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Bottled water has emerged as a possible healthier alternative due to concerns about the quality of drinking water sources. However, recent studies have detected worrying concentrations of environmental contaminants in bottled water, including microplastics. Therefore, it is an emerging need to quantify their concentrations in local suppliers which could differ among countries and regions. In this work, we used fluorescence microscopy with Nile Red for the identification and quantification of potential microplastics in twelve brands of bottled water distributed in the Santiago Metropolitan Region of Chile. The average concentration of microplastics was 391 ± 125 p L-1, while the highest concentration observed was 633 ± 33 p L-1. Microplastics between 5 and 20 µm were the major contributors, a size fraction that has been reported to be susceptible to accumulate in the digestive tract or generate potential alterations in the lymphatic and circulatory systems. The estimated daily intake value for per capita was estimated to be 229 p kg-1 year-1 for people weighing 65 kg and 198 p kg-1 year-1 for those weighing 75 kg.

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Introduction: The aim of the current study was to investigate associations between dental fluorosis in children living in low socioeconomic areas in Mexico, and fluoride concentrations in tap water, fluoride concentrations and in bottled water, and body mass index (BMI). Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 585 schoolchildren aged 8-12 years was conducted in communities in a southern state of Mexico with >0.7 parts per million (ppm) fluoride in the groundwater. The Thylstrup and Fejerskov index (TFI) was used to evaluate dental fluorosis, and the World Health Organization growth standards were used to calculate age-adjusted and sex-adjusted BMI Z-scores. A BMI Z-score ≤ -1 SD was used as the cut-off point for thinness, and multiple logistic regression models for dental fluorosis (TFI ≥ 4) were constructed. Results: The mean fluoride concentration in tap water was 1.39 ppm (SD 0.66), and the mean fluoride concentration in bottled water was 0.32 ppm (SD 0.23). Eighty-four children (14.39%) had a BMI Z-score ≤ -1 SD. More than half (56.1%) of the children presented with dental fluorosis in TFI categories ≥ 4. Children living in areas with higher fluoride concentrations in the tap water [odds ratio (OR) 1.57, p = 0.002] and bottled water (OR 3.03, p < .001) were more likely to have dental fluorosis in the severe categories (TFI ≥ 4). BMI Z-score was associated with the probability of dental fluorosis (TFI ≥ 4; OR 2.11, p < 0.001), and the effect size was 29.3%. Discussion: A low BMI Z-score was associated with a higher prevalence of dental fluorosis in the severe category. Awareness of the fluoride concentrations in bottled water may help prevent dental fluorosis, particularly in children exposed to several high fluoride content sources. Children with a low BMI may be more vulnerable to dental fluorosis.

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Dietary calcium intake is low in many countries, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Water is often overlooked as a source of dietary calcium despite it being universally consumed and providing good calcium bioavailability. Our objective was to assess water distribution systems in LMICs and to develop a formula to simulate the contribution of different water sources to calcium availability. We calculated the contribution of drinking water considering different calcium concentration levels to estimate total calcium availability. We consider a country's households' access to drinking water sources and the distribution of the country's population by age and gender. Calcium availability could be increased by an average of 49 mg of calcium per person per day in the 62 countries assessed if calcium in drinking water was considered. In 22 (31%) of the countries studied, 80% of households are supplied by water sources that could increase calcium availability. Improving calcium concentration in water could be considered as a strategy in LMICs to slightly improve calcium availability.

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BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that low-income Latinos generally drink bottled water over tap water and might be at increased risks for cavities from unfluoridated bottled water. In order to better design interventions, it is important to understand the risk perceptions of this unique high-risk yet historically marginalized group. METHODS: We interviewed low-income Latino households (n = 90) from Nogales, Arizona who primarily drink bottled water and asked them to evaluate potential health risks of drinking tap water compared to 16 other voluntary activities. Unpaired t-tests were used to determine if statistically significant (α = 0.05) differences occurred in perceived risk by drinking-water source and differences among demographic groups in their level of (dis)agreement with statements regarding tap or bottled water safety. To assess significant differences (α = 0.05) in perceived risks and voluntariness to engage in a number of activities, including drinking local tap water and drinking water in different geographic regions, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Scheffe's post-hoc test (a conservative post-hoc test) with adjustment for the number of pairwise comparisons was used. RESULTS: Participants viewed bottled water to be significantly safer to consume than tap water (p < 0.001). On a Likert scale from 1 (low risk) to 5 (high risk), "drinking tap water in Nogales, Arizona" received an average score of 4.7, which was significantly higher than the average perceived risk of drinking San Francisco, California tap water (µ = 3.4, p < 0.001), and as risky as drinking and driving (µ = 4.8, p = 1.00) and drinking Nogales, Sonora, Mexico tap water (µ = 4.8, p = 1.00). Ninety-eight percent of participants feared that drinking local tap water could result in illness, 79% did not drink their water because of fear of microbial and chemical contamination and 73% would drink their water if they knew it was safe regardless of taste. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that fear of illness from tap-water consumption is an important contributing factor to increased bottled water use. Future efforts should focus on the development of educational and outreach efforts to assess the safety and risks associated with tap-water consumption.

