shape phylogeographic patterns and genetic structure provides valuable information for conservation. The dolphinfish, Coryphaena hippurus, is one of the most important species caught in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP). However, the lack of consensus about the existence of genetically differentiated populations in the area has hindered the adoption of management strategies to ensure its viability. Methods: We assessed genetic variation and phylogeographic structure using two mitochondrial genes and 14 nuclear DNA microsatellite loci. Population genetic tools were used to characterize the spatial distribution of genetic variation of C. hippurus in the TEP, evaluate the extent of connectivity between dolphinfish populations, infer potential barriers to gene flow, and test for signals of contemporary and historical demographic expansions. Results: Mitochondrial DNA sequences showed genetic homogeneity across locations in the TEP, as well as a strong signal of population expansion dated to the late Pleistocene. In contrast, nuclear microsatellite markers resolved four genetically distinct groups with a remarked genetic differentiation between the most distant locations, at the northern and southern boundaries of the species' range. High mean genetic diversity was found at all localities (Hs = 0.66-0.81). Notwithstanding, positive F IS and low effective population size (Ne = 77.9-496.4) were also recorded. Conclusions: The distribution of genetic variation could be related to expansion-contraction cycles following seasonal temperature changes at transitional areas, promoting population subdivisions. However, we cannot rule out the effect of oceanographic dynamics to the observed patterns. Although this marine species remains highly abundant despite commercial exploitation, the low Ne values are of conservation concern and must be considered in fishery management plans.
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Deriva Genética , Perciformes , Animais , Genética Populacional , Filogeografia , Perciformes/genética , Densidade DemográficaRESUMO
Recent reports indicate that the health of our planet is getting worse and that genuine transformative changes are pressing. So far, efforts to ameliorate Earth's ecosystem crises have been insufficient, as these often depart from current knowledge of the underlying ecological processes. Nowadays, biodiversity loss and the alterations in biogeochemical cycles are reaching thresholds that put the survival of our species at risk. Biological interactions are fundamental for achieving biological conservation and restoration of ecological processes, especially those that contribute to nutrient cycles. Microorganism are recognized as key players in ecological interactions and nutrient cycling, both free-living and in symbiotic associations with multicellular organisms. This latter assemblage work as a functional ecological unit called "holobiont." Here, we review the emergent ecosystem properties derived from holobionts, with special emphasis on detritivorous terrestrial arthropods and their symbiotic microorganisms. We revisit their relevance in the cycling of recalcitrant organic compounds (e.g., lignin and cellulose). Finally, based on the interconnection between biodiversity and nutrient cycling, we propose that a multicellular organism and its associates constitute an Ecosystem Holobiont (EH). This EH is the functional unit characterized by carrying out key ecosystem processes. We emphasize that in order to meet the challenge to restore the health of our planet it is critical to reduce anthropic pressures that may threaten not only individual entities (known as "bionts") but also the stability of the associations that give rise to EH and their ecological functions.
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With about 68 recognized living species, subterranean rodents of the genus Ctenomys are found in a multiplicity of habitats, from the dunes of the Atlantic coast to the Andes Mountains, including environments ranging from humid steppes of Pampas to the dry deserts of Chaco region. However, this genus needs an exhaustive reevaluation of its systematic and phylogenetic relationships regarding the different groups that compose it. This knowledge is essential to propose biodiversity conservation strategies both at species level and at higher hierarchical levels. In order to clarify the taxonomy and the recent evolutionary history from populations of Ctenomys in the Pampas region, Argentina, phylogenetic relationships among them were evaluated using mitochondrial DNA sequences: gene encoding cytochrome b protein (1,140 bp) and the non-coding D-loop region (434 bp). To infer the divergence times inside the Ctenomys clade, a Bayesian calibrate tree using fossil remains data from different families within Caviomorpha was performed at first. Secondly, that calibration data was used as priors in a new Bayesian phylogenetic inference within the genus Ctenomys. This phylogenetic tree emphasized on species currently distributed on the Pampas region, more precisely considering both the talarum and mendocinus groups. Bayesian inferences (BI) were integrated with the results of a Maximum Likelihood approach (ML). Based on these results, the distributional limits of the mendocinus and talarum groups appear to be related to the physiognomy of the Pampas region soils. On the other hand, the validity of C. pundti complex as a differentiated species of C. talarum is debated. According to previous evidence from morphological and chromosomal studies, these results show a very low divergence between those species that originally were classified within the talarum group. Mitochondrial DNA sequences from populations associated with these putative species have not recovered as reciprocal monophyletic groups in the phylogenetic analyses. In conclusion, C. talarum and C. pundti complex might be considered as the same biological species, or lineages going through a recent or incipient differentiation process. The results obtained in this study have important implications for conservation policies and practices, since both species are currently categorized as Vulnerable and Endangered, respectively.
