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In the last decades, the determination of trace elements in biological materials has emerged as an important area of study because of its relevance to human health and the environment. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has proven to be a powerful tool for trace element analysis, owing to its high sensitivity and ability to determine several elements in a single measurement. However, given the complex nature of biological matrices and the presence of elements, most of them at ultratrace levels, it becomes crucial to complement ICP-MS with preconcentration techniques to increase the sensitivity and selectivity of analytical methods. This article presents an exhaustive overview of liquid- and solid-phase preconcentration techniques used in combination with ICP-MS for trace element determination in different biological samples from 2000 to the present. An in-depth discussion of the advances on the application of state-of-the-art solvents and materials in trace element extraction and preconcentration is presented. Special attention is given to different strategies for elemental speciation analysis, employing both chromatographic and non-chromatographic techniques. The role of automation in these methodologies is also described. Finally, future trends and challenges related to this topic are discussed.

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Currently, there is a growing need to develop machines that replace human work efficiently and effectively in horticulture with the same sensibility of the human hand, since horticultural foods are notably very fragile to handle and process, especially considering machinery and systems. This work aimed to determine the mechanical properties of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) variety Crispa. For that, two methodologies were used in the field of material engineering: one specific for polymers and composites - the standard ASTM D3039 - Standard test method for tensile properties of polymer matrix composite materials (ASTM, 2002a) and the other specific for plastic films - the ASTM 882 - Standard test method for tensile properties of thin plastic sheeting (ASTM, 2002b). The tests were adapted for lettuce samples. The mechanical properties for the leaf and stem of head lettuce (var. Crispa) were obtained with appropriate statistical rigor, which can be considered valid initial estimates for dimensioning mechanisms and systems of machines for horticultural works specialized in lettuce. These properties provide fundamental engineering parameters to design machine elements that interact with biological materials, allowing to develop devices that generate minor damage to biological structures in lettuce.

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INTRODUCTION: Occupational accidents involving biological material have consequences that range from physical damage to public expenses. The study of this topic may help evaluate conducts and form preventive measures. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the notifications of occupational accidents involving biological material that occurred between 2007 and 2016 in the state of Amapá, Brazil. METHODS: This is an observational, retrospective, and descriptive study with a data analysis that quantified occupational accidents with biological material reported between January 2007 and December 2016 and analyzed the most prevalent risk factors. RESULTS: Data were obtained from the Occupational Health Reference Center of the state of Amapá: 938 cases of occupational accidents with biological material were reported in the studied period. The main type of exposure was percutaneous (75.8%), the most common organic material was blood (68.4%), and the main causative agent was the hollow-bore needle (58.6%). Considering the reported cases, 80.8% of 745 individuals were vaccinated against hepatitis B and 2.4% of 252 individuals had positive anti-HIV. Regarding the clinical progression of the injured workers, in 91.9% of the cases these data were unknown or not recorded, and 47.4% of the patients who provided this information were discharged with no serological conversion. CONCLUSIONS: The main causes of occupational accidents were related to the use of sharps for intravenous drug administration and the inadequate disposal of this material, highlighting the need for stronger attention when performing these procedures. The high incidence of unknown/blank data hampered the correct serological follow-up of the patients and the epidemiological characterization of the accidents.

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INTRODUCTION: Accidents involving biological material are the main cause of occupational exposure among health care professionals. OBJECTIVES: To analyze trends in the number of accidents involving exposure to biological material among health care workers in Brazil, in the period of 2010 to 2016. METHODS: This was an ecological study based on secondary data on occupational accidents involving biological material reported to the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação). The data were analyzed using descriptive methods, followed by a calculation of incidence rates per 1,000 workers per year. Lastly, trend analysis was performed using Prais-Winsten regression. RESULTS: A total of 243,621 accidents involving exposure to biological materials were reported among health professionals in the study period. The highest incidence rate (16.74 accidents per 1,000 workers per year) was observed in 2014. Regional analyses showed that Midwestern, South and Southeast Brazil had higher incidence rates than other regions of the country. At the state level, the highest rates were observed in Roraima, Rio Grande do Norte, Alagoas, Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná, and Santa Catarina. National incidence rates of occupational accidents with exposure to biological material in health care workers had a stable trend over the study period. CONCLUSIONS: In Brazil, health care workers are disproportionately affected by occupational accidents with exposure to biological material. The present findings, together with other indicators, cast doubt on the stability of these figures over time.