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A simple method was developed to determine 14 endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in bottled waters, based on dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (d-µ-SPE) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Extraction was optimized using 2 k-1 factorial and Doehlert experimental designs. Optimized conditions were 80 mg C18, 25 min extraction at 1000 rpm, and 6 min desorption time. Repeatability was below 17 % for all EDCs. LOD and LOQ varied from 1.60 ng L-1 (estradiol, E2) to 23.2 ng L-1 (dimethylphthalate, DMP) and from 5.33 ng L-1 (E2) to 77.3 ng L-1 (DMP). We found DMP and bisphenol A (BPA) in samples after the heat treatment. DMP was up to 58.7 µg L-1, while BPA was up to 1.34 µg L-1. Tolerance of daily intake (TDI) for DMP were 2.50-2.94 µg kg-1 day-1 (children) and 1.43-1.68 µg kg-1 day-1 (adults). TDI for BPA were 0.03-0.07 µg kg-1 day-1 (children) and 0.01-0.04 µg kg-1 day-1 (adults).

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Universal access to safe water is a major global goal, but these efforts could be at stake because drinking water sources are becoming polluted in many developing countries. Chlorine, major ions, and heavy metals were measured in rivers and drinking water of Esmeraldas because potential pollution sources raise concerns about the quality of the water supply, and because users have developed strategies to cope with water shortages including collecting river water and water distributed by tankers, storing water at home, and consuming commercial bottled water. We sampled water from the water distribution system (WDS) and the Esmeraldas and Teaone rivers including the intake to the potabilization plant, water distributed by tankers, and commercial bottled water. Most of the samples collected from the Esmeraldas and Teaone rivers, the WDS, and tankers complied with drinking water standards, but higher concentration of cadmium and other metals in the eastern part of the city is an indication of corrosion inside the WDS. Commercial bottled and WDS water showed similar heavy metal concentrations, but regular consumption of some brands may lead to higher exposure to arsenic and mineral deficiencies. Chlorine concentrations in the water supplied by the WDS were below the values required for safe disinfection, and in-house chlorination is uncommon in the city. Strengthening pollution control in the Esmeraldas river, monitoring corrosion of the WDS, and promoting point-use chlorination and better water handling practices are required to secure a safer water supply in the long term.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the calcium concentration of tap and bottled waters from Argentina and to estimate the contribution of drinking water to calcium recommendations. RESULTS: Calcium concentrations provided by water authorities ranged from 6 to 105 mg/L. The mean calcium level of samples analysed at the Laboratorio de Ingeniería Sanitaria, National University of La Plata was 15.8 (SD ± 13.2) mg/L and at the Bone Biology Laboratory of the National University of Rosario was 13.1 (± 10.0) mg/L. Calcium values of samples from supply systems and private wells was similar. Most bottled waters had calcium levels well below 50 mg/L. The intake of one litre of drinking water from Argentina could represent in average between 1.2 and 8.0% of the calcium daily values for an adult.

