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ABSTRACT Purpose: To characterize the extracellular vesicle protein cargo in the aqueous humor and plasma of patients with ocular toxoplasmosis. Methods: Aqueous humor and plasma were collected from six patients with active ocular toxoplasmosis and six patients with cataract. Extracellular vesicles were isolated, and western blotting and mass spectrometry were performed for protein analysis. Results: All plasma samples from patients with ocular toxoplasmosis and cataract were positive for the tetraspanins CD63 and TSG101. However, the aqueous humor from patients with ocular toxoplasmosis was positive only for CD63. Sixty-seven new unreported proteins were identified in the aqueous humor and plasma of patients with the ocular toxoplasmosis and cataract. Of the 67 proteins, 10 and 7 were found only in the cataract and ocular toxoplasmosis groups, respectively. In general, these proteins were involved in immune system activation and retina homeostasis and were related to infections and retina-associated diseases. Conclusion: The distinct protein signatures between ocular toxoplasmosis and cataract may be helpful in the differential diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis. However, more studies are needed to better understand the role of these proteins in the pathogenesis of ocular toxoplasmosis.

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Introducción: El lipoma es una neoplasia benigna común en tejidos blandos, pero poco frecuente en cavidad bucal. El mixolipoma es un subtipo histológico raro, caracterizado por adipocitos maduros y abundantes sustancias mucoides. Suele presentarse como nódulos submucosos blandos, móviles, recubiertos por mucosa intacta, crecimiento lento y asintomáticos hasta que crecen causando incomodidad. Reporte de caso: Hombre de 74 años habitante de la calle que presentó en fondo de surco en mucosa labial inferior lesión nodular de 2 cm de diámetro, que se desarrolló durante dos años, causando molestias al comer y fue eliminada quirúrgicamente. El estudio histopatológico mostró tejido adiposo maduro y zonas de aspecto mixoide, sin evidencia de atipia, red vascular plexiforme o lipoblastos, en la inmunohistoquímica los adipocitos maduros exhibieron marcada positividad para la proteína S-100 y negatividad para CD34, las células endoteliales mostraron positividad para CD34, confirmando el diagnóstico de mixolipoma. Conclusión: Es esencial que los proveedores de atención médica estén familiarizados con las manifestaciones clínicas del mixolipoma e incluirlo en los posibles diagnósticos ante la presencia de nódulos en la cavidad oral. Asimismo, no se debe subestimar la importancia de educar y concienciar sobre la salud bucal de los habitantes de la calle.

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Introduction: Lipoma is a common benign neoplasm in soft tissues, but rare in the oral cavity. Myxolipoma is a rare histological subtype, characterized by mature adipocytes and abundant mucoid substances. It usually presents as soft, mobile submucosal nodules, covered by intact mucosa, slow growing and asymptomatic until they grow causing discomfort. Case report: This is the case of a 74-year-old street dweller who presented with a nodular lesion, 2 cm in diameter, at the bottom of the groove in the lower labial mucosa. The lesion developed over two years and caused discomfort when eating. It was surgically removed. The histopathological study showed mature adipose tissue and areas with a myxoid appearance, without evidence of atypia, plexiform vascular network or lipoblasts, in immunohistochemistry the mature adipocytes exhibited marked positivity for the S-100 protein and negativity for CD34, the endothelial cells showed positivity for CD34, confirming the diagnosis of myxolipoma. Conclusion: It is essential that healthcare providers are familiar with the clinical manifestations of myxolipoma and include it in the possible diagnoses in the presence of nodules in the oral cavity. Likewise, the importance of educating and raising awareness about the oral health of street dwellers should not be underestimated.