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O Whatman FTA-Card® é um papel-filtro quimicamente tratado, destinado à coleta, transporte, armazenamento de amostras para posterior extração de ácidos nucléicos. A tecnologia FTA-Card® é utilizada para manter estável DNA e RNA em temperatura ambiente, podendo ser utilizados para fixação de uma ampla variedade de material orgânico ou tecidos. Foram realizados testes para certificar sua eficiência na conservação do material a ser analisado com o intuito de eliminar a cadeia fria de conservação, agilizando o processo e diminuindo os custos da execução de exames moleculares associados ao diagnóstico de patologias. Foram testadas oito amostras de felinos na forma de sangue total e soro, para a extração utilizou-se o kit Magazorb RNA Total mini-prep kit (Promega®, EUA), para o diagnóstico foi utilizada a técnica de PCR em tempo real para amplificar o gene CI2 de mamíferos, a fim de visualizar a eficácia na conservação de ácidos nucleicos. A utilização desse método torna possível que o material biológico seja enviado por serviços de transporte postais, reduzindo os custos e viabilizando diagnósticos provenientes de áreas mais remotas.(AU)

Whatman FTA-Card® is a chemically treated filter paper intended for the collection, transport, and storage of samples for later extraction of nucleic acids. FTA-Card® technology is used to keep DNA and RNA stable at room temperature and can be used to fix a wide variety of organic material or tissues. Tests were carried out to certify its efficiency in the conservation of the material to be analyzed in order to eliminate the cold conservation chain, speeding up the process and decreasing the costs of performing molecular tests associated with the diagnosis of pathologies. By using this method, biological material can be sent by postal transport services, reducing costs and making diagnoses from more remote areas feasible. Samples of feline specimens were tested in the form of whole blood and serum, using the Magazorb RNA Total mini-prep kit (Promega®, USA) for the extraction. Diagnosis was performed using real-time PCR technique to amplify the mammalian CI2 gene in order to visualize the effectiveness in conserving nucleic acids.(AU)

Whatman FTA-Card® es un papel de filtro tratado químicamente, destinado a la recogida, transporte, almacenamiento de muestras para su posterior extracción de ácidos nucleicos. La tecnología FTA-Card® se usa para mantener el ADN y el ARN estables a la temperatura ambiente y se puede usar para la fijación de una amplia variedad de materiales o tejidos orgánicos. Se realizaron pruebas para certificar su eficiencia en la conservación del material a analizar con el fin de eliminar la cadena de frío de conservación, agilizando el proceso y reduciendo los costos de realización de pruebas moleculares asociadas al diagnóstico de patologías. Se analizaron ocho muestras felinas en forma de sangre total y suero, para la extracción se utilizó el mini-prep kit Magazorb RNA Total (Promega®, USA), para el diagnóstico se utilizó la técnica de PCR en tiempo real para amplificar el CI2 de mamífero gen, con el fin de visualizar la efectividad en la conservación de ácidos nucleicos. El uso de ese método permite el envío de material biológico por los servicios de transporte postal, lo que reduce los costes y permite realizar diagnósticos desde zonas más remotas.(AU)