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Background: In January 2014, Mexico implemented a tax on sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) purchases of 1 peso/L.Objective: We examined the heterogeneity of changes in nonalcoholic beverage (SSB and bottled water) purchases after the tax was implemented by household income, urban and rural strata, and household composition.Methods: We used 4 rounds of the National Income and Expenditure Surveys: 2008, 2010, 2012, and 2014. Changes in purchases in per capita liters per week were estimated with the use of 2-part models to adjust for nonpurchases. We compared absolute and relative differences between adjusted changes in observed purchases in 2014 with expected purchases in 2014 based on prior trends (2008-2012). The models were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics of the households, place of residence, and lagged gross domestic product per capita.Results: We found a 6.3% reduction in the observed purchases of SSBs in 2014 compared with the expected purchases in that same year based on trends from 2008 to 2012. These reductions were higher among lower-income households, residents living in urban areas, and households with children. We also found a 16.2% increase in water purchases that was higher in low- and middle-income households, in urban areas, and among households with adults only.Conclusions: SSB purchases decreased and water purchases increased after an SSB tax was imposed in Mexico. The magnitude of these changes was greater in lower-income and urban households.

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BACKGROUND: Compared to the general United States (U.S.) population, Arizona counties along the U.S.-Mexico border have a higher prevalence of dental caries, which can be reduced with adequate fluoride exposure. Because of concern regarding local tap water quality, fluoride-free bottled water consumption is common in this region, raising concern that families are not receiving adequate fluoride to promote dental health. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the levels of fluoride in tap and bottled water as well as the use of fluoride supplements in an Arizona border community. METHODS: Low-income Latino households (n = 90) who report use of bottled water as their primary source of water intake were recruited. Participants completed a questionnaire about their and their children's dental histories and use of fluoride supplements. Water samples (bottled and tap) were collected from a subset of households (n = 30) for analysis of fluoride. RESULTS: Fluoride detection levels were significantly greater (p = 0.02, Fisher's exact test) in tap water (average = 0.49 mg/dL) than in bottled water, yet, the majority (22/30) were below the range for optimal dental health (0.7-1.2 mg/L). Concentration of fluoride in the majority (29/30) of bottled water samples was below the quantitative detection limit of 0.4 mg/L. Children were significantly less likely to have dental caries if they received fluoride varnishing treatments (p = 0.01, Fisher's exact test), lived in households that reported using fluoridated mouthwash (p < 0.001, Fisher's exact test), their parents received fluoride education (p = 0.01, Fisher's exact test), and their parents reported visiting a dentist yearly (p < 0.001, Fisher's exact test). Furthermore, none of the participants reported receiving recommendations from health-care providers about fluoride supplementation or variance in content by the type of water consumed. CONCLUSION: Although fluoride was significantly more likely to be detected in tap than bottled water, neither water source in this border community is likely to provide enough fluoride for optimal dental health. Low-income children in this region may benefit from regular access to fluoride varnishing treatments and/or use of fluoridated mouthwash, interventions that could be tested in future well-designed trials.

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An on-line solid phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography with UV detection (SPE/LC-UV) method was automated by the multisyringe flow-injection analysis (MSFIA) system for the determination of three phthalic acid esters (PAEs). The PAEs determined in drinking water stored in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles of ten commercial brands were dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP). C18-bonded silica membrane was used for isolation and enrichment of the PAEs in water samples. The calibration range of the SPE/LC-UV method was 2.5-100µgL-1 for DMP and DEP and 10-100µgL-1 for DBP with correlation coefficients (r) ranging from 0.9970 to 0.9975. Limits of detection (LODs) were between 0.7 and 2.4µgL-1. Inter-day reproducibility performed at two concentration levels (10 and 100µgL-1) expressed as relative standard deviation (%RSD) were found in the range of 0.9-4.0%. The solvent volume was reduced to 18mL with a total analysis time of 48min per sample. The major species detected in bottled water samples was DBP reaching concentrations between 20.5 and 82.8µgL-1. The recovery percentages for the three analytes in drinking water were 80-115%. The migration test showed a great variation in the sum of migrated PAEs level (10.2-50.6µgL-1) among the PET bottle brands analyzed indicating that the presence of these contaminants in the plastic containers may depend on raw materials and the conditions used during their production process.

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Objective: Evaluate fluoride concentration in 500ml commercial brands of bottled water and compare it to the amount ​​printed on the label. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted. Samples of nine different commercial brands of 500ml bottled water were collected at authorized distribution points in the city of Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, in 2013. Fluoride concentration was determined in duplicate using a fluoride ion-selective electrode. The results were obtained from linear regression of the calibration curve. Results: Fluoride concentrations ranged between 0.07 and 0.63 ppm F- or mg F/L. There were significant differences between the values ​​​​printed on the labels and those found in the analysis. The fluoride concentration levels determined were not in compliance with the recommended levels by the National Health Surveillance Agency. Conclusions: The results obtained confirm the need for more careful monitoring of fluoride levels in bottled water and closer sanitary inspections.