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Introduction: Percutaneous kidney biopsy (KB) is crucial to the diagnosis and management of several renal pathologies. National data on native KB in pediatric patients are scarce. We aimed to review the demographic and clinical characteristics and histopathological patterns in children who underwent native percutaneous KB over 24 years. Methods: Retrospective observational study of patients undergoing native percutaneous KB in a pediatric nephrology unit between 1998 and 2021, comparing 3 periods: period 1 (1998-2005), period 2 (2006-2013), and period 3 (2014-2021). Results: We found that 228 KB were performed, 78 (34.2%) in period 1, 91 (39.9%) in period 2, and 59 (25.9%) in period 3. The median age at KB was 11 (7-14) years. The main indications for KB were nephrotic syndrome (NS) (42.9%), hematuria and/or non-nephrotic proteinuria (35.5%), and acute kidney injury (13.2%). Primary glomerulopathies were more frequent (67.1%), particularly minimal change disease (MCD) (25.4%), IgA nephropathy (12.7%), and mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis (GN) (8.8%). Of the secondary glomerulopathies, lupus nephritis (LN) was the most prevalent (11.8%). In group 1, hematuria and/or non-nephrotic proteinuria were the main reasons for KB, as opposed to NS in groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.01). LN showed an increasing trend (period 1-3: 2.6%-5.3%) and focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS) showed a slight decreasing trend (period 1-3: 3.1%-1.8%), without statistical significance. Conclusions: The main indication for KB was NS, which increased over time, justifying the finding of MCD as main histological diagnosis. LN showed an increase in incidence over time, while FSGS cases did not increase.

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RESUMO Introdução: A biópsia renal (BR) percutânea é fundamental para diagnóstico e manejo de diversas patologias renais. Dados nacionais sobre BR nativa em pacientes pediátricos são escassos. Nosso objetivo foi revisar características demográficas, clínicas e padrões histopatológicos em crianças submetidas a BR percutânea nativa ao longo de 24 anos. Métodos: Estudo observacional retrospectivo de pacientes submetidos a BR percutâneas nativas em unidade de nefrologia pediátrica entre 1998 e 2021, comparando três períodos: período 1 (1998-2005), período 2 (2006-2013), período 3 (2014-2021). Resultados: Constatamos que foram realizadas 228 BR, 78 (34,2%) no período 1, 91 (39,9%) no período 2, 59 (25,9%) no período 3. A idade mediana na BR foi 11 (7-14) anos. As principais indicações para BR foram síndrome nefrótica (SN) (42,9%), hematúria e/ou proteinúria não nefrótica (35,5%), lesão renal aguda (13,2%). Glomerulopatias primárias foram mais frequentes (67,1%), principalmente doença de lesão mínima (DLM) (25,4%), nefropatia por IgA (12,7%), glomerulonefrite mesangioproliferativa (GN) (8,8%). Das glomerulopatias secundárias, nefrite lúpica (NL) foi a mais prevalente (11,8%). No grupo 1, hematúria e/ou a proteinúria não nefrótica foram os principais motivos para BR, ao contrário da SN nos grupos 2 e 3 (p < 0,01). A NL apresentou tendência crescente (período 1-3: 2,6%-5,3%) e a glomeruloesclerose segmentar focal (GESF) apresentou leve tendência decrescente (período 1-3: 3,1%-1,8%), sem significância estatística. Conclusões: A principal indicação para BR foi SN, que aumentou ao longo do tempo, justificando o achado de DLM como principal diagnóstico histológico. A NL apresentou aumento na incidência ao longo do tempo, enquanto os casos de GESF não aumentaram.

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PURPOSE: Stereotactic brain biopsies are highly efficient for diagnosing intracerebral pathologies, particularly when surgical resection is infeasible. Fluorescence-based agents such as 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and fluorescein sodium (NaFl) can enhance diagnostic accuracy and safety, improving the visualization of lesional tissues. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate their effect on diagnostic yield and complication rates of brain biopsies. METHODS: This study adhered to Cochrane and PRISMA guidelines. We assessed studies for diagnostic yield and complication rates. Data was analyzed using a random-effects model in RStudio. Diagnostic accuracy measures such as sensitivity and predictive values were calculated based on fluorescence visibility in biopsy samples. RESULTS: Thirty-two non-randomized studies were included, comprising 947 patients, with a mean age ranging from 37 to 77 years, and a mean sample number ranging from 1 to 15 specimens. Diagnostic yields were high: 93% for NaFl and 96% for 5-ALA. Major complications occurred in 3% of procedures with both agents, while minor complications were reported in 7% and 5% with NaFl and 5-ALA respectively. The Negative-predictive-value (NPV) of 5-ALA and NaFl were 8-11% and 60-80% respectively. NaFl demonstrates higher sensitivity and specificity at 84% and 100% compared to 5-ALA's 66%. and 85% respectively. CONCLUSION: 5-ALA and NaFl provide high diagnostic yields with acceptable safety profiles in stereotactic biopsies. NaFl showed higher sensitivity and specificity. NaFl outperforms 5ALA in terms of NPV making it more efficient for small lesions near eloquent regions or major blood vessels. The significance of these findings can be further ascertained through randomized trials.