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O Whatman FTA-Card® é um papel-filtro quimicamente tratado, destinado à coleta, transporte, armazenamento de amostras para posterior extração de ácidos nucléicos. A tecnologia FTA-Card® é utilizada para manter estável DNA e RNA em temperatura ambiente, podendo ser utilizados para fixação de uma ampla variedade de material orgânico ou tecidos. Foram realizados testes para certificar sua eficiência na conservação do material a ser analisado com o intuito de eliminar a cadeia fria de conservação, agilizando o processo e diminuindo os custos da execução de exames moleculares associados ao diagnóstico de patologias. Foram testadas oito amostras de felinos na forma de sangue total e soro, para a extração utilizou-se o kit Magazorb RNA Total mini-prep kit (Promega®, EUA), para o diagnóstico foi utilizada a técnica de PCR em tempo real para amplificar o gene CI2 de mamíferos, a fim de visualizar a eficácia na conservação de ácidos nucleicos. A utilização desse método torna possível que o material biológico seja enviado por serviços de transporte postais, reduzindo os custos e viabilizando diagnósticos provenientes de áreas mais remotas.(AU)

Whatman FTA-Card® is a chemically treated filter paper intended for the collection, transport, and storage of samples for later extraction of nucleic acids. FTA-Card® technology is used to keep DNA and RNA stable at room temperature and can be used to fix a wide variety of organic material or tissues. Tests were carried out to certify its efficiency in the conservation of the material to be analyzed in order to eliminate the cold conservation chain, speeding up the process and decreasing the costs of performing molecular tests associated with the diagnosis of pathologies. By using this method, biological material can be sent by postal transport services, reducing costs and making diagnoses from more remote areas feasible. Samples of feline specimens were tested in the form of whole blood and serum, using the Magazorb RNA Total mini-prep kit (Promega®, USA) for the extraction. Diagnosis was performed using real-time PCR technique to amplify the mammalian CI2 gene in order to visualize the effectiveness in conserving nucleic acids.(AU)

Whatman FTA-Card® es un papel de filtro tratado químicamente, destinado a la recogida, transporte, almacenamiento de muestras para su posterior extracción de ácidos nucleicos. La tecnología FTA-Card® se usa para mantener el ADN y el ARN estables a la temperatura ambiente y se puede usar para la fijación de una amplia variedad de materiales o tejidos orgánicos. Se realizaron pruebas para certificar su eficiencia en la conservación del material a analizar con el fin de eliminar la cadena de frío de conservación, agilizando el proceso y reduciendo los costos de realización de pruebas moleculares asociadas al diagnóstico de patologías. Se analizaron ocho muestras felinas en forma de sangre total y suero, para la extracción se utilizó el mini-prep kit Magazorb RNA Total (Promega®, USA), para el diagnóstico se utilizó la técnica de PCR en tiempo real para amplificar el CI2 de mamífero gen, con el fin de visualizar la efectividad en la conservación de ácidos nucleicos. El uso de ese método permite el envío de material biológico por los servicios de transporte postal, lo que reduce los costes y permite realizar diagnósticos desde zonas más remotas.(AU)

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O Whatman FTA-Card® é um papel-filtro quimicamente tratado, destinado à coleta, transporte, armazenamento de amostras para posterior extração de ácidos nucléicos. A tecnologia FTA-Card® é utilizada para manter estável DNA e RNA em temperatura ambiente, podendo ser utilizados para fixação de uma ampla variedade de material orgânico ou tecidos. Foram realizados testes para certificar sua eficiência na conservação do material a ser analisado com o intuito de eliminar a cadeia fria de conservação, agilizando o processo e diminuindo os custos da execução de exames moleculares associados ao diagnóstico de patologias. Foram testadas oito amostras de felinos na forma de sangue total e soro, para a extração utilizou-se o kit Magazorb RNA Total mini-prep kit (Promega®, EUA), para o diagnóstico foi utilizada a técnica de PCR em tempo real para amplificar o gene CI2 de mamíferos, a fim de visualizar a eficácia na conservação de ácidos nucleicos. A utilização desse método torna possível que o material biológico seja enviado por serviços de transporte postais, reduzindo os custos e viabilizando diagnósticos provenientes de áreas mais remotas.(AU)

