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BACKGROUND: Body image is the mental representation of the body and can be influenced by cognitive, biological, behavioral, sociocultural, and environmental factors. University students often encounter challenges related to it. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review examined interventions aimed at holistically developing a positive body image within this population. METHODS: The PRISMA 2020 guidelines and the PICO method were employed to identify, select, assess, and synthesize studies. The consulted databases included Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycINFO, with inclusion criteria targeting body image interventions for university students aged 18 to 39. Study quality was evaluated using the QATSDD tool. RESULTS: Twenty-one relevant studies were identified, primarily from the United States, mostly employing quantitative methods, with a focus on female participants. Various intervention strategies were utilized, including cognitive-behavioral approaches, media literacy, and physical/resistance training, with a growing use of technology like mobile applications. The majority of studies reported effective outcomes, such as reduced body dissatisfaction and increased self-esteem following interventions. Nevertheless, literature gaps were identified, such as the scarcity of formative interventions and limited use of qualitative approaches. CONCLUSION: While technology in interventions offers promising opportunities, careful assessments and judicious selection of evaluation instruments are fundamental for reliable results. Future research should focus on addressing identified gaps, such as exploring more formative interventions and incorporating qualitative methodologies to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of body image interventions among university students.

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The Body Understanding Measure for Pregnancy Scale (BUMPs) is a scale developed and validated for British pregnant women to assess body satisfaction during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to perform a cross-cultural adaptation and verify the psychometric properties of BUMPs for Brazilian adult pregnant women. The cross-cultural adaptation was performed using translation, back-translation, expert committee, expert analysis, and pre-testing, which showed easy comprehension by pregnant women. Psychometric analyses were evaluated in a sample of 618 pregnant women (31.08 ± 4.94 years old). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses resulted in 19 items and three factors, with satisfactory fit indices. BUMPs presented an invariant measurement across white vs. nonwhite women and across the three gestational trimesters. BUMPs showed good indicators of convergent, internal consistency, and test-retest reproducibility validity. It was concluded that the Brazilian version of BUMPs has adequate psychometric properties for Brazilian pregnant women, being an excellent instrument for analyzing body satisfaction in this population, facilitating additional investigations into these constructs.

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BACKGROUND: Body dissatisfaction (BD) is a growing concern in Latin America; reliable and culturally appropriate scales are necessary to support body image research in Spanish speaking Latin American countries. We sought to validate a Latin-American Spanish version of the Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BESAA; Mendelson et al. 2001). METHODS: The BESAA was translated, culturally adapted, and validated in a sample of adults in Colombia (N = 525, 65% women, Mage 24.4, SD = 9.28). We assessed factor structure (using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and exploratory structural equation model (ESEM)), internal reliability (using Cronbach's alpha and omega), validity (using the Body Appreciation Scale BAS and Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire SATAQ), test-retest stability in a small subsample (N = 84, using Intraclass correlations ICC) and measurement invariance across gender. To evaluate the generalizability of the scale, we assessed reliability, validity, and factor structure in a second sample from rural Nicaragua (N = 102, 73% women, Mage 22.2, SD = 4.72), and assessed measurement invariance across Nicaraguan and Colombian participants. RESULTS: The scale showed good internal reliability and validity in both samples, and there was evidence of adequate test-retest stability in the Colombian sample. EFA showed a three-factor structure with subscales we labelled 'appearance-positive', 'appearance-negative' and 'weight', that was confirmed using CFA and ESEM in the Colombian sample. Measurement invariance was confirmed across the Colombian and Nicaraguan samples, and across gender within the Colombian sample. CONCLUSION: The Latin-American Spanish version of the BESAA (BESAA-LA) appears to be a psychometrically sound measure with good reliability, validity and invariance across gender and countries. These results support the use of this scale to measure body satisfaction/dissatisfaction in Latin American adult populations.

