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Bloodstream infection is one of the most important and increasing complications in patients with severe burns. Most of the species affecting this population are Gram-negative bacilli that exhibit antimicrobial resistance. We conducted this study to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile and resistance mechanisms of these bacterial infections and their clinical associations on morbidity and mortality. We analyzed a retrospective cohort of burn patients. All patients included in this study had monobacterial blood stream infections during their hospital stay. We performed phenotypic and genotypic tests to determine the antimicrobial resistance mechanism and profile of each strain. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed between variables. We found 109 patients with monobacterial bacteremia. Pseudomonas spp. (50.7%), A. baumannii (46.4%), and Klebsiella spp. (13.8%) were the most common causative microorganisms. The Pseudomonas spp. isolates showed resistance to imipenem (81.5%), mainly by class A and class B carbapenemases. The A. baumannii isolates conferred resistance to imipenem (56.2%), mainly by class D carbapenemases. One quarter of Klebsiella spp. showed resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins. We also observed that a total body surface area greater than 40% and three or more different types of invasive procedures might be related to increased mortality. Multidrug resistance is highly present. The extent of the burned area and a high number of different types of invasive procedures had an impact in decreasing survivorship in burn patients with bacteremia.
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Antibacterianos , Bacteriemia , Queimaduras , Humanos , Queimaduras/microbiologia , Queimaduras/complicações , Masculino , Feminino , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/microbiologia , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/tratamento farmacológico , Idoso , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Estudos de CoortesRESUMO
Background: Bacteremia represents high rates of morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries, highlighting the need for a diagnostic method that allows prompt and appropriate patient treatment. This study compared microbiological performance and adherence of two blood culture protocols for the diagnosis of bacteremia. Methods: Quasi-experimental study conducted between June 2022 and February 2023. Two blood culture protocols were evaluated. Protocol 1 included two aerobic bottles and one anaerobic bottle. Protocol 2 included two aerobic and two anaerobic bottles. Protocols were analyzed in three phases: evaluation of protocol 1 (Phase 1); evaluation of protocol 1 plus educational activities for healthcare staff (Phase 2) and evaluation of protocol 2 (Phase 3). Results: 342 patients and 1155 blood culture bottles (732 aerobic and 423 anaerobic) were included. Positivity was 17.6 %, 22.8 % and 19.4 % in phases 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Among patients with bacteremia, 84.5 % had positive anaerobic bottles, with 9.9 % showing growth only in this bottle. The contamination rates were 1.9 %, 0.3 %, and 0.8 % for each phase, mainly in aerobic bottles. Median positivity time was 11 h for both bottes aerobic and anaerobic. Overall nursing adherence increased from 13.1 % in Phase 1, 25.9 % in Phase 2, and 28.1 % in Phase 3 (p = 0.009). Conclusions: The findings indicate that adding a second anaerobic bottle does not enhance blood culture positivity. Rather than increasing bottle quantity, staff training might be a more effective approach to optimize results.
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INTRODUCTION: Delay in initiating appropriate antimicrobial therapy prolongs hospitalization, increases in-hospital mortality, and raises economic costs. Currently, the identification and susceptibility testing of bacteria in positive blood cultures require a considerable amount of time. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the BCID2 FilmArray® (FA) panel on the timing of appropriate antimicrobial therapy and potential antimicrobial costs. METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study focused on positive blood cultures in hospitalized patients. FA processing was conducted concurrently with routine sample processing. Changes in antibiotic treatments based on FA results were evaluated, and the reduction in antimicrobial therapy duration and associated cost savings were calculated. RESULTS: Eighty-seven bacteremia episodes were analysed. In 42 (48%) of them antimicrobial therapy was de-escalated to narrower spectrum agents, while in 7 (8%) therapy was escalated to broader spectrum antimicrobials. Additionally, in 8 (9%) antimicrobials were switched without changing spectrum and in 30 (34%) no changes were made based on FA results. Antimicrobial changes were made 2.3 days faster than with routine sample processing resulting in calculated potential savings of US$ 7408. CONCLUSION: The implementation of FA facilitated a faster administration of appropriate antimicrobial therapy, leading to a reduction in the duration of broadspectrum empirical antimicrobial therapy and subsequent economic savings.