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Ácido Aminolevulínico , Neoplasias Encefálicas , Fluoresceína , Humanos , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/cirurgia , Corantes Fluorescentes , Biópsia Guiada por Imagem/métodos , Encéfalo/patologia

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Introduction: Kimura's disease (KD) is a rare chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by subcutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia with peripheral eosinophilia. Kidney involvement is reported in 15%-18% of adult patients with KD, in many cases as nephrotic syndrome. We present a case of overlapping membranous nephropathy and IgA nephropathy associated with KD. Case report: A 27-year-old man was admitted with a history of bilateral leg edema for the last 2 months and concomitant progressive increase of cervical mass and fever. Laboratory findings were as follows: peripheral leukocyte count, 10,080/mm³; eosinophils, 3,200/mm³ (31.7%); serum creatinine, 0.83 mg/dL; and eGFR: 140 mL/min per 1.73 m2. Urinalysis revealed the presence of hematuria and proteinuria and the following results: 24-h proteinuria, 12.9 g; serum albumin, 1.3 g/dL; and elevated IgE level, 750 kU/L. Serologies for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, and VDRL were all negative. Complement C3 and C4 levels were normal. No monoclonal protein was detected in blood and urine. Parasite infestation was discarded. A biopsy of the cervical lymph node revealed eosinophilic lymphoid hyperplasia, suggesting KD. A kidney biopsy revealed findings consistent with the overlapping of membranous nephropathy with IgA nephropathy. The patient was treated for KD with prednisone 1 mg/kg/d with progressive dose tapering and posterior association of methotrexate 15 mg/week. A renin-angiotensin system inhibitor was prescribed for nephrotic syndrome. The cervical mass regressed, and proteinuria achieved partial remission, with an increase in serum albumin level and normalization of eosinophils and IgE levels. Conclusion: Although uncommon, kidney involvement must be considered in patients with KD. Glomerular diseases are the most frequent form of kidney injury.

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Glomerulonefrite por IGA , Glomerulonefrite Membranosa , Doença de Kimura , Humanos , Adulto , Glomerulonefrite por IGA/diagnóstico , Glomerulonefrite por IGA/complicações , Glomerulonefrite por IGA/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Glomerulonefrite Membranosa/tratamento farmacológico , Glomerulonefrite Membranosa/diagnóstico , Glomerulonefrite Membranosa/imunologia , Doença de Kimura/diagnóstico , Doença de Kimura/complicações , Doença de Kimura/tratamento farmacológico , Biópsia , Rim/patologia

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Idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder that can be potentially fatal without timely diagnosis and treatment. We describe the first-ever reported occurrence of idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease with thrombocytopenia, anasarca, fever, reticulin fibrosis/renal insufficiency, and organomegaly syndrome in a liver transplant recipient. The diagnosis was challenging as the clinical presentation closely mimicked decompensated cirrhosis, and the profound thrombocytopenia limited tissue diagnosis. However, we were able to establish the diagnosis and treat it effectively. This case report signifies that a high index of suspicion and aggressive treatment can be lifesaving in liver transplant recipients presenting with this rare disorder.