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Resumen Este estudio evaluó la eficacia de un programa de alfabetización en medios (AM) para promover la satisfacción corporal y la alimentación saludable en adolescentes de 12 a 15 años de edad. Es un estudio cuantitativo, cuasiexperimental y longitudinal, con preprueba y postprueba. Participaron 30 mujeres adolescentes de 12-15 años de edad, asignadas aleatoriamente a una de dos condiciones: programa de AM (n = 16) y grupo control en lista de espera (n = 14). Las participantes completaron, en preprueba y postprueba, el Cuestionario de Actitudes hacia la Apariencia Física (SATAQ-3), el Cuestionario de Evitación de la Imagen Corporal (BIAQ) y el Cuestionario de Comportamiento Alimentario (CCA). Hubo una disminución en las puntuaciones obtenidas por el grupo con intervención. Las participantes reportaron comparar menos su cuerpo con relación al cuerpo de las personas que son atléticas (F = 4.17, p = .05), las participantes también consideraron, al finalizar la intervención, que las personas famosas no son una fuente importante de información sobre la moda y sobre cómo ser atractiva (F = 6.87, p = .01). Los programas de AM son herramientas socioeducativas útiles para prevenir la insatisfacción corporal y los comportamientos alimentarios de riesgo, así como para promover conductas saludables.

Abstract This study evaluated the effectiveness of a media literacy (ML) program to promote body satisfaction and healthy eating in adolescents from 12 to 15 years old. The study is quantitative, quasi-experimental and longitudinal study, with pre-test and final post-test. Participated 30 female adolescents aged from 12 to 15 years old, randomly assigned to one of two conditions: ML program (n = 16) and control group on the waiting list (n = 14), who answered the Attitudes to the Physical Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ-3), the Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire (BIAQ) and the Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CCA). The participants reported comparing their body less with respect to the body of people who are athletic (F = 4.17, p = .05), the participants also considered, at the end of the intervention, that famous people are not an important source of information about fashion and how to be attractive (F = 6.87, p = .01). ML programs are useful socio-educational tools to prevent problems such as dissatisfaction with body image and risky eating behaviors, or to promote healthy behaviors.

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This article examined the association between body satisfaction and sexual identification among lesbian and bisexual women, since these factors help to understand the cultural background of the objectification of female bodies in Latin cultures. Women who identify as lesbian (N = 239) and bisexual (N = 60) completed demographic data and measures of self-esteem, physical appearance perfectionism, lesbian and bisexual identity difficulties, and body satisfaction. We performed a three-stage hierarchical multiple regression to explore how variables relate to body satisfaction. The results suggest that self-esteem plays a key role, explaining 20.4% of the variance in body satisfaction. We discussed the psychosocial and cultural aspects involved in the relationship between the variables, and social and aesthetic pressures on women's bodies. This study contributes to discussions on psychosocial aspects associated with body satisfaction among Brazilian lesbian and bisexual women.

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ABSTRACT CONTEXT: The relationship with body image, which is the way the body presents itself to each subject, can be aggravated in children and adolescents diagnosed with an human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, since these patients use antiretroviral therapy and may suffer from the adverse effects of the treatment due to continuous use of medication. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of body image dissatisfaction, to describe the assessment methods, and to identify associated factors in children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV. DESIGN AND SETTING: This is a systematic review. Department of Physical Education, Florianópolis - Brazil METHODS: We followed the procedures of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) and the Cochrane recommendations in the selection of articles through a search performed in eight databases. RESULTS: Prevalence of body image dissatisfaction due to thinness was between 36.7-52.0% in males and 28.1-36.4% in females, and body image dissatisfaction due to overweight was between 8.0-31.2% in males and 21.9-50.0% in females. Factors associated with body image dissatisfaction were as follows: female sex, older age, low levels of physical activity, low self-esteem, higher body fat, higher body weight, greater arm muscle area, triceps skinfold thickness, and higher body mass index. CONCLUSION: Children and adolescents of both sexes diagnosed with HIV infection are dissatisfied by thinness and overweight of their body image. REGISTRATION: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ (CRD42021257676).