Whatman FTA-Card® is a chemically treated filter paper intended for the collection, transport, and storage of samples for later extraction of nucleic acids. FTA-Card® technology is used to keep DNA and RNA stable at room temperature and can be used to fix a wide variety of organic material or tissues. Tests were carried out to certify its efficiency in the conservation of the material to be analyzed in order to eliminate the cold conservation chain, speeding up the process and decreasing the costs of performing molecular tests associated with the diagnosis of pathologies. By using this method, biological material can be sent by postal transport services, reducing costs and making diagnoses from more remote areas feasible. Samples of feline specimens were tested in the form of whole blood and serum, using the Magazorb RNA Total mini-prep kit (Promega®, USA) for the extraction. Diagnosis was performed using real-time PCR technique to amplify the mammalian CI2 gene in order to visualize the effectiveness in conserving nucleic acids.(AU)

Whatman FTA-Card® es un papel de filtro tratado químicamente, destinado a la recogida, transporte, almacenamiento de muestras para su posterior extracción de ácidos nucleicos. La tecnología FTA-Card® se usa para mantener el ADN y el ARN estables a la temperatura ambiente y se puede usar para la fijación de una amplia variedad de materiales o tejidos orgánicos. Se realizaron pruebas para certificar su eficiencia en la conservación del material a analizar con el fin de eliminar la cadena de frío de conservación, agilizando el proceso y reduciendo los costos de realización de pruebas moleculares asociadas al diagnóstico de patologías. Se analizaron ocho muestras felinas en forma de sangre total y suero, para la extracción se utilizó el mini-prep kit Magazorb RNA Total (Promega®, USA), para el diagnóstico se utilizó la técnica de PCR en tiempo real para amplificar el CI2 de mamífero gen, con el fin de visualizar la efectividad en la conservación de ácidos nucleicos. El uso de ese método permite el envío de material biológico por los servicios de transporte postal, lo que reduce los costes y permite realizar diagnósticos desde zonas más remotas.(AU)

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Como parte de la evaluación de la asignatura Bioética e Investigación de la Maestría en Bioética, se solicitó a los estudiantes de la VI Cohorte que realizarán un análisis comparativo de las Pautas CIOMS 2016 con documentos anteriores. En esta segunda parte, se presentan las pautas relacionadas con el consentimiento informado, la recolección, almacenamiento y uso de materiales biológicos y datos relacionados, así como la rendición pública de cuentas y la publicación de las investigaciones. Estas pautas son fundamentales para la realización de investigaciones científicas en seres humanos por eso el objetivo de estos trabajos es proporcionar a los investigadores un aporte en su formación y una rápida adaptación a la nueva propuesta CIOMS(AU)

As part of the evaluation of the Bioethics and Research subject of the Master in Bioethics, students of the VI Cohort were asked to make a comparative analysis of the CIOMS 2016 Guidelines with previous documents. In this second part, the guidelines related to informed consent, collection, storage and use of biological materials and related data, as well as public accountability and publication of research are presented. These guidelines are fundamental for carrying out scientific research on human beings, and for this reason the objective of this work is to provide researchers with a contribution in their training and a rapid adaptation to the new CIOMS proposal(AU)