Introducción: Los retrasos en el tratamiento antimicrobiano adecuado de las bacteriemias prolongan la estadía hospitalaria, aumentan la mortalidad e incrementan los costos. Aún hoy en día se requiere un tiempo considerable para obtener la identificación y antibiograma de los microorganismos en los hemocultivos positivos. El objetivo fue evaluar el impacto de la implementación del panel BCID2 de FilmArray® (FA) sobre el tiempo de inicio de tratamientos antimicrobianos adecuados y sobre los costos potenciales de los mismos. Métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de los hemocultivos positivos de pacientes hospitalizados, procesados por FA y por metodología tradicional. Se evaluaron los cambios de antimicrobianos en base a los resultados del FA. Se calcularon los días de reducción de tratamiento antimicrobiano y el ahorro potencial en el uso de los mismos, teniendo en cuenta también los costos del FA. Resultados: Se analizaron 87 episodios de bacteriemia. En 42 (48.3%) de ellos se desescaló el tratamiento a antimicrobianos de menor espectro, en 7 (8%) se escaló a antimicrobianos de mayor espectro, en 8 (9.2%) se cambió el antimicrobiano sin variar el espectro y en 30 (34.5%) no se realizaron cambios con los resultados del FA. Los cambios de antimicrobianos se realizaron en promedio 2.3 días más rápido que con los métodos convencionales. Se calculó un ahorro potencial de US$ 7408. Conclusión: La implementación del panel BCID2 de FilmArray® permitió adecuar los tratamientos antimicrobianos más rápidamente acortando la duración de los tratamientos empíricos de amplio espectro, lo cual resultó costo-efectivo.
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Antibacterianos , Bacteriemia , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Masculino , Bacteriemia/diagnóstico , Bacteriemia/tratamento farmacológico , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Feminino , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Centros de Atenção Terciária , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Sepse/diagnóstico , Sepse/tratamento farmacológico , Sepse/microbiologia , Adulto , Hemocultura/métodos , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/métodos , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular/economia , Idoso de 80 Anos ou maisRESUMO
Resumen Introducción : Los retrasos en el tratamiento anti microbiano adecuado de las bacteriemias prolongan la estadía hospitalaria, aumentan la mortalidad e in crementan los costos. Aún hoy en día se requiere un tiempo considerable para obtener la identificación y antibiograma de los microorganismos en los hemocul tivos positivos. El objetivo fue evaluar el impacto de la implementa ción del panel BCID2 de FilmArray® (FA) sobre el tiempo de inicio de tratamientos antimicrobianos adecuados y sobre los costos potenciales de los mismos. Métodos : Estudio observacional retrospectivo de los hemocultivos positivos de pacientes hospitalizados, procesados por FA y por metodología tradicional. Se evaluaron los cambios de antimicrobianos en base a los resultados del FA. Se calcularon los días de reducción de tratamiento antimicrobiano y el ahorro potencial en el uso de los mismos, teniendo en cuenta también los costos del FA. Resultados : Se analizaron 87 episodios de bacte riemia. En 42 (48.3%) de ellos se desescaló el trata miento a antimicrobianos de menor espectro, en 7 (8%) se escaló a antimicrobianos de mayor espectro, en 8 (9.2%) se cambió el antimicrobiano sin variar el espectro y en 30 (34.5%) no se realizaron cambios con los resultados del FA. Los cambios de antimicrobianos se realizaron en promedio 2.3 días más rápido que con los métodos convencionales. Se calculó un ahorro potencial de US$ 7408. Conclusión : La implementación del panel BCID2 de FilmArray ® permitió adecuar los tratamientos antimi crobianos más rápidamente acortando la duración de los tratamientos empíricos de amplio espectro, lo cual resultó costo-efectivo.
Abstract Introduction : Delay in initiating appropriate anti microbial therapy prolongs hospitalization, increases in-hospital mortality, and raises economic costs. Cur rently, the identification and susceptibility testing of bacteria in positive blood cultures require a considerable amount of time. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the BCID2 FilmArray® (FA) panel on the timing of appropriate antimicrobial therapy and potential anti microbial costs. Methods : This is a retrospective observational study focused on positive blood cultures in hospitalized pa tients. FA processing was conducted concurrently with routine sample processing. Changes in antibiotic treat ments based on FA results were evaluated, and the re duction in antimicrobial therapy duration and associated cost savings were calculated. Results : Eighty-seven bacteremia episodes were ana lysed. In 42 (48%) of them antimicrobial therapy was de-escalated to narrower spectrum agents, while in 7 (8%) therapy was escalated to broader spectrum anti microbials. Additionally, in 8 (9%) antimicrobials were switched without changing spectrum and in 30 (34%) no changes were made based on FA results. Antimicrobial changes were made 2.3 days faster than with routine sample processing resulting in calculated potential sav ings of US$ 7408. Conclusion : The implementation of FA facilitated a faster administration of appropriate antimicrobial therapy, leading to a reduction in the duration of broad-spectrum empirical antimicrobial therapy and subse quent economic savings.