Objetivo: Avaliar a concentração de flúor na água engarrafada comercializada, com padrão de apresentação de 500 ml, comparando-a aos valores impressos no rótulo da embalagem. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico, descritivo e transversal. Foram coletadas amostras das nove marcas disponíveis, na forma de apresentação de 500 ml, nos pontos de distribuição autorizados do município de Fortaleza, em 2013. A concentração de flúor foi determinada por análise em duplicata, utilizando o eletrodo íon-específico para fluoretos. Os resultados de concentração de flúor foram obtidos através da regressão linear da curva de calibração. Resultados: A concentração de flúor variou entre 0,07 e 0,63 ppm de flúor por mg/l, com diferenças significantes entre os valores estipulados nos rótulos e os encontrados com a análise, além de apresentar a concentração foram do padrão preconizado pela vigilância sanitária. Conclusões: Os resultados reforçam a necessidade de um controle dos níveis de flúor em águas engarrafadas, além de uma maior fiscalização por parte da vigilância sanitária.

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Abstract This study aimed to summarize major methodological features and main findings described in the studies on fluoride concentration monitoring in bottled water, published in specialized journals between 2008 and 2012, highlighting their implications for public health surveillance. A systematic review was conducted searching scientific articles in the databases: Lilacs, PubMed and Scopus. Twenty-two articles from the world’s main continents were included: 68.2% informed both the number of samples and brands collected; 81.8% examined products collected in only a city or metropolitan area; 77.3% assessed the outcomes using a sound criterion; 45.5% compared the values of fluoride measured in the sample and those informed in the label, being noted significant discrepancies. In conclusion, the discrepancy between the found amount and the informed concentration in the label was quite common reinforcing the warnings raised by several researchers. The parameters that define hazard to health and instruct the content of labelling should be revised. There is an important room for improvement of the methodological procedures in further studies.

Resumo O objetivo foi sumarizar as principais características metodológicas e os principais achados descritos em estudos sobre monitoramento da concentração de fluoreto em água engarrafada publicados em revistas científicas especializadas entre 2008 e 2012, examinando suas implicações para a vigilância em saúde pública. Uma revisão sistemática foi realizada buscando artigos nas bases de dados: Lilacs, PubMed e Scopus. Vinte e dois artigos dos principais continentes do mundo foram incluídos: 68,2% informaram tanto o número de amostras como de marcas recolhidas; 81,8% examinaram produtos coletados em somente uma cidade ou área metropolitana; 77,3% avaliaram os achados usando critério lícito; 45,5% compararam os valores observados na amostra com aqueles informados no rótulo, sendo notadas discrepâncias significativas. A discrepância entre o valor observado e o divulgado no rótulo do produto foi bastante comum, reforçando as advertências reclamadas por vários pesquisadores. Os parâmetros que definem risco para saúde e instruem o conteúdo da rotulagem deveriam ser revisados. Observou-se importante espaço para melhorar os procedimentos metodológicos em futuros estudos.

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This study was undertaken to identify water intake and source patterns among a population that resides in a hot, arid region on the US-Mexico border. A cross-sectional community-based survey was conducted among households in the neighbouring cities of El Paso, TX, USA and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico to obtain data on the quantity and source of water consumed. The study was also designed to identify factors that impact water consumption patterns, including gender, demographics, socio-economic status, cultural characteristics, health status, types of occupations and residences, available water sources and outdoor temperature, among many others. Of all factors studied, outdoor air temperature was found to have the strongest impact upon water intake quantity. Specifically, among the survey participants, when the outdoor air temperature exceeded 90 °F, water consumption increased by 28 %. Additionally, it was found that participants in this region consumed approximately 50 % more water than the values reported in previous studies.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a qualidade microbiológica e física de águas envasadas comercializadas em Viçosa (MG) e compreender as percepções dos usuários relacionadas a essa fonte de abastecimento para consumo humano. O diagnóstico da qualidade da água envasada foi realizado por meio de avaliação microbiológica e física de amostras de quatro marcas de água mineral envasada em galão de 20 L. A qualidade dessas águas foi verificada por meio de análises bacteriológicas para Escherichia coli, coliformes totais, enterococos, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, valores de cor e turbidez. O perfil dos consumidores de água envasada, a percepção sobre a qualidade da água e os motivos para escolha dessa água foram obtidos por intermédio de entrevistas, empregando a estratégia da análise de conteúdo. A partir dos resultados encontrados foi constatado que as águas envasadas comercializadas no município de Viçosa (MG) apresentaram, em algum momento, contagem de microrganismos em valores superiores aos recomendados pela legislação. Já no estudo qualitativo sobre a percepção dos consumidores de água envasada foi possível perceber que a escolha para o consumo de água envasada está relacionada menos ao sentido de proteção da saúde e mais à disseminação de uma prática social, consolidada e legitimada no cotidiano.