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Introdução: Os acidentes de trabalho com exposição a material biológico (ATEMB) entre os profissionais de saúde ainda são frequentes e podem acarretar consequências à saúde do trabalhador. Objetivo: Descrever as características e as condutas adotadas pós-exposição entre os profissionais de saúde vítimas de ATEMB no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo ecológico, com dados secundários registrados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), no período de 2010 a 2016. Realizou-se uma análise descritiva, calcularam-se os coeficientes de incidência (CI) por 1.000/profissionais-ano. Utilizou-se o Stata 14.0 para análise dos dados. Resultados: O maior CI no país foi observado no ano de 2014 (16,84). Na análise por unidade federativa (UF), os maiores CI foram encontrados em Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo e Paraná. Entre os casos notificados, prevaleceram a população feminina, na faixa etária entre 25­31 anos, com 12 anos ou mais de escolaridade, e auxiliares e técnicos de enfermagem (64,71%). O sangue foi o material biológico mais envolvido nos acidentes (74,93%) por meio da via percutânea (75,33%), com a agulha sendo o principal agente causador (57,59%), e 29,71% dos pesquisados não utilizavam luvas no momento do acidente. Nas condutas adotadas pós-exposição, 1,12% recusou a quimioprofilaxia indicada. Entre as variáveis relacionadas em estudo, existiam muitos dados registrados como ignorado ou em branco. Conclusão: A descrição levantada denota a necessidade de medidas de prevenção efetivas que estejam baseadas principalmente no uso do equipamento de proteção individual e na educação permanente e continuada dos profissionais, assim como no preenchimento adequado das fichas de notificação.

Background: Work accidents involving exposure to biological materials (WAEMB) are frequent among healthcare workers (HCW) and might have consequences for their health. Objective: To describe the characteristics of WAEMB involving HCW and post-exposure measures in Brazil as a whole. Methods: Ecological study based on secondary data recorded by System of Information on Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) for the period from 2010 to 2016. We performed descriptive analysis and calculated incidence coefficients (IC) per 1,000 HCW/year using software Stata 14.0. Results: The highest IC corresponded to 2014 (16.84). On analysis per state, the highest IC corresponded to Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Paraná. Most victims were women, nursing assistants or technicians (64.71%), workers aged 15-31 years old, and with ≥12 years of formal education. Most accidents involved blood (74.93%) and percutaneous exposure (75.33%); needles were the most frequent causative agent (57.59%). About 29.71% of victims did not wear gloves at the time of the accident, and 1.12% refused chemoprophylaxis. Data missed for several variables of interest. Conclusion: Our description points to the need for effective preventive measures mainly based on use of personal protective equipment, lifelong learning and continuing education for HCW and adequate WAEMB reporting

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Objetive:To analyze the adhesion to Individual Protection Equipment among health workers who have suffered accidents with biological material. Method:This is a retrospective, quantitative epidemiological study carried out in a hospital of medium complexity between October 2010 and December 2013. Results:The inadequacy of the use of the Individual Protection Equipment during the procedure was more prevalent in people aged up to 29 years-old and inprofessionals of the nursing team. Misuse of equipment was also more prevalent among people who suffered accidents during invasive and bloody procedures. Conclusion:The low adherence or inadequacy of the use of Personal Protective Equipment has been observed and can be linked to both individual and related aspects of employers' institutions.

Objetivo: Analisar a adesão aos Equipamentos de Proteção Individual entre trabalhadores de saúde que sofreram acidentes com material biológico. Método: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, retrospectivo, quantitativo, realizado em um hospital de média complexidade, no período de outubro de 2010 a dezembro de 2013. Resultados: A inadequação do uso dos Equipamentos de Proteção Individual durante a realização do procedimento foi mais prevalente em pessoas com idade até 29 anos e em profissionais da equipe de enfermagem. O uso incorreto dos equipamentos também foi mais prevalente entre as pessoas que sofreram acidentes durante os procedimentos invasivos e com sangue. Conclusão: A baixa adesão ou a inadequação na utilização dos Equipamentos de Proteção Individual foi observada e pode estar vinculada tanto a aspectos individuais como a relacionados as instituições empregadoras.