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(Background). Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) have emerged as an important model for understanding pathophysiological aspects of human disease. Liquid biopsy (LB), which relies on blood-borne biomarkers and offers minimal invasiveness, holds promise for reflecting the disease status of patients. Small extracellular vesicles (SEVs) and their protein cargo have recently gained attention as potential tools for disease screening and monitoring. (Objectives). This study aimed to isolate SEVs from canine patients and analyze their proteomic profile to assess their diagnostic and prognostic potential. (Methods). Plasma samples were collected from female dogs grouped into CMT (malignant and benign), healthy controls, relapse, and remission groups. SEVs were isolated and characterized using ultracentrifugation (UC), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Proteomic analysis of circulating SEVs was conducted using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). (Results). While no significant differences were observed in the concentration and size of exosomes among the studied groups, proteomic profiling revealed important variations. Mass spectrometry identified exclusive proteins that could serve as potential biomarkers for mammary cancer. These included Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain (ITIH2 and ITI4), phosphopyruvate hydratase or alpha enolase (ENO1), eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (eEF2), actin (ACTB), transthyretin (TTR), beta-2-glycoprotein 1 (APOH) and gelsolin (GSN) found in female dogs with malignant tumors. Additionally, vitamin D-binding protein (VDBP), also known as group-specific component (GC), was identified as a protein present during remission. (Conclusions). The results underscore the potential of proteins found in SEVs as valuable biomarkers in CMTs. Despite the lack of differences in vesicle concentration and size between the groups, the analysis of protein content revealed promising markers with potential applications in CMT diagnosis and monitoring. These findings suggest a novel approach in the development of more precise and effective diagnostic tools for this challenging clinical condition.

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This study investigated serum extracellular vesicles (EVs) in bitches with mammary neoplasms, in order to understand their size, shape, and concentration, as well as their association with tumor malignancy. Thirty bitches were categorized into control (n = 10), mammary tumor grades I and II (GI, n = 13), and grade III (GII, n = 7). Serum was separated from blood collected during mastectomy, and EVs were isolated using size exclusion chromatography. The analysis revealed no significant differences in EV concentrations among groups, with similar concentrations for control, GI, and GII. Ninety-one proteins were identified in EV-enriched samples, with six showing varied abundance across groups. Notably, keratin 18 was highly abundant in GI, while sushi domain-containing protein, EvC ciliary subunit 2, and the joining chain of multimeric IgM and IgA were increased in GII. Additionally, protocadherin 17 and albumin were upregulated in both GI and GII. ROC curves identified potential biomarkers for differentiating tumor grades. Enrichment pathway analysis revealed AFP gene upregulation in the GI. Mass spectrometry proteomics data were deposited in Mendeley Data. The study provides valuable insights into serum EV characterization in bitches, suggesting keratin 18 and protocadherin 17 as potential biomarkers for canine mammary neoplasia, with implications for future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency and clinicopathological concordance of mucocutaneous manifestations in people living with HIV (PLWH) and its correlation with CD4+ T lymphocyte count and HIV viral load. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of patients diagnosed with HIV infection who underwent skin biopsy for histopathological study from 1992 to 2022. Skin diseases were categorized as opportunistic and sexually transmitted infections, inflammatory dermatoses, benign cutaneous neoplasms, and premalignant and malignant cutaneous neoplasms. Clinicopathological concordance was classified as complete, partial or discordant. Frequency of skin diseases are presented by category and according to lymphocyte CD4+ count and HIV viral load. RESULTS: A total of 659 patients were included of whom 88.5% (n = 583) were male. The most frequent diagnostic category was opportunistic or sexually transmitted infections in 34% (n = 224) and the most frequently found condition was Kaposi sarcoma in 17% (n = 112). Clinicopathological concordance was complete in 53.7% (n = 354) of cases, partial in 26.7% (n = 176) and discordant in 19.6% (n = 129). Among the 282 patients with available serological data, 58.9% (n = 166), 23.8% (n = 67) and 17.4% (n = 49) had CD4+ counts below 200, between 200 and 499, and above 500 cells/µl, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although there is a high variability in skin conditions which people with HIV may present, there was a high rate of clinicopathological concordance (80.4%). We emphasize the importance of diagnostic skin biopsies due to their diverse morphological presentation. The frequency of skin diseases in PLWH depending on different clinical settings should aid the clinician in reaching an adequate diagnosis in this population.