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A partial rbcL sequence of the lectotype specimen of Corallina berteroi shows that it is the earliest available name for C. ferreyrae. Multilocus species delimitation analyses (ABGD, SPN, GMYC, bPTP, and BPP) using independent or concatenated COI, psbA, and rbcL sequences recognized one, two, or three species in this complex, but only with weak support for each species hypothesis. Conservatively, we recognize a single worldwide species in this complex of what appears to be multiple, evolving populations. Included in this species, besides C. ferreyrae, are C. caespitosa, the morphologically distinct C. melobesioides, and, based on a partial rbcL sequence of the holotype specimen, C. pinnatifolia. Corallina berteroi, not C. officinalis, is the cosmopolitan temperate species found thus far in the NE Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, warm temperate NW Atlantic and NE Pacific, cold temperate SW Atlantic (Falkland Islands), cold and warm temperate SE Pacific, NW Pacific and southern Australia. Also proposed is C. yendoi sp. nov. from Hokkaido, Japan, which was recognized as distinct by 10 of the 13 species discrimination analyses, including the multilocus BPP.
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Rodófitas , Japão , Mar Mediterrâneo , Filogenia , Rodófitas/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Planetary boundaries (PB) is a novel conceptual framework that assesses the state of processes fundamental to the stability of the Earth system. Studies argue a non-linear relationship between economy and environmental degradation, known as the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). We postulate this inverted-U association between PB and economic output in a worldwide sample. This paper, therefore, examines the correlation between changes in environmental conditions and global economic growth, incorporating the growth rate of key control variables (population, financial development, merchandise trade and regulations). Thus, we intend to identify and address the main gaps in these EKC studies and analyse the impacts of worldwide economic growth on global environmental change. PB variables are identified as the more integrated perspective with regard to this change. These planetary boundaries include various proxies: global CO2 concentration as a climate change proxy, threatened species for biodiversity loss, the total ozone for ozone depletion, mean surface ocean hydrogen ion concentration for ocean acidification and global fertiliser consumption for biochemical cycles. Under this integrated perspective, the EKC hypothesis is supported for climate change and ocean acidification panels using a dynamic system generalized method of moments (GMM) approach. Meanwhile, biochemical cycles, ozone depletion and freshwater use, land change and biodiversity loss boundaries do not support the existence of the EKC shape using the same methodology. The results provide an additional and novel view to be factored into the decisions of policymaker and investment institutions to contribute to sustainable development in all countries.
