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INTRODUCTION: Artisanal diving fishermen in Yucatán, Mexico have high rates of decompression sickness as a result of frequently unsafe diving practices with surface supplied compressed air. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of dysbaric osteonecrosis (DON), a type of avascular necrosis, in the most susceptible joints in a cohort of these fishermen. METHODS: We performed radiographs of bilateral shoulders, hips, and knees of 39 fishermen in Mexico and surveyed them about their medical and diving histories. We performed pairwise correlations to examine if the fishermen's diving behaviours affected the numbers of joints with DON. RESULTS: The radiographs revealed Grade II or higher DON in 30/39 (76.9%) of the fishermen. Twenty-two of 39 fishermen (56.4%) had at least two affected joints. The number of joints with DON positively correlates with the lifetime maximum diving depth and average bottom time. CONCLUSIONS: These findings represent among the highest prevalence rates of DON in divers and reflect the wide-spread scale of decompression sickness among these fishermen. Through this work, we hope to further educate the fishermen on the sequelae of their diving with the aim of improving their diving safety.

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PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe the clinical features of osteonecrosis (ON) in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients in Bahia, a Northeast state with the highest prevalence of the disease in Brazil. METHODS: Between 2006 and 2017, 283 cases of osteonecrosis in SCD patients were enrolled to analyse the age at diagnosis, genotype, gender, pain, distribution of the lesions and disease staging. MRI and radiograph were obtained at the participation. RESULTS: Of the 283 SCD cases, 120 (42.4%) were haemoglobin SS genotype while 163 (57.6%) were SC genotype. Two hundred and forty-six cases were bilateral and 37 were unilateral, with an average age at diagnosis of 33.7 (range 10-67) years. The most frequent identified ON site not only was the hip (74.6%), but also affected shoulder, knee and ankle. Most cases presented at early stage I (172, 60.8%) disease. No significant differences on the features of osteonecrosis were identified between haemoglobin SS and haemoglobin SC cases. CONCLUSIONS: Given the relatively high prevalence of bilateral osteonecrosis at early stages, painful symptoms and rather late age at diagnosis, SCD patients should have radiological examination of their joints more often in order to prevent severe functional disability and increase patient's life quality.

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El esqueleto humano es un conjunto organizado de piezas óseas que conforman y proporcionan soporte estructural al cuerpo. Diferentes funciones han sido descritas: soporte dinámico y mecánico, protección y mantenimiento de la homeostasis mineral. Para esto, el hueso debe mantener su metabolismo activo y ser capaz de adaptar su estructura a estímulos mecánicos reparando los daños estructurales a través del proceso de remodelación durante toda la vida. La osteoporosis, enfermedad de Paget, cáncer/infecciones en el hueso, van a alterar la fisiología del tejido dando lugar a la pérdida de su integridad. Los bifosfonatos (BFs) son agentes farmacológicos diseñados para el tratamiento de estas enfermedades, su principal mecanismo de acción es la inhibición de la resorción osteoclástica del hueso. La osteonecrosis de los maxilares (ONM) relacionada con la medicación consiste en la destrucción progresiva del tejido óseo, siendo uno de los efectos adversos de este tipo de tratamiento. Por esta razón, el objetivo de este artículo fue hacer una revisión acerca de los principales aspectos farmacológicos y clínicos de la ONM relacionada con los bifosfonatos en odontología. El diagnóstico clínico y el tratamiento adecuado son fundamentales para reducir el riesgo de osteonecrosis en pacientes bajo terapia antiresortiva o antes de iniciar su administración. Por esta razón, la prevención es aún más importante.

The human skeleton is an organized set of bony pieces that make up and provide the structural support of the body. Different functions have been described: dynamic and mechanical support, protection and maintenance of mineral homeostasis. For this, the bone must maintain its active metabolism and be able to adapt its structure to mechanical stimuli repairing the structural damages through the process of remodeling throughout the life. Osteoporosis, Paget‘s disease, cancer and bone infections, will alter the physiology of the tissue resulting in the loss of its integrity. Bisphosphonates (BFs) are pharmacological agents designed for the treatment of these diseases, their main mechanism of action is the inhibition of bone osteoclastic resorption. Medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) consists of the progressive destruction of the bone tissue, being one of the adverse effects of this type of treatment. For this reason, the objective of this article was to make a review about the main pharmacological and clinical aspects of ONJs related to bisphosphonates in dentistry. Clinical diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to reduce the risk of osteonecrosis in patients undergoing antiresorptive therapy or before starting administration. For this reason, prevention is even more important.

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OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the temperature change during low-speed drilling using infrared thermography. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Pig ribs were used to provide cortical bone of a similar quality to human mandible. Heat production by three implant drill systems (two conventional drilling systems and one low-speed drilling system) was evaluated by measuring the bone temperature using infrared thermography. Each system had two different bur sizes. The drill systems used were twist drill (2.0 mm/2.5 mm), which establishes the direction of the implant, and finally a 3.0 mm-pilot drill. Thermal images were recorded using the IRI1001 system (Infrared Integrated Systems Ltd.). Baseline temperature was 31±1ºC. Measurements were repeated 10 times, and a static load of 10 kg was applied while drilling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Statistical analysis was conducted with two-way ANOVA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Mean values (n=10 drill sequences) for maximum recorded temperature (Max TºC), change in temperature (ΔTºC) from baseline were as follows. The changes in temperature (ΔTºC) were 1.57ºC and 2.46ºC for the lowest and the highest values, respectively. Drilling at 50 rpm without irrigation did not produce overheating. There was no significant difference in heat production between the 3 implant drill systems (p>0.05). No implant drill system produced heat exceeding 47ºC, which is the critical temperature for bone necrosis during low-speed drilling. Low-speed drilling without irrigation could be used during implant site preparation.

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