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The aim was to assess the impact of Instagram's usage on young women's satisfaction with their body image and self-esteem. This is a quantitative cross-sectional study. A total of 329 women using Instagram, aged 18-24, answered this online survey. The data collection was through the RedCap platform. The research was published on social networks and was requested that other people would share on theirs. The method used was a non-probabilistic sample in order to reach as many participants as possible. The results showed that those who reported access to inspirational fitness content most frequently and compared themselves to other users showed decreased body satisfaction and self-esteem. Those who spend more than 2 hours per day on Instagram increased subjective feelings of salience and body fat perception.

O objetivo foi avaliar o impacto do uso do Instagram e a satisfação com sua imagem corporal e autoestima em mulheres jovens. Este é um estudo transversal quantitativo. Um total de 329 mulheres que usam o Instagram, com idades entre 18 e 24 anos, responderam a esta pesquisa online. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio da plataforma RedCap. O método utilizado foi uma amostra não probabilística para atingir o maior número de participantes possível. Os resultados mostraram que aquelas que relataram acesso a conteúdos inspiracional fitness com maior frequência e se compararam a outras usuárias apresentaram diminuição da satisfação corporal e da autoestima. Aqueles que passam mais de 2 horas por dia no Instagram aumentaram a sensação subjetiva de saliência e a percepção da gordura corporal.

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Our objective was to explore the socio-demographic, clinical, and nutritional factors of body appreciation in type 2 diabetics. This is a cross-sectional observational study with 179 adults and older adults (60 ± 10 years old). Most of the sample was female (n = 133; 74.3%). Through logistic regression analysis, it was observed that being perceived as overweight was associated with a 91.6% lower chance of being satisfied with one's body. Trusting hunger and satiety cues doubled the chances of body satisfaction. Thus, eating more intuitively, attending to the signs of hunger and satiety, is associated with greater body satisfaction in type 2 diabetics.

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PURPOSE: Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to investigate an instrument developed to assess body satisfaction of Brazilian women and men and to identify participants' body satisfaction level. METHODS: Brazilian young adults completed the Body Satisfaction Situational Scale and a sociodemographic questionnaire. A total of 1481 individuals (female = 1035; male = 446) aged between 18 and 40 years old participated in the study. Factorial, convergent and discriminant validity and reliability were evaluated. An invariance test was performed across sexes using multi-group analysis. The prevalence of body satisfaction among participants was calculated using the final models of the instrument. RESULTS: The complete model of the scale (23 items and four factors) was invariant across sexes, but it did not fit the samples even after refinement. Therefore, a theoretical investigation of the scale content was performed based on literature. Thus, a reduced model composed of two factors and ten items was found for each sex. These models showed good validity and reliability to independent samples. About prevalence, most of the women were not at all satisfied with body fat and most of the men were slightly satisfied with body musculature. Further, women and men were moderately satisfied with their face, hair, and skin. CONCLUSION: A reduced model of the instrument for women and another for men showed adequate indices of construct validity and reliability to samples. The most participants were not very satisfied with their bodies. The results can be useful to develop protocols aiming to promote body satisfaction. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V, descriptive cross-sectional study.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Individuals who are overweight or obese often underestimate their size, and they are less likely to consider their weight status to be a health problem and consequently to make lifestyle changes. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the proportion of satisfaction with weight among adolescents classified as overweight/obese, according to sociodemographic factors, morbidities and health-related behaviors. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional population-based study conducted among adolescents aged 10 to 19 years in the city of Campinas (SP), Brazil. METHODS: The sample (n = 217) included participants with self-reported weight and height who were classified as overweight or obese, based on body mass index (BMI) according to age-specific cutoff points recommended by the World Health Organization. Participants whose answer to the question: "Would you like to gain or lose weight?" was "no" (i.e. no change) were deemed to be satisfied with their body weight. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using logistic regression. RESULTS: The proportions of the respondents who were satisfied with their weight were 75.8% (95% CI: 65.3-83.9) among the overweight adolescents and 24.2% (95% CI: 16.1-34.7) among the obese adolescents (P < 0.01). Satisfaction was lower among individuals aged 15 to 19 years (versus 10 to 14 years), those born outside of Campinas (versus in Campinas), those with ≥ 8 household appliances (versus < 8), and those reporting ≥ two health complaints (versus none). CONCLUSIONS: More than half of the overweight adolescents and almost a quarter of the obese adolescents were satisfied with their weight. These results support the need for strategies for healthy weight management among Brazilian adolescents.