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In this multicenter, cross-sectional, secondary analysis of 4042 low-risk febrile infants, nearly 10% had a contaminated culture obtained during their evaluation (4.9% of blood cultures, 5.0% of urine cultures, and 1.8% of cerebrospinal fluid cultures). Our findings have important implications for improving sterile technique and reducing unnecessary cultures.
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Infecções Bacterianas , Lactente , Humanos , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Infecções Bacterianas/complicações , Febre/complicações , UrináliseRESUMO
Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el rendimiento de la identificación realizada con MALDI-TOF a partir de la incubación de 3-5 h de subcultivos de hemocultivos positivos monomicrobianos que se comparó con la obtenida con la incubación de 24 h de los mismos. En dos hospitales se utilizó el sistema Vitek-MS (bioMérieux, Francia) y en uno el sistema Micro- Flex LT (Bruker, Daltonics). A partir de la incubación corta, MALDI-TOF identificó correctamente a 5/5 de las levaduras, a 91,1% (153/168) de las bacterias gram positivas, a 96,7% (119/123) de los bacilos gram negativos y a 93,6% (277/296) del total de cepas. La identificación por medio de MALDI-TOF a partir de una corta incubación de los subcultivos de los hemocultivos en medio sólidos es un método práctico, sencillo y confiable.
Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of the identification carried out with MALDI-TOF from the 3-5 h incubation of subcultures of monomicrobial positive blood cultures that was compared with that obtained with the 24 h incubation of the same subcultures. The Vitek-MS system (bioMérieux, France) was used in two hospitals and the Micro-Flex LT system (Bruker, Daltonics) in one. With a short incubation, MALDI-TOF correctly identified 5/5 of the yeasts, 91.1% (153/168) of the gram-positive bacteria, 96.7% (119/123) of the gram-negative bacilli and 93.6% (277/296) of the total strains. Identification by means of MALDI-TOF with a short incubation of subcultures of blood cultures in solid media is a practical, simple and reliable method.
Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho da identificação realizada com MALDI-TOF a partir de 3 a 5 h de incubação de subculturas de hemoculturas positivas monomicrobianas que foi comparada com a obtida com a incubação de 24 h das mesmas. O sistema Vitek-MS (bioMérieux, França) foi utilizado em dois hospitais e o sistema Micro-Flex LT (Bruker, Daltonics) em um. A partir da incubação curta, o MALDI-TOF identificou corretamente 5/5 das leveduras, 91,1% (153/168) das bactérias gram positivas, 96,7% (119/123) dos bacilos gram-negativos e 93,6% (277/296) das cepas totais. A identificação por meio de MALDI-TOF a partir de uma incubação curta das subculturas das hemoculturas em meio sólido é um método prático, simples e confiável.
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Antimicrobial treatment of patients with bloodstream infections (BSI) is time-sensitive. In an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance, rapid detection and identification of bacteria with antimicrobial susceptibility are critical for targeted therapy early in the disease course. This study describes the performance of a rapid method for identifying and testing antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria performed directly from blood culture bottles in a routine microbiology laboratory. A total of 284, 120, and 24 samples were analyzed by rapid identification (Rid), rapid susceptibility testing (RAST), and rapid broth microdilution for polymyxin B (rMIC), respectively, and compared with standard methods. Our protocol was able to identify 93% of isolates at the species level using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). We obtained 100% agreement for RAST compared to the standard method and 96% agreement for rMIC. Our protocol has proven to be an excellent tool for rapid identification of Gram-negative bacilli causing BSIs. It can also be used in microbiology laboratory routine along with RAST and faster polymyxin microdilution, especially for carbapenemase-producing bacteria, allowing for rapid, simple, accurate, and cost-effective diagnosis.