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Infecções por HIV , Carga Viral , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por HIV/patologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Dermatopatias/patologia , Biópsia , Sarcoma de Kaposi/patologia , Sarcoma de Kaposi/imunologia , Sarcoma de Kaposi/epidemiologia , Idoso

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Objective: To investigate clinical, pathology, and imaging findings associated with inguinal lymph node (LN) metastases in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective single-center study of patients with PCa who underwent imaging and inguinal LN biopsy between 2000 and 2023. We assessed the following aspects on multimodality imaging: inguinal LN morphology; extrainguinal lymphadenopathy; the extent of primary and recurrent tumors; and non-nodal metastases. Imaging, clinical, and pathology features were compared between patients with and without metastatic inguinal LNs. Results: We evaluated 79 patients, of whom 38 (48.1%) had pathology-proven inguinal LN metastasis. Certain imaging aspects- short-axis diameter, prostate-specific membrane antigen uptake on positron-emission tomography, membranous urethra involvement by the tumor, extra-inguinal lymphadenopathy, and distant metastases-were associated with pathology-proven inguinal LN metastases (p < 0.01 for all). Associations with long-axis diameter, fatty hilum, laterality, and uptake of other tracers on positronemission tomography were not significant (p = 0.09-1.00). The patients with metastatic inguinal LNs had higher prostate-specific antigen levels and more commonly had castration-resistant PCa (p < 0.01), whereas age, histological grade, and treatment type were not significant factors (p = 0.07-0.37). None of the patients had inguinal LN metastasis in the absence of locally advanced disease with membranous urethra involvement or distant metastasis. Conclusion: Several imaging, clinical, and pathology features are associated with inguinal LN metastases in patients with PCa. Isolated metastasis to inguinal LNs is extremely rare and unlikely to occur in the absence of high-risk imaging, clinical, or pathology features.

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Objetivo: Investigar achados clinicopatológicos e de imagem associados a metástases linfonodais inguinais em pacientes com câncer de próstata (CaP). Materiais e Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de uma única instituição de pacientes com CaP submetidos a exames de imagem e biópsia inguinal de linfonodos em 2000­2023. A imagem multimodalidade foi avaliada para morfologia inguinal do linfonodo, linfadenopatia fora da região inguinal, extensão do CaP primário/recorrente e sítios metastáticos não nodais. Características de imagem e clinicopatológicas foram comparadas entre pacientes com e sem linfonodos inguinais metastáticos pela patologia. Resultados: Entre 79 pacientes estudados, 38 (48,1%) apresentaram metástase inguinal de linfonodo comprovada patologicamente. Certos achados de imagem ­ diâmetro do eixo curto, captação do antígeno de membrana prostático específico na tomografia por emissão de pósitrons, envolvimento da uretra membranosa pelo tumor, linfadenopatia fora da região inguinal e metástases a distância ­ foram associados com metástases inguinais no linfonodo pela patologia (p < 0,01). Diâmetro de eixo longo, hilo gorduroso, lateralidade, captação em outros traçadores de tomografia por emissão de pósitrons não foram significativos (p = 0,09­1,00). Clinicopatologicamente, os pacientes com linfonodos inguinais metastáticos apresentaram maior antígeno prostático específico e foram mais resistentes à castração (p < 0,01); idade, grau histológico e tipo de tratamento não foram estatisticamente significantes (p = 0,07­0,37). Nenhum paciente apresentou metástase inguinal isolada no linfonodo na ausência de doença localmente avançada com envolvimento da uretra membranosa ou metástase a distância. Conclusão: Várias características de imagem e clinicopatológicas foram associadas a metástases em LNs inguinais em pacientes com CaP. A metástase isolada para os LNs inguinais é extremamente rara e é improvável que ocorra na ausência de características de imagem e clinicopatológicas de alto risco.

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BACKGROUND: Fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a diagnostic challenge with highly heterogeneous causes. Its etiology can change according to the studied regions, and the chance of reaching a diagnosis depends on available resources. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical characteristics, etiology and the usefulness of diagnostic aids in cases of FUO managed over 12 years in a Colombian reference center. METHODOLOGY: Single-institution retrospective case series. All cases of FUO between 2006 and 2017 were identified with the help of an electronic medical record search software. Cases of adults with fever for more than three weeks who remained undiagnosed after three days of hospitalization are described. RESULTS: Of 1,009 cases evaluated, 112 cases met the inclusion criteria (median age 43 years, 66% men). The etiologies identified were infectious (31.2%), inflammatory (20.5%), neoplastic (14.3%), and miscellaneous (2.7%) diseases. 31.2% remained without etiological diagnosis. The most frequent conditions were tuberculosis (17%), Hodgkin's lymphoma (7.1%), systemic lupus erythematosus (6.3%), disseminated histoplasmosis, and adult Still's disease. Contrast tomography and biopsies were the studies that most frequently supported or confirmed the final diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: This series of contemporary Latin American cases suggests that the categories of FUO etiologies are similar to those reported in studies from developed countries, with tuberculosis being the most frequent cause in our setting. Our results highlight the importance of tomography-guided invasive studies in the diagnostic approach to FUO.