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Este estudo apresenta as etapas de construção de um instrumento psicométrico específico para a população lésbica e a descrição de suas evidências de validação. Os dados quantitativos foram coletados no aplicativo online Google Forms, do Google Drive, por meio da amostra de 1.231 mulheres lésbicas brasileiras (M = 27,87; DP = 9,10). Para a construção e validação do instrumento foram realizadas cinco etapas: 1) Avaliação qualitativa dos instrumentos pelo grupo focal com experts; 2) Avaliação dos instrumentos pelas informantes-chave; 3) Análise por juízes-pares; 4) Análise Fatorial Exploratória (AFE); e 5) Análise Fatorial Confirmatória (AFC). Os resultados da AFE e da AFC foram conduzidos no software Mplus versão 7.11. Os resultados descrevem a criação e as evidências de validade da ESCSSLésbicas, escala tipo Likert de 0 a 6, composta por 30 itens, e confiabilidade interna de 0,907. O instrumento mostrou-se adequado para a mensuração dos aspectos relativos à satisfação corporal e sexual de mulheres lésbicas.

The study presents the stages of a psychometric instrument construction specific to lesbian population and the description of their validation evidences. The quantitative data were collected the Google Forms app on google drive through the sample 1231 Brazilian lesbian women (M = 27,87; SD = 9,10). 5 steps were taken to the construction and validation of the psychometric instrument: 1) Qualitative evaluation of the instruments by focus group of experts; 2) Evaluation of instruments by key informants; 3) Analysis by peer judges; 4) Exploratory Factorial Analysis (EFA); 5) Confirmatory Factorial Analysis (CFA). The results of the EFA and the CFA were conducted in Mplus software version 7.11. The results describe the creation and validation evidences of the BSSSS-Lesbian, scale Likert type from 0 to 6, composed by 30 items, and the internal reliability of the whole scale is 0.907. The instrument was specific and adequate to the measurement of aspects related to the body satisfaction and sexual in lesbian women.

Este estudio presenta las etapas de construcción de un instrumento psicométrico específico para la población lésbica y la descripción de sus evidencias de validación. Los datos cuantitativos fueron recolectados en la aplicación en línea Google Forms de Google Drive utilizando una muestra de 1.231 mujeres lesbianas brasileñas (M = 27,87; DE = 9,10). Para la construcción y validación del instrumento psicométrico específico para la población lésbica se realizaron 5 etapas: 1) Evaluación cualitativa de los instrumentos por el grupo focal expertos; 2) evaluación de los instrumentos por las informantes clave; 3) Análisis por jueces pares; 4) Análisis Factorial Exploratorio (AFE) y 5) Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC). Los resultados del análisis factorial exploratorio y del análisis factorial confirmatorio fueron realizados en el software Mplus versión 7.11. Los resultados describen la creación y las evidencias de validez de la ESCSS-Lesbianas, escala compuesta por 30 ítems tipo Likert de 0 a 6, la confiabilidad interna (alfa de Cronbach) de la escala total es de 0,907. El instrumento se mostró específico y adecuado para la medición de los aspectos relativos a la satisfacción corporal y sexual de mujeres lesbianas.