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Anti-Infecciosos , Bacteriemia , Humanos , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz/métodos , Hemocultura/métodos , Bacteriemia/diagnóstico , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Bactérias , Bactérias Gram-NegativasRESUMO
Abstract Antimicrobial treatment of patients with bloodstream infections (BSI) is time-sensitive. In an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance, rapid detection and identification of bacteria with antimicrobial susceptibility are critical for targeted therapy early in the disease course. This study describes the performance of a rapid method for identifying and testing antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria performed directly from blood culture bottles in a routine microbiology laboratory. A total of 284, 120, and 24 samples were analyzed by rapid identification (Rid), rapid susceptibility testing (RAST), and rapid broth microdilution for polymyxin B (rMIC), respectively, and compared with standard methods. Our protocol was able to identify 93% of isolates at the species level using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). We obtained 100% agreement for RAST compared to the standard method and 96% agreement for rMIC. Our protocol has proven to be an excellent tool for rapid identification of Gram-negative bacilli causing BSIs. It can also be used in microbiology laboratory routine along with RAST and faster polymyxin microdilution, especially for carbapenemase-producing bacteria, allowing for rapid, simple, accurate, and cost-effective diagnosis.
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INTRODUCCIÓN: En neonatos y lactantes bajo 90 días de vida la fiebre constituye un signo clínico relevante ya que puede corresponder a una infección bacteriana grave, por lo que se toman hemocultivos de forma rutinaria y el paciente es hospitalizado. Aún no existe una recomendación respecto al tiempo de observación necesario una vez internado el paciente. OBJETIVO: Describir las bacterias aisladas en hemocultivos de lactantes bajo 90 días de vida hospitalizados por fiebre y el tiempo de detección de crecimiento microbiano en los mismos. ¨MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. Se revisaron hemocultivos positivos tomados entre 2014 y 2016 en neonatos y lactantes < 90 días de edad. Se obtuvieron las identificaciones, tiempo de positividad de las bacterias, así como datos clínicos, de laboratorio y demográficos. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 172 hemocultivos positivos, 51 cumplían los criterios de inclusión. De éstos, 21 microorganismos fueron patógenos (Escherichia coli: 10, Streptococcus agalactiae: 3, Streptococcus pyogenes: 3, otros: 5) y 30 se consideraron contaminación, principalmente Staphylococcus coagulasa negativa. En relación al total de la muestra, la mediana del tiempo de positividad fue de 10 h. A las 24 h de cultivo se detectó crecimiento bacteriano en 94% de la muestra. CONCLUSIÓN: Las bacterias patógenas aisladas en los hemocultivos de pacientes < 90 días de edad, que ingresaron con fiebre, corresponden principalmente a bacilos gramnegativos y estreptococos. Todos los patógenos aislados fueron detectados antes de 24 h de incubación.
BACKGROUND: Fever in infants younger than 90 days may reflect a serious bacterial infection, so blood cultures (BC) are taken routinely and the patient is hospitalized. The observation time to detect occult bacteremia is not well established. AIM: To describe type and positivity time of isolated bacteria in blood cultures in infants under 90 days admitted for fever. METHODS: Retrospective, descriptive study. Positive blood cultures taken between 2014-2016 in young infants admitted for fever were included. Identification and time of positivity of each bacteria, clinical, laboratory and demographic data were recorded. Demographic variables and the clinical outcome was obtained. RESULTS: There were 172 positive blood cultures, only 51 met inclusion criteria. Of these, 21 microorganisms were pathogenic (Escherichia coli: 10, Streptococcus agalactiae: 3, Streptococcus pyogenes: 3, others: 5) and 30 were considered contamination, mainly coagulase negative Staphylococcus. In relation to the total sample, the median time of positivity was 10 hrs. At 24 hours of culture, bacterial growth was detected in 94% of the sample. CONCLUSION: The pathogenic bacteria isolated in the blood cultures of patients younger than 90 days who were admitted with fever correspond mainly to Gram negative bacilli and streptococci. All isolated pathogens were detected before 24 h of incubation.