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Febre de Causa Desconhecida , Humanos , Febre de Causa Desconhecida/etiologia , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Idoso , Adolescente

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PURPOSE: To establish a reliable machine learning model to predict malignancy in breast lesions identified by ultrasound (US) and optimize the negative predictive value to minimize unnecessary biopsies. METHODS: We included clinical and ultrasonographic attributes from 1526 breast lesions classified as BI-RADS 3, 4a, 4b, 4c, 5, and 6 that underwent US-guided breast biopsy in four institutions. We selected the most informative attributes to train nine machine learning models, ensemble models and models with tuned threshold to make inferences about the diagnosis of BI-RADS 4a and 4b lesions (validation dataset). We tested the performance of the final model with 403 new suspicious lesions. RESULTS: The most informative attributes were shape, margin, orientation and size of the lesions, the resistance index of the internal vessel, the age of the patient and the presence of a palpable lump. The highest mean negative predictive value (NPV) was achieved with the K-Nearest Neighbors algorithm (97.9%). Making ensembles did not improve the performance. Tuning the threshold did improve the performance of the models and we chose the algorithm XGBoost with the tuned threshold as the final one. The tested performance of the final model was: NPV 98.1%, false negative 1.9%, positive predictive value 77.1%, false positive 22.9%. Applying this final model, we would have missed 2 of the 231 malignant lesions of the test dataset (0.8%). CONCLUSION: Machine learning can help physicians predict malignancy in suspicious breast lesions identified by the US. Our final model would be able to avoid 60.4% of the biopsies in benign lesions missing less than 1% of the cancer cases.

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HIV infection is a chameleon, mimicking several diseases. Herein, we report a previously healthy 39-year-old woman who, over 2 months, developed arthritis, weight loss, and confluent multiple mononeuropathy. Extensive laboratory investigation showed positive serology for HIV, with a CD4 count of 100 cells, and necrotizing vasculitis on a nerve biopsy not associated with CMV co-infection, allowing the diagnosis of polyarteritis nodosa-like vasculitis in an HIV-infected patient. Apart from the infection, HIV-related autoimmunity can affect any organ and contribute to the complexity of the clinical presentation of HIV infection.

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Osteolipoma is a rare benign variant of lipoma and constitutes less than 1% of all lipomas, presenting as a well-circumscribed painless mass. It is a tumor known to occur in several regions, usually intraosseous or adjacent to bone tissue, whose pathogenesis is still unclear. Imaging exams are useful in their evaluation and, mainly, in surgical planning, which consists of tumor excision. However, the definitive diagnosis of osteolipoma is made by histopathological examination. Although benign, osteolipomas can compress surrounding structures, leading to important symptomatology, as in this case reported in which it is in contact with the brachial plexus.

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BACKGROUND: Neural tumors are difficult to distinguish based solely on cellularity and often require immunohistochemical staining to aid in identifying the cell lineage. This article investigates the potential of a Convolutional Neural Network for the histopathological classification of the three most prevalent benign neural tumor types: neurofibroma, perineurioma, and schwannoma. METHODS: A model was developed, trained, and evaluated for classification using the ResNet-50 architecture, with a database of 30 whole-slide images stained in hematoxylin and eosin (106, 782 patches were generated from and divided among the training, validation, and testing subsets, with strategies to avoid data leakage). RESULTS: The model achieved an accuracy of 70% (64% normalized), and showed satisfactory results for differentiating two of the three classes, reaching approximately 97% and 77% as true positives for neurofibroma and schwannoma classes, respectively, and only 7% for perineurioma class. The AUROC curves for neurofibroma and schwannoma classes was 0.83%, and 0.74% for perineurioma. However, the specificity rate for the perineurioma class was greater (83%) than in the other two classes (neurofibroma with 61%, and schwannoma with 60%). CONCLUSION: This investigation demonstrated significant potential for proficient performance with a limitation regarding the perineurioma class (the limited feature variability observed contributed to a lower performance).