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Dióxido de Carbono , Água do Mar , Desenvolvimento Econômico , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Investimentos em SaúdeRESUMO
Hybridizing species provide a powerful system to identify the processes that shape genomic variation and maintain species boundaries. However, complex histories of isolation, gene flow, and selection often generate heterogeneous genomic landscapes of divergence that complicate reconstruction of the speciation history. Here, we explore patterns of divergence to reconstruct recent speciation in the erato clade of Heliconius butterflies. We focus on the genomic landscape of divergence across three contact zones of the species H. erato and H. himera. We show that these hybridizing species have an intermediate level of divergence in the erato clade, which fits with their incomplete levels of reproductive isolation. Using demographic modeling and the relationship between admixture and divergence with recombination rate variation, we reconstruct histories of gene flow, selection, and demographic change that explain the observed patterns of genomic divergence. We find that periods of isolation and selection within populations, followed by secondary contact with asymmetrical gene flow are key factors in shaping the heterogeneous genomic landscapes. Collectively, these results highlight the effectiveness of demographic modeling and recombination rate estimates to disentangling the distinct contributions of gene flow and selection to patterns of genomic divergence.
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Borboletas , Animais , Borboletas/genética , Fluxo Gênico , Especiação Genética , Genoma , Isolamento ReprodutivoRESUMO
Introducción: La gestión pública ha adquirido nuevas características, producto de cambio en la forma en que se aborda la gobernanza. Conforme las áreas temáticas, niveles y escalas de esa gestión se ha expandido, la administración pública se tornado más compleja, requiriendo nuevos enfoques. Si bien el derecho del mar y la tesis de que la tierra domina el mar, no son nuevas, lo cierto es que fue con la Convención de Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar, de 1982, que se formaliza e institucionalizan los espacios bajo jurisdicción del Estado ribereño. Ello ha generado nuevo desafíos y retos para los gobiernos, pues no solo se extiende la soberanía territorial sobre una extensa porción del mar, sino que se asumen responsabilidades en nombre de la comunidad internacional. Objetivo: Como se trata de una cuestión que vincula la gestión pública con la normativa del derecho del mar en materia de delimitación y administración de fronteras; por lo que en esta revisión se busca plantear una aproximación a un asunto sobre el cual se ha explorado poco. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura sobre gestión pública de fronteras considerando el caso de las fronteras marítimas, identificando jurisprudencia internacional y acciones implementadas por Costa Rica. Resultados: En la porción terrestre la gestión de fronteras muestra un desarrollo importante; no así en los espacios marítimos. La jurisdicción es diferente en cada uno de esos espacios, por lo que la gestión pública debe tener en cuenta esas particularidades. Pero, las cosas se complican cuando se trata del espacio fronterizo, porque en este converge lo marino y lo marítimo, pero también diversos intereses, por la naturaleza del espacio marino. Por consiguiente, es necesario reconocer que la gestión de fronteras marítimas no es tan sencilla como trasladar lo que se hace en tierra al mar. Cuando el límite fue definido por un tratado bilateral, existen disposiciones particulares que facilitan la coordinación y cooperación transfronteriza; por eso se utilizó como referencia el caso Costa Rica y Nicaragua en el océano Pacífico, pues en este caso la línea divisoria la estableció la Corte Internacional de Justicia, lo que provoca un trazado que no necesariamente es satisfactorio para los actores involucrados. Conclusiones: las diferencias en la gestión de fronteras entre lo terrestre y lo marítimo, sumado a la forma en que se definió el límite entre los dos países, ha dificultado la implementación de la gestión pública por parte de Costa Rica, que es la experiencia más conocida en la región sobre políticas y gestión marina-marítima.