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BACKGROUND: Work accidents involving exposure to biological materials (WAEMB) are frequent among healthcare workers (HCW) and might have consequences for their health. OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of WAEMB involving HCW and post-exposure measures in Brazil as a whole. METHODS: Ecological study based on secondary data recorded by System of Information on Notifiable Diseases (SINAN) for the period from 2010 to 2016. We performed descriptive analysis and calculated incidence coefficients (IC) per 1,000 HCW/year using software Stata 14.0. RESULTS: The highest IC corresponded to 2014 (16.84). On analysis per state, the highest IC corresponded to Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Paraná. Most victims were women, nursing assistants or technicians (64.71%), workers aged 15-31 years old, and with ≥12 years of formal education. Most accidents involved blood (74.93%) and percutaneous exposure (75.33%); needles were the most frequent causative agent (57.59%). About 29.71% of victims did not wear gloves at the time of the accident, and 1.12% refused chemoprophylaxis. Data missed for several variables of interest. CONCLUSION: Our description points to the need for effective preventive measures mainly based on use of personal protective equipment, lifelong learning and continuing education for HCW and adequate WAEMB reporting.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os acidentes de trabalho com exposição a material biológico (ATEMB) entre os profissionais de saúde ainda são frequentes e podem acarretar consequências à saúde do trabalhador. OBJETIVO: Descrever as características e as condutas adotadas pós-exposição entre os profissionais de saúde vítimas de ATEMB no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico, com dados secundários registrados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), no período de 2010 a 2016. Realizou-se uma análise descritiva, calcularam-se os coeficientes de incidência (CI) por 1.000/profissionais-ano. Utilizou-se o Stata 14.0 para análise dos dados. RESULTADOS: O maior CI no país foi observado no ano de 2014 (16,84). Na análise por unidade federativa (UF), os maiores CI foram encontrados em Goiás, Minas Gerais, São Paulo e Paraná. Entre os casos notificados, prevaleceram a população feminina, na faixa etária entre 25­31 anos, com 12 anos ou mais de escolaridade, e auxiliares e técnicos de enfermagem (64,71%). O sangue foi o material biológico mais envolvido nos acidentes (74,93%) por meio da via percutânea (75,33%), com a agulha sendo o principal agente causador (57,59%), e 29,71% dos pesquisados não utilizavam luvas no momento do acidente. Nas condutas adotadas pós-exposição, 1,12% recusou a quimioprofilaxia indicada. Entre as variáveis relacionadas em estudo, existiam muitos dados registrados como ignorado ou em branco. CONCLUSÃO: A descrição levantada denota a necessidade de medidas de prevenção efetivas que estejam baseadas principalmente no uso do equipamento de proteção individual e na educação permanente e continuada dos profissionais, assim como no preenchimento adequado das fichas de notificação.

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Mixed infections with Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli and their different genetic groups occur frequently in vertebrate hosts and are difficult to detect by serology. In the present study, we evaluated the limit of detection of polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR/RFLP) analysis of cytochrome oxidase II (COII) for the identification of genetic groups of these two parasites in blood and tissue from vertebrate hosts. Reconstitution experiments were performed using human blood (TcI/TcII and KP1+/KP1-) and mouse tissue (TcI/TcII). We tested blood from patients who were in the chronic phase of Chagas disease and tissue from animals that were experimentally infected with all possible combinations of six discrete typing units. In blood samples, T. cruzi and T. rangeli were detected when 5 parasites (pa) were present in the sample, and genetic groups were identified when at least 50 pa were present in the sample. T. cruzi alone could be detected with 1 pa and genotyped (TcI/TcII) with 2 pa. T. rangeli was detected with 2 pa and genotyped (KP+/KP1-) with 25 pa. The present method more readily detected TcII and KP1- in both admixtures and alone. In mouse tissue, TcI and TcII were detected with at least 25 pa. The analysis of blood samples from patients and tissue from animals that were experimentally infected revealed low parasite loads in these hosts, which were below the limit of detection of the present method and could not be genotyped. Our findings indicate that the performance of PCR/RFLP analysis of COII is directly related to the amount and proportion of parasites that are present in the sample and the genetic groups to which the parasites belong.