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Humanos , Lactente , Criança , Bacteriemia/diagnóstico , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Streptococcus agalactiae , Streptococcus pyogenes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Escherichia coli , Febre , HospitaisRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Early and adequate antibiotic treatment is the cornerstone of improving clinical outcomes in patients with bloodstream infections (BSI). Delays in appropriate antimicrobial therapy have catastrophic consequences for patients with BSI. Microbiological characterization of multi-drug resistant pathogens (MDRP) allows clinicians to provide appropriate treatments. Current microbiologic techniques may take up to 96 h to identify causative pathogens and their resistant patterns. Therefore, there is an important need to develop rapid diagnostic strategies for MDRP. We tested a modified protocol to detect carbapenemase and extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) producing Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) from positive blood cultures. METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study of consecutive patients with bacteremia. We developed a modified protocol using the HB&L® system to detect MDRP. The operational characteristics were analyzed for each test (HB&L-ESBL/AmpC® and HB&L-Carbapenemase® kits). The kappa coefficient, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), likelihood ratios (LR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), and reduction in identification time of this novel method were calculated. RESULTS: Ninety-six patients with BSI were included in the study. A total of 161 positive blood cultures were analyzed. Escherichia coli (50%, 81/161) was the most frequently identified pathogen, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (15%, 24/161) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8%, 13/161). Thirty-three percent of isolations had usual resistance patterns. However, 34/161 (21%) of identified pathogens were producers of carbapenemases and 21/161 (13%) of extended-spectrum ß-lactamases. Concordance between our HB&L® modified protocol and the traditional method was 99% (159/161). Finally, identification times were significantly shorter using our HB&L®-modified protocol than traditional methods: median (IQR) 19 h (18, 22) vs. 61 h (60, 64), p < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we provide novel evidence that using our HB&L®-modified protocol is an effective strategy to reduce the time to detect MDRP producers of carbapenemases or extended-spectrum ß-lactamases, with an excellent concordance rate when compared to the gold standard. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and to determine whether this method may improve clinical outcomes.
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Introduction: Infections caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms have become increasingly common in hospital environments around the world. Gram-negative bacilli stands out among multidrug-resistant bacteria mostly due to the production of carbapenemase enzymes which lead to resistance to most ß-lactam antibiotics including the carbapenems. As a consequence, polymyxins have been reintroduced in the clinic as a last resort to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacilli resistant to carbapenems. However, the only reliable method to evaluate the susceptibility to polymyxins is the broth microdilution, a laborious and time-consuming technique. Among infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, bloodstream infections are the most worrisome as they can lead to sepsis and septic shock with high mortality rates. Objective: Considering the severity of sepsis and the need for a treatment guided for the susceptibility test in vitro, this work aimed to evaluate a rapid method of polymyxins susceptibility either from colonies grown on agar or directly from positive blood culture bottles using the technology of MALDI-TOF. Methods: The method was based on the "direct on target microdroplets growth assay" (DOT-MGA) originally developed by Idelevich and collaborators with some modifications (Adapted DOT-MGA). Isolates of Enterobacterales and non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli resistant to carbapenems were obtained from patients attending a tertiary care hospital in southern Brazil and tested as follows: 122 isolates from colonies grown on agar plates and 117 isolates directly from spiked positive blood cultures. Results: The adapted DOT-MGA presented 95 and 100% of categorical agreement considering the colonies grown on agar plates and directly from positive blood cultures, respectively. Discussion: The adapted DOT-MGA test proved to be a reliable technique to evaluate the susceptibility to polymyxins to be used in microbiology laboratories with the MALDI-TOF equipment.
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BACKGROUND: Reducing the blood-culture contamination rate is a constant challenge for health services. This study aimed to analyze whether blood-culture (BC) collection using sterile gloves reduces the contamination rate when compared to the non-sterile gloves, and to compare baseline and intervention periods. METHODS: A randomized clinical trial, performed in an intensive care unit in Brazil and paired in two groups: sterile (BCs obtained with modified sterile technique: only sterile gloves; no fenestrated drape or dedicated sterile collection kit) and clean (clean technique: usual care with non-sterile gloves). Two paired blood samples were obtained from each patient by trained and calibrated nurses. BCs were processed by conventional microbiological methods and the results were issued by blinded microbiologists. RESULTS: There was no difference (P = 1.00) in the contamination rate of BC between the sterile (1%) and clean (1%) groups. However, there was a significant difference (P = 0.05; relative risk: 0.17; 95% confidence interval: 0.04-0.70) in the contamination rate between baseline (6.1%; 20/330) and intervention (1%; 2/200). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the aseptic care provided in obtaining samples is more important than the sterile technique itself, and highlights the value of standardizing the practices, qualification and calibration of phlebotomists.