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Anorexia is a serious disease, characterized by a distorted body image that leads to extreme behavior. It mainly affects young women. This study sought to identify the social representations of anorexia and the presence of risk factors for its development among female students from different university courses. It sought to establish relationships between anorexia risk factors, body mass index, study area, body satisfaction and social representations. A questionnaire composed by the EAT-26, scale of body silhouettes and open questions about what students knew about anorexia was applied. The data were subjected to statistical and lexicographic analysis. 29% of the students presented risk factors for anorexia. Increased BMI and body dissatisfaction are related to the presence of risk factors. Social representations of anorexia demonstrate the characterization of the disease, very close to scientific knowledge.

A anorexia é uma doença grave, caracterizada por uma imagem corporal distorcida que leva a comportamentos extremos. Acomete principalmente jovens mulheres. Este estudo procurou identificar as representações sociais da anorexia e a presença de fator de risco para seu desenvolvimento entre 100 estudantes do sexo feminino de diferentes cursos superiores. Buscou estabelecer relações e entre fator de risco para anorexia, índice de massa corporal, curso superior e satisfação corporal e representações sociais. Foi aplicado um questionário composto pelo EAT-26, escala de silhuetas corporais e questões abertas sobre o que as estudantes sabiam sobre a anorexia. Os dados foram alvo de análises estatísticas e lexicográficas. 29% das estudantes apresentaram fator de risco para anorexia. IMC aumentado e insatisfação corporal estão relacionados à presença de fator de risco. As representações sociais da anorexia demonstram a caracterização da doença, muito próxima do conhecimento científico.

Anorexia es una enfermedad grave, caracterizada por una imagen distorsionada del cuerpo que conduce a un comportamiento extremo. Afecta principalmente las mujeres jóvenes. Este estudio busco identificar las representaciones sociales de la anorexia y la presencia de factores de riesgo para su desarrollo entre 100 mujeres estudiantes de diferentes carreras universitarias. Y buscado establecer relaciones entre los factores de riesgo para la anorexia, el índice de masa corporal, área de estudio, la satisfacción del cuerpo y las representaciones sociales. Se aplicó el cuestionario compuesto de la escala EAT-26, de siluetas corporales y preguntas abiertas sobre lo que los estudiantes sabían sobre la anorexia. los datos fueron sometidos a análisis estadística y lexicográfica. 29% de los estudiantes presenta factores de riesgo para la anorexia. El aumento de IMC y la insatisfacción corporal se relaciona con la presencia de factores de riesgo. Representaciones sociales de la anorexia demuestra la caracterización de la enfermedad, muy cerca de los conocimientos científicos.

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O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a autopercepção da imagem corporal (IC) e associar a IC com indicadores sociodemográficos, estado nutricional e nível de atividade física de universitários. Realizou-se um estudo transversal com 294 universitários (136 homens e 158 mulheres), mensurou-se a percepção da IC por meio da escala de silhueta, indicando a silhueta atual (SA), silhueta ideal (SI) e a silhueta ideal do sexo oposto (SIO). Ainda foram coletadas variáveis demográficas (sexo, idade, turno de estudo, ocupação), nível socioeconõmico, estado nutricional (índice de massa corporal) e o nível de atividade física (IPAQ - versão curta). Utilizou-se a análise descritiva e o teste de associação do qui-quadrado para análise dos dados. A prevalência de insatisfação com a IC foi de 61,2 por cento (n = 180), sendo 61 por cento nos homens e 61,4 por cento nas mulheres. A silhueta 2 foi apontada por 57 por cento das mulheres como a SI, entre os homens 38,2 por cento e 39,7 por cento apontaram a silhueta 3 e 4 como a SI. Foi identificada como SIO à silhueta 3 (63,2 por cento masculino e 56,3 por cento feminino). As mulheres demonstraram uma maior percepção (67,6 por cento) em possuir uma silhueta menor que a atual. Já entre os homens houve a tendência (66,7 por cento) a desejarem uma silhueta maior do que a atual. Além do sexo a percepção com a IC foi associada com o estado nutricional (p < 0,05), onde se observou que 78,7 por cento dos indivíduos com excesso de peso desejam ter uma silhueta menor do que a atual. Concluísse que a autopercepção da IC esteve associada ao sexo e ao estado nutricional nos universitários.