The objective of this study was to characterize the microbiological and physical quality of mineral bottled water commercialized in Viçosa's city, Minas Gerais' State, and understand the perceptions related to its consumption. Samples of four brands of bottled water, in gallons of 20 liters, were analyzed for microbial (Escherichia coli, total coliforms, enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and physical (color and turbidity) characterization. In addition, bottled water's consumers were interviewed to identity the perceptions concerning water quality and the reasons for choosing this water; these data were analyzed using content analysis strategy. The results showed that bottled water commercialized in Viçosa's city had, at some point, microorganisms counting higher than those recommended by Brazilian's regulation. The results concerning the qualitative study showed that the choice for bottled water consumption is less related to the sense of health protection than to a social practice, consolidated and legitimated in everyday.

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Forty-six bottled water samples representing 16 brands from Dhaka, Bangladesh were tested for the numbers of total coliforms, fecal indicator bacteria (i.e., thermotolerant Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.) and potential bacterial pathogens (i.e., Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp.). Among the 16 brands tested, 14 (86%), ten (63%) and seven (44%) were positive for total coliforms, E. coil and Enterococcus spp., respectively. Additionally, a further nine (56%), eight (50%), six (37%), and four (25%) brands were PCR positive for A. hydrophila lip, P. aeruginosa ETA, Salmonella spp. invA, and Shigella spp. ipaH genes, respectively. The numbers of bacterial pathogens in bottled water samples ranged from 28 ± 12 to 600 ± 45 (A. hydrophila lip gene), 180 ± 40 to 900 ± 200 (Salmonella spp. invA gene), 180 ± 40 to 1,300 ± 400 (P. aeruginosa ETA gene) genomic units per L of water. Shigella spp. ipaH gene was not quantifiable. Discrepancies were observed in terms of the occurrence of fecal indicators and bacterial pathogens. No correlations were observed between fecal indicators numbers and presence/absence of A. hydrophila lip (p = 0.245), Salmonella spp. invA (p = 0.433), Shigella spp. ipaH gene (p = 0.078), and P. aeruginosa ETA (p = 0.059) genes. Our results suggest that microbiological quality of bottled waters sold in Dhaka, Bangladesh is highly variable. To protect public health, stringent quality control is recommended for the bottled water industry in Bangladesh.

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Yeasts of the Candida genus can colonize epithelium and mucosa of the vertebrate organisms; howeverthese can cause infection in a broad range of body sites. Candida species also can be found in drinking water and they are considered as a potential indicator of water quality. In this study were evaluated three methods to identify yeasts isolated from blotted water (seminested PCR, culture on CHROMagar Candida medium, and Candifast identification system). For this propose, we used 27 isolates fromblotted water and compared with 22 clinical isolates from vaginal fluid. Seminested PCR has shown specificity and sensitivity for identification of the Candida species. Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis were the prevalent species from vaginal fluid and blotted water, respectively. Culture onCHROMagar and Candifast system had low agreement with snPCR (40.9% and 45.5%, respectively) in the yeasts identification from vaginal fluid. On the other hand, CHROMagar Candida can be used in the presumptive identification of yeasts isolated from bottled water and it had agreement’s percentage of 81.5% with snPCR method.