Introduction: Public management has acquired new characteristics because of change in the way governance is approached. As the subject areas, levels and scales of this management have expanded, public administration has become more complex, requiring new approaches. Although the Law of the Sea and the thesis that the land dominates the sea are not new, the truth is that it was with the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea, of 1982, that the areas under the jurisdiction of the coastal States were formalized and institutionalized. This has generated new challenges for the governments, since not only does territorial sovereignty extend over a large portion of the sea, but new responsibilities are assumed on behalf of the international community. Objective: The matter links public management with the regulations of the Law of the Sea regarding the delimitation and administration of boundaries. Therefore, this review proposes an approach to a matter that has not been explored enough. Methods: A review of the literature on public border management was made, considering the case of maritime boundaries, identifying international jurisprudence -especially of the International Court of Justice- and actions implemented by Costa Rica. Results: in the land portion, border management shows important development; this is not the case in the maritime spaces. The jurisdiction is different in each of these spaces, so public management must take these particularities into account. Things get complicated when it comes to the border area, because in it the marine and the maritime converge, but also different interests, due to the nature of the marine space. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize that the management of maritime boundaries is not as simple as moving what is done on land to the sea. When the limit was defined by a bilateral treaty, some provisions facilitate cross-border coordination and cooperation. For this reason, the case of Costa Rica and Nicaragua in the Pacific Ocean was used as a reference, since in this case the dividing line was established by the International Court of Justice, which causes a layout that is not necessarily satisfactory for the actors involved. Conclusions: the differences in border management between land and sea, in addition to how the boundary between the two countries is defined, has made it difficult for Costa Rica to implement public management, which is the best-known experience in the region on marine-maritime policies and management.
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Áreas de Fronteira , Direito Marítimo , Costa Rica , NicaráguaRESUMO
O yoga partiu do Oriente e foi apropriado pelo Ocidente, transita entre a tradição e a pesquisa, intersecta a Ciência e a Religião, oscilando entre o profano e o sagrado. Vem deixando para trás a invisibilidade social para se tornar uma prática comum. Pode ser compreendido como escola filosófica e, ao mesmo tempo, uma prática mente-corpo reconhecida pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) delineando, assim, zonas de contato e fronteiras simbólicas com vários campos do saber. Na contemporaneidade vem sendo discutido nas áreas das Ciências Sociais e Humanas. Este artigo ensaístico traz reflexões sobre como o yoga vem sendo abordado pelos campos da Saúde, Religião, Filosofia, Arte, Educação, Antropologia e Sociologia, e discute o desenvolvimento do yoga como objeto de fronteiras.(AU)
El yoga partió de Oriente y fue apropiado por Occidente, transita entre la tradición y la investigación, realiza una intersección entre la ciencia y la religión, oscilando entre lo profano y lo sagrado. Ha dejado para atrás la invisibilidad social para convertirse en una práctica común. Puede comprenderse como escuela filosófica y, al mismo tiempo, una práctica mente-cuerpo reconocida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, delineando de esa forma zonas de contacto y fronteras simbólicas con varios campos del saber. En la contemporaneidad se ha discutido en las áreas de las ciencias sociales y humanas. Este artículo ensayístico brinda reflexiones sobre cómo el yoga ha sido abordado por los campos de la salud, religión, filosofía, arte, educación, antropología y sociología y discute el desarrollo del yoga como objeto de fronteras.(AU)
Yoga originated in the East and was appropriated by the West. It transits between tradition and research, intersects science and religion, oscillating among the profane and the sacred. It has morphed from social invisibility into a mainstream practice. It can be comprehended as a philosophical school, as well as a mind-body practice recognized by the World Health Organization, generating contact zones and symbolic frontiers with different fields of knowledge. In contemporary times it is discussed by the social and human sciences. This essay offers reflections on how yoga has been approached by the fields of health, religion, philosophy, art, education, anthropology and sociology, and discusses the development of yoga as an object of boundaries.(AU)
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Humanos , Yoga , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Educação , Terapias Complementares/tendênciasRESUMO
AIM: To understand how disturbance-here defined as a transient reduction in competition-can shape plant distributions along elevation gradients. Theory suggests that disturbance may increase elevation ranges, especially at the lower range limits, through reduced competitive exclusion. Nevertheless, to date this relationship remains unclear. LOCATION: Mountains of Costa Rica. METHODS: We compared the elevation range of woody stems over 10 cm dbh ("trees") observed in plots along two transects spanning a range of elevations in secondary (regrowth) and old-growth forest (409 and 249 species, respectively). We also estimated these elevation ranges using nationwide data. In addition, we examined the influence of stem size and plot scale basal area (as a measure of competition) on species elevation range limits in the two gradients. RESULTS: In general, tree species ranges increased with elevation. Species in the secondary forest had broader elevation ranges (100-318 m broader than species in the old-growth forest; Wilcoxon: p-value <.001). Also, in the secondary transect, individuals with greater diameters had broader elevation ranges than those observed as smaller trees (137 m broader; Kruskal-Wallis: p-value = .03). The lower range limit of species occurred more frequently in plots with lower (vs. higher) basal area than expected by chance in both forest types. We also observed higher elevation upper limits in old growth, but not in secondary forests, with lower (vs. higher) basal area. MAIN CONCLUSION: Disturbance relaxes the constraints imposed by competition and extends effective elevation ranges of species, particularly those in secondary forest, to warmer and cooler climates (minimum increase equivalent to about 0.6-1.4°C). Thus, suitable disturbance may assist species persistence under climate change. We believe this is the first study indicating a consistent relation between disturbance and woody plant species distributions along elevation gradients.