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Estudos de Viabilidade , Neoplasias Bucais , Neoplasias de Bainha Neural , Redes Neurais de Computação , Neurilemoma , Neurofibroma , Humanos , Neurofibroma/patologia , Neurilemoma/patologia , Neoplasias de Bainha Neural/patologia , Neoplasias Bucais/patologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial

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Liquid biopsy for circulating tumour cell (CTC) detection is generally unexplored in veterinary medicine. Dogs with highly aggressive and heterogeneous tumours, such as oral malignant melanoma (OMM), could benefit from studies involving size-based isolation methods for CTCs, as they do not depend on specific antibodies. This pilot study aimed to detect CTCs from canine OMM using Isolation by Size of Epithelial Tumor Cells (ISET), a microfiltration methodology, followed by immunocytochemistry (ICC) with Melan-A, PNL2, and S100 antibodies. Ten canine patients diagnosed by histopathology and confirmed as OMM by immunohistochemistry were enrolled, their prognostic data was assessed, and blood samples were collected for CTC analysis. Results have shown the detection of intact cells in 9/10 patients. ICC has shown 3/9 Melan-A-positive, 3/9 PNL2-positive, and 8/9 S100-positive patients, confirming the importance of opting for a multimarker assay. A significant number of negative-stained CTCs were found, suggesting their high heterogeneity in circulation. Microemboli stained with either PNL2 or S100 were found in a patient with a high isolated cell count and advanced clinical stage. Preliminary statistical analysis shows a significant difference in CTC count between patients with and without lymph node metastasis (p < .05), which may correlate with tumour metastatic potential. However, we recommend further studies with more extensive sampling to confirm this result. This pilot study is the first report of intact CTC detection in canine OMM and the first application of ISET in veterinary medicine, opening new possibilities for liquid biopsy studies in canine OMM and other tumours.

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Doenças do Cão , Melanoma , Neoplasias Bucais , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes , Cães , Animais , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Doenças do Cão/sangue , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Projetos Piloto , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/patologia , Neoplasias Bucais/veterinária , Neoplasias Bucais/patologia , Neoplasias Bucais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Bucais/sangue , Melanoma/veterinária , Melanoma/patologia , Melanoma/sangue , Melanoma/diagnóstico , Masculino , Feminino , Imuno-Histoquímica/veterinária , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue

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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents one of the most common cancers worldwide. A considerable proportion of HCC is caused by cirrhosis related to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Due to the increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome, it is estimated that MASH-related HCC will become the most prevalent etiology of HCC. Currently, HCC screening is based on liver ultrasonography; however, the sensitivity of ultrasonography for early HCC stages in obese patients only reaches 23 %. To date, no studied biomarker shows sufficient efficacy for screening purposes. Nevertheless, the usage of spectroscopic methods offers a new perspective, as its potential use would provide cheap, fast analysis of samples such as blood plasma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We employed a combination of conventional and chiroptical spectroscopic methods to study differences between the blood plasma of obese cirrhotic patients with and without HCC. We included 20 subjects with HCC and 17 without evidence of liver cancer, all of them with body mass index ≥ 30. RESULTS: Sensitivities and specificities reached values as follows: 0.780 and 0.905 for infrared spectroscopy, 0.700 and 0.767 for Raman spectroscopy, 0.840 and 0.743 for electronic circular dichroism, and 0.805 and 0.923 for Raman optical activity. The final combined classification model based on all spectroscopic methods reached a sensitivity of 0.810 and a specificity of 0.857, with the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve among all models (0.961). CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that this approach can be used effectively as a diagnostic tool in patients who are not examinable by liver ultrasonography. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04221347.