This study aimed at evaluating the self-perception of the body image (BI) and associating the BI to socio-demographic indicators, nutritional state and level of physical activities in university students. A cross-sectional study with 394 students was made (136 men and 158 women). The BI perception was measured by means of the silhouette scale, indicating the present silhouette (PS), the ideal silhouette (IS), and the ideal silhouette of the opposed gender (ISO). Demographic variables were also collected (gender, age, part of the day in which they study, occupation), socio-economical level, nutritional state (body mass index) and the level of physical activity (IPAQ - Short version). The descriptive analysis and the qui-square association test were used to analyze the data. The dissatisfaction prevalence with the BI was of 61.2 percent (n = 180), being 61 percent men and 61.4 percent women. The silhouette 2 was pointed by 57 percent and 38.2 percent of women and men as the IS, respectively. Silhouettes 3 and 4 were pointed as the IS by 38.2 percent of the women and 39.7 percent of the men. Silhouette 3 was identified as the ISO (63.2 percent male and 56.3 percent female). Women showed a higher prevalence (67.6 percent) of having a smaller silhouette than the present one. Men showed a tendency (66.7 percent) to prefer a bigger silhouette than the present one. Besides the gender, the BI perception was associated with the nutritional state (p < 0.05), in which it was observed that 78.7 percent of the overweight subjects to have a smaller silhouette than they have at present. The conclusion is that the BI self-perception was associated with gender and nutritional state of the university students.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e validar um instrumento de satisfação corporal situacional numa amostra de estudantes universitários brasileiros. A escala inclui itens de avaliação de partes e do corpo como um todo. Análises fatoriais exploratórias revelaram uma estrutura com quatro fatores; “partes inferiores” (α=0,72), “satisfação e músculo” (α=0,82), “partes externas” (α=0,65) e “insatisfação e gordura” (α=0,82). Seus 28 itens obtiveram cargas fatoriais variando entre 0,32 e 0,82. Análises adicionais indicaram que a escala foi sensível a características da amostra, como Índice de Massa Corporal e gênero, corroborando a literatura atual da área(AU)

The aim of this study was the development and validation of a situational body satisfaction scale in a Brazilian college student sample. The scale includes 28 items ranging from parts to overall body evaluation. Four factors emerged from the exploratory factor analysis of the items. They were named “lower parts” (α=.72), “muscle and satisfaction”, (α=.82), “external parts” (α=.65) and “fat and dissatisfaction” (α=.82). The factor loadings of its 28 items ranged from .32 to .82. Further analysis has indicated the scale was sensitive to the sample’s characteristics, such as, Body Mass Index and gender, according to the current field’s literature(AU)

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O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e validar um instrumento de satisfação corporal situacional numa amostra de estudantes universitários brasileiros. A escala inclui itens de avaliação de partes e do corpo como um todo. Análises fatoriais exploratórias revelaram uma estrutura com quatro fatores; “partes inferiores” (α=0,72), “satisfação e músculo” (α=0,82), “partes externas” (α=0,65) e “insatisfação e gordura” (α=0,82). Seus 28 itens obtiveram cargas fatoriais variando entre 0,32 e 0,82. Análises adicionais indicaram que a escala foi sensível a características da amostra, como Índice de Massa Corporal e gênero, corroborando a literatura atual da área.

The aim of this study was the development and validation of a situational body satisfaction scale in a Brazilian college student sample. The scale includes 28 items ranging from parts to overall body evaluation. Four factors emerged from the exploratory factor analysis of the items. They were named “lower parts” (α=.72), “muscle and satisfaction”, (α=.82), “external parts” (α=.65) and “fat and dissatisfaction” (α=.82). The factor loadings of its 28 items ranged from .32 to .82. Further analysis has indicated the scale was sensitive to the sample’s characteristics, such as, Body Mass Index and gender, according to the current field’s literature.

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