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Scientists warn that human activity in the Anthropocene is causing the transgression of several planetary boundaries. The population/environment/development equation has become insoluble. This paper reviews the trajectory of climate change and discusses the shortcomings of ongoing efforts to address it. It analyzes the current crisis in global governance, fostered by widespread disenchantment with globalization, and reflects on the risks that the resulting political imbroglio presents for our environmental future. Global responses are ineffective due to crumbling multilaterism and the continuing promotion of unsustainable economic growth based on consumerism. Discontent with the consequences of globalization has destabilized national governance and, in the process, further corroded prospects for effective global governance in facing symbiotic social, political and environmental crises. Frustration with globalization is providing media populists a platform from which to attract voters with naive schemes that highlight climate change denial. Potential pathways and obstacles for multilateralism in efforts to resolve the current crisis are blurred. Blind faith in technology, negationism, and the pervasiveness of the consumer culture further hamper awareness raising. Unfortunately, voters, institutions and policies may only adjust when the intensification of climate disasters forces a sea change in outlook.
Os cientistas alertam para o fato de que a atividade humana no Antropoceno está provocando a transgressão de vários limites planetários. A equação população, meio ambiente e desenvolvimento ficou insolúvel. Este artigo revisa a trajetória das mudanças climáticas, discute as limitações dos esforços atuais para lidar com elas e analisa a atual crise na governança global, além de refletir sobre os riscos que esse imbróglio político apresenta para o nosso futuro ambiental. As respostas globais são ineficazes devido à deterioração do multilaterismo e à promoção generalizada do crescimento econômico insustentável baseado no consumismo. O descontentamento com as consequências da globalização desestabilizou a governança nacional e, no processo, corroeu ainda mais as perspectivas de uma governança global eficaz para enfrentar crises sociais, políticas e ambientais simbióticas. A frustração com a globalização está proporcionando aos populistas uma plataforma para atrair eleitores com esquemas ingênuos que incluem o negacionismo. Ao mesmo tempo, uma nova divisão do poder econômico, político e científico está surgindo com a Belt and Road Initiative da China. Discutem-se caminhos potenciais e obstáculos para o multilaterismo na tentativa de resolver esse dilema. A fé cega na tecnologia, o negacionismo e a difusão da cultura de consumo dificultam os esforços multilaterais contra as ameaças ambientais. Infelizmente, parece que eleitores, instituições e políticas só se ajustarão depois que a intensificação dos desastres climáticos forçar uma mudança radical de mentalidade.