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Contaminação de Medicamentos , Contaminação de Equipamentos , Brasil , HumanosRESUMO
Introducción: A partir de los años 50, la presentación clínica clásica de la endocarditis infecciosa ha variado. Debido al uso de antibióticos, drogas ilícitas, catéteres venosos, etc., las manifestaciones tradicionales no son frecuentes. Objetivo: Presentar un caso con endocarditis infecciosa y comentar las manifestaciones embolígenas, así como las medidas preventivas con las nuevas técnicas. Caso clínico: Enfermo con insuficiencia renal crónica, diabético, hipertenso, con catéter venoso central, que presentó, después de una sección de hemodiálisis; escalofríos intensos, fiebre de 39,5 0C, cefalea intensa, toma del estado general, dolor torácico intenso punzante, tos, expectoración con sangre roja rutilante, disnea, soplo regurgitante holosistólico. Se le realizó ecocardiograma dópler que muestra múltiples vegetaciones pequeñas, hemocultivos positivos a estafilococos dorado. Fue tratado según los resultados del antibiograma durante 6 semanas y resolvió su extrema gravedad. Conclusiones: La endocarditis infecciosa puede tener manifestaciones muy diferentes al de décadas anteriores; puede aparecer como cuadro agudo fulminante por manifestaciones embólicas y sépticas múltiples(AU)
Introduction: Since the 1950s, the classical clinical presentation of infectious endocarditis (E.I) has varied. Due to the use of antibiotics, illicit drugs, venous catheters, traditional manifestations are not frequent. Objectives: To review the embolic presentation of endocarditis and pecify the preventive measures with the new techniques. Clinical case: A patient with chronic renal insufficiency, diabetic, hypertensive, with central venous catheter, intense chills, fever of 39.5 ° C, intense headache, general state, severe chest pain, cough, expectoration with bright red blood, dyspnea, holosystolic regurgitant murmur, after a section of hemodialysis. Doppler echocardiogram was performed, visualizing multiple small vegetation's, positive blood cultures to golden staphylococci, treatment according to antibiograms for 6 weeks, at the end of which the extreme severity was resolved. Comments: Infective endocarditis can have a very different behavior from previous decades; it can appear as an acute fulminating disease due to embolic, septic, multiple manifestations(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Dor no Peito , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Diálise Renal/instrumentação , Dispneia/complicações , Insuficiência Renal Crônica/diagnósticoRESUMO
Para determinar la susceptibilidad a meticilina y vancomicina en cepas de Staphylococcus aureus aisladas de hemocultivos, se analizaron los registros de pacientes ingresados en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos del Servicio Autónomo Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo durante el período enero 2011-diciembre 2015. Se procesaron 35.341 hemocultivos; 5.072 (14,35%) fueron positivos; en 455 (8,97%) se aislaron 96 cepas de Staphylococcus aureus (21,09%), de las cuales, 78 (81,25%) fueron resistentes y 18 (18,75%), sensibles a meticilina. Todos los aislados resultaron sensibles a vancomicina. El 61,45% de las cepas expresó multirresistencia. No se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la frecuencia de aislamiento de Staphylococcus aureus por año, edad y sexo del paciente (p > 0,05); pero si según el tipo de unidad y la presencia de co-resistencia antimicrobiana (p < 0,05). Los elevados niveles de resistencia a meticilina y la evidencia de fenotipos sensibles a vancomicina con valores elevados de concentración inhibitoria mínima (> 1 µg/ml), demandan la vigilancia sistemática del patrón de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana a fin de guiar a los clínicos para elegir la terapia empírica adecuada, contribuyendo al reforzamiento continuo de las precauciones estándar y al establecimiento de las políticas locales de administración y regulación del uso de antimicrobianos
To determine susceptibility to methicillin and vancomycin in blood-isolated strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from blood cultures, patient records entered in the Intensive Care Units of the Autonomous Hospital University Service of Maracaibo were analyzed during the period January 2011-December 2015. 35,341 blood cultures were processed; 5.072 (14,35%) were positive; in 455 (8.97%)96 strains of Staphylococcus aureus (21.09%) were isolated, of which 78 (81.25%) were resistant and 18 (18.75%), sensitive to methicillin. All isolates were sensitive to vancomycin. 61.45% of the strains expressed multi-resistance. No statistically significant difference in the frequency of isolation of Staphylococcus aureus per year, age and sex of the patient (p > 0.05) was found; but if according to the type of unit and the presence of antimicrobial co-resistance (p Ë 0.05). The high levels of methicillin resistance and the evidence of vancomycin-sensitive phenotypes with high minimum inhibitory concentration values (>1 µg/ml), require systematic monitoring of the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in order to guide clinicians to choose appropriate empirical therapy, contributing to the continuous strengthening of standard precautions and the establishment of local policies for the administration and regulation of the use of antimicrobials
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Mycobacterium obuense is a pigmented, rapidly growing mycobacterium. Because it has been considered nonpathogenic, M. obuense is being investigated in clinical trials of cancer immunotherapy and bioremediation. We report a case of bacteremia caused by M. obuense in a patient with pneumonia, showing its potential pathogenicity.