Leveduras do gênero Candida podem colonizar epitélio e mucosa dos organismos vertebrados, entretanto, podem causar infecções em vários lugares do corpo. Espécies de Candida, também, podem ser encontradas em água e são consideradas um potencial indicador da qualidade de água. Neste trabalho, foram avaliados três métodos de identificação de leveduras isoladas de água engarrafada (seminestedPCR, cultura no meio CHROMagar Candida e sistema de identificação Candifast). Foram utilizados 27 isolados de água engarrafada e comparados com 22 isolados clínicos de fluido vaginal. Seminested PCR tem mostrado especificidade e sensibilidade para a identificação das espécies de Candida. Candida albicans e Candida parapsilosis foram as espécies prevalentes do fluido vaginal e da água engarrafada,respectivamente. Cultura em CHROMagar e o sistema Candifast tiveram baixa concordância com snPCR(40,9% e 45,5%, respectivamente) na identificação de leveduras de fluido vaginal. Em contrapartida, CHROMagar Candida pode ser usado em identificação presuntiva de leveduras de água engarrafada apresentando concordância de 81,5% com o método snPCR.

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Objetivo. Describir los conocimientos cotidianos acerca del consumo de agua simple en adultos "pequeños bebedores" y "grandes bebedores" de agua simple. Material y métodos. Estudio cualitativo realizado entre abril y agosto de 2010 en México. Se conformaron ocho grupos focales con informantes clave adultos de nivel socioeconómico bajo; la mitad de los grupos se conformaron con hombres y la mitad con mujeres. El análisis de datos fue realizado mediante: a) codificación y categorización de acuerdo con literatura revisada acerca de hidratación, y b) mapeo conceptual, reconociendo proposiciones y afirmaciones hechas por los participantes. Resultados. Pequeños y grandes bebedores tienen conocimientos cotidianos similares sobre el agua simple; utilizan los mismos ejes epistemológicos para explicar la ingesta de agua simple en función de lo que "el cuerpo necesite". Ambos grupos tienen la noción de que el agua simple y el refresco "pueden ser dañinos" si se beben en exceso. Conclusiones. El conocimiento cotidiano sobre el agua se relaciona con el refresco, bebida que sirve para comparación y como sustituto. Los conceptos sobre el agua y el refresco se construyen con base en la experiencia personal y en las nociones sobre el efecto de ambos en el cuerpo y en la mente. Estas representaciones se utilizan para valorar la ingesta de líquidos y pueden constituirse como barreras para el consumo de agua simple.

Objective. To describe and compare the everyday knowledge about plain water consumption among "small" and "big drinkers". Materials and methods. A qualitative study was conducted between April and August 2010 in Mexico. Eight focus groups with low socioeconomic status adults as key informants were conformed; half of the groups were conducted with men and half with women. Data analysis was conducted with: a) coding and categorization according to hydration literature review b) conceptual mapping, recognizing propositions and affirmations made by the participants. Results. Small and big drinkers have similar everyday knowledge about plain water intake. Both groups use the same epistemological axes to explain its intake: "what the body needs". Both groups have the notion that plain water and other beverages such as soda "may be harmful" if you drink them in excess. Conclusions. Everyday knowledge about water is related to soda and drinks used to substitute water intake. The characteristics of water and soda intake are constructed based on personal experience and insights on their effect on the body and mind. These representations can be used to assess fluid intake and may constitute barriers to the consumption of plain water.

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Forty-six bottled water samples representing 16 brands from Dhaka, Bangladesh were tested for the numbers of total coliforms, fecal indicator bacteria (i.e., thermotolerant Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.) and potential bacterial pathogens (i.e., Aeromonas hydrophil, Pseudomonas aeruginos, Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp.). Among the 16 brands tested, 14 (86%), ten (63%) and seven (44%) were positive for total coliforms, E. coil and Enterococcus spp., respectively. Additionally, a further nine (56%), eight (50%), six (37%), and four (25%) brands were PCR positive for A. hydrophila lip, P. aeruginosa ETA, Salmonella spp. invA, and Shigella spp. ipaH genes, respectively. The numbers of bacterial pathogens in bottled water samples ranged from 28 ± 12 to 600 ± 45 (A. hydrophila lip gene), 180 ± 40 to 900 ± 200 (Salmonella spp. invA gene), 180 ± 40 to 1,300 ± 400 (P. aeruginosa ETA gene) genomic units per L of water. Shigella spp. ipaH gene was not quantifiable. Discrepancies were observed in terms of the occurrence of fecal indicators and bacterial pathogens. No correlations were observed between fecal indicators numbers and presence/absence of A. hydrophila lip (p = 0.245), Salmonella spp. invA (p = 0.433), Shigella spp. ipaH gene (p = 0.078), and P. aeruginosa ETA (p = 0.059) genes. Our results suggest that microbiological quality of bottled waters sold in Dhaka, Bangladesh is highly variable. To protect public health, stringent quality control is recommended for the bottled water industry in Bangladesh.