Los científicos advierten que la actividad humana en el Antropoceno está provocando la transgresión de varios límites planetarios. La ecuación población, medio ambiente y desarrollo ha quedado insoluble. Este artículo revisa la trayectoria del cambio climático y discute las limitaciones de los esfuerzos actuales para lidiar con él. Analiza también la actual crisis en la gobernanza global y el desencanto generalizado que despierta y reflexiona sobre los riesgos que ese embrollo político presenta para nuestro futuro ambiental. Las respuestas globales son ineficaces debido al deterioro del multilaterismo y a la promoción continua del crecimiento económico insostenible basado en el consumismo. El descontento con las consecuencias de la globalización ha desestabilizado la gobernanza nacional y, en el proceso, ha corroído aún más las perspectivas de una gobernanza global eficaz para enfrentar crisis sociales, políticas y ambientales simbióticas. La frustración con las consecuencias de la globalización proporciona a los populistas una plataforma para atraer electores con esquemas ingenuos que incluyen la negación del cambio climático. Al mismo tiempo, surge una nueva división de poder económico, político e científico en torno de la Iniciativa Belt and Road de China. Se discuten caminos potenciales y obstáculos para el multilaterismo en el intento de resolver eses dilemas. La fe ciega en la tecnología, el negacionismo y la omnipresencia de la cultura de consumo dificultan la escalada necesaria de esfuerzos multilaterales. Desafortunadamente, votantes, instituciones y políticas solo se ajustarán cuando la intensificación de los desastres climáticos provocar un cambio radical de mentalidad.
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Humanos , Mudança Climática , Dissidências e Disputas , Internacionalidade , Aquecimento Global , Política Ambiental , Desastres Provocados pelo Homem , Saúde Ambiental , Políticas , Promoção da SaúdeRESUMO
En su libro Kate Raworth invita al lector a reflexionar sobre la pertinencia del paradigma económico dominante en el contexto de un planeta que muestra señales de agotamiento ecológico y ambiental. No se trata de un simple debate teórico; los datos empíricos indican que el capitalismo actual no es sostenible. Por medio del uso de la metáfora de una Dónut, la economista propone un cambio de la meta de crecimiento económico perpetuo en el cual se fundamenta el futuro de las sociedades. Es importante reemplazar el lenguaje de 'lo bueno es ir hacia adelante o hacia arriba' por uno que privilegie la búsqueda del equilibrio entre las necesidades humanas y los límites planetarios la Tierra.
Kate Raworth's book invites the reader to reflect on the relevance of the dominant economic paradigm in the context of a planet that suffers from ecological and environmental exhaustion. The implications of that debate are not solely theoretical; empirical data shows that contemporary capitalism is not sustainable. By introducing the metaphor of the doughnut, the economist suggests a shift in the goal of perpetual economic growth on which the future of societies is based. It is important to replace the language from 'good is forward-and-up' to 'good is in-balance' between human needs and the earthly limits of the Earth.
RESUMO
An integrative approach based on morphological and multilocus genetic data was used to describe a new species of Nematocharax from the headwaters of the upper Contas River on the Diamantina Plateau, north-eastern Brazil and to infer the relationships among evolutionary lineages within this fish genus. Multispecies coalescent inference using three mitochondrial and five nuclear loci strongly supports a basal split between Nematocharax venustus and the new species, whose distinctive morphological characters include absence of filamentous rays on pelvic fins of maturing and mature males, reduced anal-fin lobe length and lower body depth. The unique morphological and genetic traits of the population from the upper Contas River were supported by previous reports based on cytogenetics, DNA barcode and geometric morphometrics, reinforcing the validation of the new species. The conservation status of this new species is discussed.