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Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium não Tuberculosas/diagnóstico , Infecções por Mycobacterium não Tuberculosas/microbiologia , Micobactérias não Tuberculosas , Tuberculose Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/microbiologia , Adulto , Animais , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Fazendeiros , Genoma Bacteriano , Humanos , Masculino , México , Infecções por Mycobacterium não Tuberculosas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Mycobacterium não Tuberculosas/epidemiologia , Micobactérias não Tuberculosas/classificação , Micobactérias não Tuberculosas/genética , Micobactérias não Tuberculosas/isolamento & purificação , Exposição Ocupacional , Filogenia , Resultado do Tratamento , Tuberculose Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Pulmonar/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Resumen La solicitud de hemocultivos en la atención médica es frecuente, especialmente en las Unidades de Neonatologia, donde se realiza en forma rutinaria frente a la sospecha de sepsis precoz o tardia. Este documento tiene como objetivo estandarizar la técnica de obtención de muestra con la finalidad de aumentar su rendimiento y establecer criterios de cómo interpretar un hemocultivo positivo.
The request of blood cultures in medical care is frequent, especially in Neonatal Units, where it is performed routinely in case of suspected early or late sepsis. The purpose of this document is to standardize the sampling technique in order to increase its performance and establish criteria to interpret a positive blood culture.
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Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Sepse/diagnóstico , Sepse/sangue , Hemocultura/normas , Manejo de Espécimes , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Controle de Infecções , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Sepse/tratamento farmacológico , Hemocultura/métodos , Antibacterianos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Staphylococcus spp. - both S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) and coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) - are relevant agents of healthcare-associated infections. Therefore, the rapid recognition of MRSA and methicillin-resistant CoNS from blood stream infections is critically important for patient management. It is worth noting that inappropriate empiric therapy has been associated with higher in-hospital mortality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this study we evaluated a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (multiplex PCR) standardized to detect Staphylococcus spp., S. aureus, and mecA gene-encoded oxacillin resistance directly from blood culture bottles. A total of 371 blood cultures with Gram-positive microorganisms confirmed by Gram-stain were analyzed. Results from multiplex PCR were compared to phenotypic characterization of isolates. RESULTS: Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 85 (23.0%) blood cultures and CoNS in 286 (77.0%). There was 100% agreement between phenotypic and multiplex PCR identification. Forty-three (50.6%) of the 85 S. aureus carried the mecA gene and among the 286 CoNS, 225 (78.7%) were positive for the mecA gene. CONCLUSIONS: The multiplex PCR assay developed here was found to be sensitive, specific, rapid, and showed good agreement with the phenotypic results besides being less expensive. This PCR method could be used in clinical laboratories for rapid identification and initiation of specific and effective treatment, reducing patient mortality and morbidity. Furthermore, this method may reduce misuse of antimicrobial classes that are more expensive and toxic, thus contributing to the selection of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus spp.
Assuntos
Bacteriemia/diagnóstico , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Sangue/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex , Proteínas de Ligação às Penicilinas/genética , Infecções Estafilocócicas/diagnóstico , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Hemocultura , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Humanos , Oxacilina/farmacologia , Proteínas de Ligação às Penicilinas/isolamento & purificação , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
ABSTRACT Introduction: Staphylococcus spp. - both S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) and coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) - are relevant agents of healthcare-associated infections. Therefore, the rapid recognition of MRSA and methicillin-resistant CoNS from blood stream infections is critically important for patient management. It is worth noting that inappropriate empiric therapy has been associated with higher in-hospital mortality. Material and methods: In this study we evaluated a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (multiplex PCR) standardized to detect Staphylococcus spp., S. aureus, and mecA gene-encoded oxacillin resistance directly from blood culture bottles. A total of 371 blood cultures with Gram-positive microorganisms confirmed by Gram-stain were analyzed. Results from multiplex PCR were compared to phenotypic characterization of isolates. Results: Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 85 (23.0%) blood cultures and CoNS in 286 (77.0%). There was 100% agreement between phenotypic and multiplex PCR identification. Forty-three (50.6%) of the 85 S. aureus carried the mecA gene and among the 286 CoNS, 225 (78.7%) were positive for the mecA gene. Conclusions: The multiplex PCR assay developed here was found to be sensitive, specific, rapid, and showed good agreement with the phenotypic results besides being less expensive. This PCR method could be used in clinical laboratories for rapid identification and initiation of specific and effective treatment, reducing patient mortality and morbidity. Furthermore, this method may reduce misuse of antimicrobial classes that are more expensive and toxic, thus contributing to the selection of antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus spp.