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Forty-six bottled water samples representing 16 brands from Dhaka, Bangladesh were tested for the numbers of total coliforms, fecal indicator bacteria (i.e., thermotolerant Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.) and potential bacterial pathogens (i.e., Aeromonas hydrophil, Pseudomonas aeruginos, Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp.). Among the 16 brands tested, 14 (86%), ten (63%) and seven (44%) were positive for total coliforms, E. coil and Enterococcus spp., respectively. Additionally, a further nine (56%), eight (50%), six (37%), and four (25%) brands were PCR positive for A. hydrophila lip, P. aeruginosa ETA, Salmonella spp. invA, and Shigella spp. ipaH genes, respectively. The numbers of bacterial pathogens in bottled water samples ranged from 28 ± 12 to 600 ± 45 (A. hydrophila lip gene), 180 ± 40 to 900 ± 200 (Salmonella spp. invA gene), 180 ± 40 to 1,300 ± 400 (P. aeruginosa ETA gene) genomic units per L of water. Shigella spp. ipaH gene was not quantifiable. Discrepancies were observed in terms of the occurrence of fecal indicators and bacterial pathogens. No correlations were observed between fecal indicators numbers and presence/absence of A. hydrophila lip (p = 0.245), Salmonella spp. invA (p = 0.433), Shigella spp. ipaH gene (p = 0.078), and P. aeruginosa ETA (p = 0.059) genes. Our results suggest that microbiological quality of bottled waters sold in Dhaka, Bangladesh is highly variable. To protect public health, stringent quality control is recommended for the bottled water industry in Bangladesh.(AU)

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Realizar o mapeamento dos níveis de fluoretosdas águas de poços, cisternas e de águas engarrafadascomercializadas no município de Campo Alegre de Lourdes-BA. Material e Métodos: Na zona urbana, a coleta de águasde cisternas foi domiciliar. As águas minerais foram adquiridasnos mercados. Foram coletadas amostras de águas de 11cisternas, dois poços e sete águas minerais engarrafadas.Na zona rural, foram sorteadas 18 amostras de cisternas devilas rurais. Resultados: As concentrações de fluoretos dascisternas dos bairros variaram de 0,08 a 0,48 ppmF. A maiorconcentração de fluoretos presente nas águas mineraisindustrializadas foi de 0,24 ppmF. A maioria das águasminerais não possuía em seu rótulo a concentração de fluor.As concentrações de fluoretos dos poços variam de 0,03 a0,27 ppmF. Em relação às águas da zona rural, observou-semaior concentração de fluoretos na água da vila Arroz 0,51ppmF e a menor na Barra em 0,03 ppmF. Conclusão: Aconcentração de fluoretos das águas de consumo domunicípio não proporciona risco ao consumidor, podendoser ingerida por crianças na fase de desenvolvimento dadentição. Por outro lado, as águas também não atingiram asconcentrações ideais para a prevenção da cárie dentária...

To evaluate fluoride concentration levels in watersamples from wells, cisterns, and bottled waters marketedin the municipality of Campo Alegre de Lourdes (BA).Methodology: In the urban area, samples from cisterns werecollected at home. Bottled waters were acquired in themarkets. Were collected samples from 11 cisterns, 02 wellsand 07 bottled waters. In the rural area, 18 samples fromcisterns were randomized. Results: Fluoride concentrationsin the cisterns water evaluated ranged from 0.08 to 0.48ppmF. The highest concentration of fluoride was 0.24 ppmF.Most samples of bottled waters did not disclose fluorideconcentration in their labels. Fluoride concentration in thewells ranged from 0.03 to 0.27 ppmF. Concerning to ruralarea, the highest concentration of fluoride in the water wasfound in Arroz (0.51 ppmF) and the lowest in Barra (0.03ppmF). Conclusion: The fluoride concentration present insources of drinkable water in the city provides no risk toconsumption, and may be ingested by children during dentitiondevelopment. Contrariwise, water did not reach a fluorideconcentration capable of acting in the prevention of dentalcaries...

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