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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Obesidade , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Índice de Massa Corporal , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/sangue , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Detecção Precoce de Câncer/métodos , Cirrose Hepática/sangue , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Cirrose Hepática/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/sangue , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico por imagem , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/sangue , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Curva ROC , Análise Espectral Raman

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Our purpose was to compare differences in the incidence of amyloid deposition in tenosynovium (TS) versus transverse carpal ligament (TCL) biopsies obtained during open carpal tunnel release. We hypothesized that the incidence of amyloid would be similar between TCL and TS when obtaining both specimens from the same patient. METHODS: All primary, elective open carpal tunnel release cases that underwent biopsy for amyloid between January 2022 and September 2023 were reviewed. Tenosynovial and TCL specimens were independently evaluated by a pathologist to assess for amyloid. Demographic data were collected, and incidence of amyloid deposition was compared between the two samples. Agreement statistics, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated for TCL, using TS as the reference standard. RESULTS: A total of 196 cases met either Tier 1 (n=180) or Tier 2 (n=16) biopsy criteria. Forty-eight cases were excluded for missed biopsies or laboratory processing errors, leaving 148 cases available for analysis. Amyloid deposition was present in 31 out of 148 (21%) TS specimens and 33 out of 148 (22%) TCL specimens. Overall, the results of the TS biopsy agreed with TCL biopsy in 138 out of 148 cases (93%). In the 10 cases for which the results of the TCL and TS biopsy differed, six cases had (+) TCL and (-) TS, and four cases had amyloid deposition in TS without evidence of deposition in the TCL. Sensitivity and specificity values for the TCL specimen were 87% and 95%, respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were 82% and 97%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: For cases of open carpal tunnel release undergoing biopsy, amyloid deposition was noted in 21% of TS specimens and 22% of TCL specimens. Results of TS and TCL biopsies obtained from the same patient agreed in 93% of cases. Single-source biopsy for amyloid represents a reasonable diagnostic approach. Future cost analyses should be performed to determine whether the addition of two biopsy sources to improve diagnostic accuracy is justified. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic II.

Assuntos

Amiloide , Síndrome do Túnel Carpal , Ligamentos Articulares , Humanos , Síndrome do Túnel Carpal/cirurgia , Síndrome do Túnel Carpal/patologia , Síndrome do Túnel Carpal/diagnóstico , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Biópsia , Ligamentos Articulares/patologia , Amiloide/metabolismo , Idoso , Amiloidose/patologia , Amiloidose/diagnóstico , Amiloidose/cirurgia , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Membrana Sinovial/patologia , Descompressão Cirúrgica/métodos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto

RESUMO

The detection of solid renal masses has increased over time due to incidental findings during imaging studies conducted for unrelated medical conditions. Approximately 20% of lesions measuring less than 4 cm are benign and 80% are malignant. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most frequent among renal carcinomas, responsible for 65-80% of cases. The increased detection of renal masses facilitates early diagnosis and treatment. However, it also leads to more invasive interventions, which result in higher morbidity and costs. Currently, only histological analysis can offer an accurate diagnosis. Surgical nephron loss significantly elevates morbidity and mortality rates. Active surveillance represents a conservative management approach for patients diagnosed with a solid renal mass that is endorsed by both American Urological Association and the European Society for Medical Oncology. However, active surveillance is used in a minority of patients and varies across institutions. The lack of clinical studies using a standardized approach to incidentally detected small renal masses precludes the widespread use of active surveillance. Hence, there is an urgent need for better patient selection, distinguishing those who require surgery from those suitable for active surveillance. The clear cell likelihood score (ccLS) represents a novel MRI tool for assessing the probability of a renal mass being a ccRCC. In this study, we present a comprehensive review of renal masses and their evaluation using the ccLS to facilitate shared decision between urologists and patients.

RESUMO

The gold standard diagnosis of sporotrichosis is the isolation of Sporothrix sp. in culture media, but this is a time-consuming test that is susceptible to contamination and can be affected by the fungal load. Molecular methods such as nested PCR are gaining more ground in the management of several infections as they are tools for the rapid and accurate identification of microorganisms from pure cultures or directly from biological samples. This study aimed to apply a nested PCR molecular protocol for the rapid detection of Sporothrix spp. directly from clinical samples. Thirteen samples-six from skin biopsies, five from skin exudates, and two from conjunctival secretions-were obtained from patients diagnosed with sporotrichosis due to S. brasiliensis. Calmodulin gene sequencing identified all the isolates as S. brasiliensis. Nested PCR was able to detect all the Sporothrix sensu lato directly from clinical samples as well as the CBS 120339 reference strain. The nested PCR protocol stands out as a diagnostic alternative, as it allows the identification of Sporothrix spp. directly from clinical samples without the need for fungal isolation.