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Trata-se de estudo qualitativo feito em hospital universitário, cujo objetivo foi analisar o trabalho de auxiliares e técnicos de enfermagem, categoria mais numerosa entre os profissionais de saúde e mais sujeita à incidência de acidentes de trabalho. Este hospital conta com um pouco mais de 2.000 profissionais de enfermagem. Foram utilizados dois métodos de análise. 1) A Análise Coletiva do Trabalho (ACT), que consiste em reuniões com pequenos grupos de trabalhadores explicando seu trabalho. Foram realizadas quatro reuniões, com 34 participantes, quase todos do sexo feminino; 2) O Modelo de Análise e Prevenção de Acidentes (MAPA), que foi utilizado para compreender um acidente ocorrido em uma das clínicas do hospital, com um acidentado que aceitou participar do estudo. Os resultados revelaram que as rotinas de trabalho caracterizam-se por rol de tarefas de cuidados aos pacientes, marcado por grande variabilidade no cotidiano de suas atividades constantemente interrompidas com sobreposição de tarefas decorrentes de demandas urgentes, além de problemas em aspectos organizacionais na situação que originou o acidente, bem como, a fragilidade do sistema de gestão de segurança do trabalho no hospital.

Abstract The present qualitative study was carried out in a university hospital, with the purpose of analyzing the work of nursing assistants and technicians, the most numerous category among health professionals and more prone to accidents in the workplace. This hospital has little more than 2.000 nurses. Two methods of analysis were used. 1) The Collective Analysis of Work (ACT - Análise Coletiva do Trabalho), consists of meetings with small groups of workers who explain their work. Four meetings were scheduled, and 34 participants, almost all of them females, attended. 2) The Model for Analysis and Prevention of Accidents (MAPA), a unique method for the occupational accidents analysis was held in one of the hospital clinics, with an injured worker that agreed to participate. The results revealed that work routines consist of a list of patients care tasks, characterized by a great variability in their daily work schedule. Many interruptions and overlapping tasks arise from urgent demands, besides issues in the organizational aspects of the situation that engendered the accident, as well as the fragility of the system of work safety in the hospital.

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Biohydrogen production was studied from the vermicelli processing wastewater using synthetic and biological materials as immobilizing substrate employing a mixed culture in a batch reactor operated at the initial pH 6.0 and thermophilic condition (55 ± 1ºC). Maximum cumulative hydrogen production (1,210 mL H2/L wastewater) was observed at 5% (v/v) addition of ring-shaped synthetic material, which was the ring-shaped hydrophobic acrylic. Regarding 5% (v/v) addition of synthetic and biological materials, the maximum cumulative hydrogen production using immobilizing synthetic material of ball-shaped hydrophobic polyethylene (HBPE) (1,256.5 mL H2/L wastewater) was a two-fold increase of cumulative hydrogen production when compared to its production using immobilizing biological material of rope-shaped hydrophilic ramie (609.8 mL H2/L wastewater). SEM observation of immobilized biofilm on a ball-shaped HBPE or a rope-shaped hydrophilic ramie was the rod shape and gathered into group.