Assuntos
Humanos , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Sangue/microbiologia , Bacteriemia/diagnóstico , Proteínas de Ligação às Penicilinas/genética , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Multiplex , Oxacilina/farmacologia , Infecções Estafilocócicas/diagnóstico , Staphylococcus aureus/isolamento & purificação , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Proteínas de Ligação às Penicilinas/isolamento & purificação , Hemocultura , Antibacterianos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons associated with neuroinflammation. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes and also in neurons and glial cells mediating inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the peripheral blood leukocyte response to TLR2 and TLR4 agonists in young and elderly PD patients. Two groups of patients with PD were evaluated (≤ 55 years old and ≥ 65 years old), age-matched with healthy controls (n = 26). Severity of PD was evaluated by Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). Whole blood cultures were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a TLR4 agonist or Pam3Cys (Pam), a TLR2 agonist. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were measured by immunoenzimatic assay. 6 h-TNFα production was increased after TLR4 stimulation, mainly in young PD patients, whereas TLR2-induced TNFα and IL-10 levels were decreased in PD patients independent of age (p < 0.05). A reverse correlation between LPS-induced TNFα production and age was observed in PD patients and controls, but TNFα induced by TLR2 agonist was not associated with age of PD patients or controls. TNFα production induced by TLR4 but not by TLR2 was reversely associated with the age at PD onset and disease duration. No associations between UPDRS scores and cytokine levels were detected. In conclusion, TLR4 and TLR2 responses seem to be differentially affected during PD. Data suggest that TLR2 deficiency in periphery is independent of age of the patients, age at PD onset, or PD duration.
Assuntos
Fatores Etários , Envelhecimento/imunologia , Doença de Parkinson/imunologia , Receptor 2 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Células Cultivadas , Humanos , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos/imunologia , Lipoproteínas/imunologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Risco , Receptor 2 Toll-Like/agonistas , Receptor 4 Toll-Like/agonistas , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
Los probióticos son microorganismos vivos que cuando son administrados en cantidades adecuadas confieren beneficios a la salud del huésped. Su empleo es muy amplio en todas las edades, y los episodios adversos asociados con ellos, incluyendo casos de sepsis, que hagan suponer un riesgo real y manifiesto de invasión del torrente sanguíneo o algún tipo de contagio son muy infrecuentes. Sin embargo, algunos profesionales de la salud manifiestan dudas respecto de su inocuidad. Esta revisión revela que la incidencia de sepsis por probióticos, principalmente lactobacilos y bifidobacterias, evaluada en casuísticas numerosas a lo largo de decenios usando métodos de biología molecular o cultivos, es muy baja: del orden de 0,021% en algunas estadísticas y podría llegar hasta 1 caso/1.000.000 de habitantes. Estos datos son importantes teniendo en cuenta el empleo masivo de diversas especies y cepas, sin restricciones de ninguna especie y en todas las edades. Algunos estudios que comunican otros efectos adversos tienen problemas de diseño que ponen en duda su validez. Por el contrario, se ha demostrado que los probióticos ejercen efectos positivos estimulando la inmunidad innata y adquirida, en el tratamiento de la atopia y eccema y en la prevención de la enterocolitis necrosante en sujetos tan vulnerables como los prematuros.
Probiotics have been defined as live microorganisms which, when ingested in adequate numbers, confer health benefits to the host. They are currently consumed without any age restrictions and adverse effects such as sepsis, a marker of the risk of invasion of the bloodstream, are extremely infrequent. However, some health professionals express doubts about probiotics being truly innocuous. This review discusses the incidence of sepsis secondary to probiotics use, mainly lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, evaluated through molecular biology or classic culture techniques, showing that sepsis in large numbers of individuals along decennia is extremely low, of the order of 0,02% en some centers or as low as 1 case/million population in France. These data are important considering the use different species and strains of these microorganisms. Few studies which have reported other adverse effects but many of these have problems with their design that cast doubt about the validity of their results. On the contrary, it has been shown that probiotic microorganisms exert positive stimulatory effects on innate and acquired immunity, with decrease of the manifestations of atopy and eczema. These positive effects are further evidenced by the beneficial effects of many species of probiotics in preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in patients as functionally labile as premature-born babies.