Assuntos
Characidae/classificação , Variação Genética , Animais , Evolução Biológica , Brasil , Characidae/anatomia & histologia , Characidae/genética , Classificação/métodos , Masculino , Filogenia , Rios , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Resumen: La experiencia fuera del cuerpo (EFC), se define como una experiencia en la cual el "yo", o el centro de conciencia, parece ocupar una posición remota respecto a su propio cuerpo. Un problema en la evaluación de ciertas anomalías perceptuales que se extrapolan del contexto de la psiquiatría clínica es su excesiva dependencia a ciertos fenómenos alucinatorios. La hipótesis de la transliminalidad sugiere que la fuente inmediata de nuestras percepciones se procesa primero a un nivel inconsciente, luego a través del umbral de la conciencia. El constructo de "límite" permite comprender ciertos factores que subyacen en la variedad de las experiencias excepcionales, como las experiencias fuera del cuerpo. Se ponen a prueba tres hipótesis específicas: (1) personas que tienen experiencias fuera del cuerpo (EFC) tienen una mayor frecuencia de experiencias cognitivas anómalas (2) son más transliminales, (3) y tienen límites más "finos" en comparación con un grupo control (sin EFC). Cien individuos con EFC (47 %) fueron comparados con otros 111 que no tuvieron EFC (53 %), con un rango etario entre 18 a 83 años (M = 44,92; DT = 13,29). Individuos con EFC puntuaron más alto en experiencias anómalas, límites más finos, y alta transliminalidad, lo cual confirman las hipótesis. Este estudio concluye que las experiencias fuera del cuerpo representan la sensibilidad de un individuo debido a los límites permeables del yo. Esta sensibilidad, relacionada con ciertas diferencias fisiológicas en el procesamiento perceptual, puede también representar una forma de transliminalidad.
Abstract: Out-of-body experience (OBE) is an experience in which the "self", or center of awareness, seems to the person having the OBE to temporarily occupy a position spa tially remote from the body. A drawback of assessing perceptual anomalies by extrapolating exclusively from the context of clinical psychiatry is the overreliance on hallucinatory phenomena. Transliminality hypothesis suggests that the immediate source of our perceptions is not our eyes or our ears, but rather the subliminal consciousness: percepts are first processed at an unconscious level and then, usually speedily, they are presented across the threshold to consciousness. The boundary construct is highly valuable in terms of understanding the factors which underpin the varieties of exceptional experiences, such as out of body experiences. Three specific hypotheses are tested here: (1) people who report OBEs (experients) have a higher capacity for cognitive anomalous experiences (2) higher transliminality, (3) and thinner boundaries who score differently than control (non -experients). Participants who experienced OBEs (n= 100, 47%) were matched with participants who do not report OBEs (non experient, n= 111, 53%), ages ranged from 18 to 83 years old (M = 44.92; SD = 13.29). OBErs scored higher on anomalous experiences, higher on "thin" boundaries, high transliminality than for non-OBErs, which supported the three hypotheses. The paper discus ses OBE phenomena as an experient's sensitivity due to permeable ego boundaries. This sensitivity, may be related to some physiological differences in percep tual processing may also underly it.
Resumo: A experiência fora do corpo (EFC), se define como uma experiência na qual o "yo", o centro de consciência, parece ocupar uma posição remota quanto ao seu próprio corpo. Um problema na avaliação de certas anomalias perceptuelles que se extrapolam do contexto da psiquiatría clínica é su excesiva dependencia a ciertos fenómenos alucinatorios. A hipótese da tradução é sugerida por uma fonte imediata de nossas percepções se processar primeiro a um nível inconsciente, em seguida, através do umbral da consciência. O construto de "limite" permite compreender certos fatores que subentran na variedade de experiências excepcionais, como as experiências fora do corpo. (1) Penseis que tenham experiências fora do corpo (EFC) têm uma previsão de experiências cognitivas anómalas (2) son más transliminales, (3) e têm limites mais "finos" em comparação com un controle de grupo (sin EFC). Cien nos com EFC (47%) foram comparados com outros 111 que no tuvent EFC (53%), com um rango etario entre 18 a 83 años (M = 44,92; DT = 13,29). Individuos con EFC puntuaron más alto em experiências anómalas, limites mais finos, e alta transliminalidad, lo cual confirman as hipótesis. Este estudo conclui que as experiências fora do corpo representam a sensibilidade de um indivíduo a um limite de limites permeáveis do yo. Esta sensibilidade, relacionada com outras diferenças fisiológicas no processo de percepção, também é representativa de uma tradução de tradução.