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PURPOSE: To present the results of a patient dose evaluation program in pediatric cardiology and propose local diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for different types of procedure and age range, in addition to suggesting approaches to correlate patient dose values with patient weight. This study was the first conducted in Latin America for pediatric interventional cardiology under the auspices of the International Atomic Energy Agency. METHODS: Over three years, the following data regarding demographic and patient dose values were collected: age, gender, weight, height, number of cine series, total number of cine frames, fluoroscopy time (FT), and two dosimetric quantities, dose-area product (DAP) and cumulative dose (CD), at the patient entrance reference point. The third quartile values for FT, DAP, CD, number of cine series, and the DAP/body weight ratio were proposed as the set of quantities to use as local DRLs. RESULTS: Five hundred and seventeen patients were divided into four age groups. Sample sizes by age group were 120 for <1 yr; 213 for 1 to <5 yr; 82 for 5 to <10 yr; and 102 for 10 to <16 yr. The third quartile values obtained for DAP by diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and age range were 1.17 and 1.11 Gy cm2 for <1 yr; 1.74 and 1.90 Gy cm2 for 1 to <5 yr; 2.83 and 3.22 Gy cm2 for 5 to <10 yr; and 7.34 and 8.68 Gy cm2 for 10 to <16 yr, respectively. The third quartile value obtained for the DAP/body weight ratio for the full sample of procedures was 0.17 (Gy cm2 /kg) for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. CONCLUSIONS: The data presented in this paper are an initial attempt at establishing local DRLs in pediatric interventional cardiology, from a large sample of procedures for the standard age bands used in Europe, complemented with the values of the ratio between DAP and patient weight. This permits a rough estimate of DRLs for different patient weights and the refining of these values for the age bands when there may be large differences in child size. These DRLs were obtained at the largest pediatric hospital in Chile, with an active optimization program, and could be used by other hospitals in the Latin America region to compare their current patient dose values and determine whether corrective action is appropriate.

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Este estudo teve por objetivo compreender, a partir da análise das atividades de trabalho, os aspectos que estão presentes nas origens dos acidentes de trabalho com material biológico que ocorrem com os profissionais de saúde em hospital universitário. Foi realizado no Instituto Central de um grande complexo hospitalar, que conta com um efetivo de enfermagem de pouco mais 2.000 profissionais. Foram utilizados dois métodos. Um, a Análise Coletiva do Trabalho ACT, método pelo qual os trabalhadores são levados a falar como realizam seu trabalho em reuniões de grupos. O outro, o Modelo de Análise e Prevenção de Acidentes de Trabalho M.A.P.A., que consiste na análise em profundidade de acidentes de trabalho, no qual se faz entrevistas e observação buscando compreender os antecedentes causais e distais situados na origem das ocorrências de acidentes. As constatações da ACT revelaram a característica dinâmica do trabalho e suas variabilidades. Evidenciando que para dar conta de todas as tarefas e atividades há uma alta exigência de tempo, que o trabalho exige uma constante vigilância/atenção dos AE/TE para com os detalhes, que mobiliários e equipamentos são antigos e carecedores de manutenção, a pouca valorização do pessoal de enfermagem, que o trabalho sofre interrupções constantes, efetivo trabalhando no limite mínimo. Com o MAPA foram revelados aspectos de sobrecarga de trabalho, realização de procedimentos em ritmo acelerado, falta de desenho ou planejamento da gestão de segurança que considere as peculiaridades e variabilidades das situações de trabalho, bem como falha no cumprimento de Normas Regulamentadoras do Mte.

This study aimed to understand, from the analysis of work activities, the aspects that are present in the origins of accidents with biological material that occur with health professionals in a university hospital. It was held at the Central Institute of a large hospital complex, which has a staff of little more than 2,000 nursing professionals. Two methods were used. One of them , Analysis Collective Labor ACT method by which workers are brought to say the way they perform their work in a group meeting. The other one, the Model Analysis and Prevention of Accidents M.A.P.A, which consists of in depth analysis of accidents in which one does interviews and observation in order to understand the causal antecedents and distal located at the origin of the occurrences of accidents. The findings of the ACT revealed the dynamic nature of work and its variability. Showing that to meet all the tasks and activities there is a high requirement of time, the job requires constant vigilance and attention of the nursing technicians for the details, the furniture and equipment are old and they need maintenance, the devaluation of nursing staff, the duty suffers constant interruptions, professionals working in the limit. The M.A.P.A revealed aspects of overload labor, perform procedures at a fast pace, lack of design or planning of security management that considers the peculiarities and variability of work situations, as well as failure to comply with the Regulatory Standards of MTE.

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Este artigo apresenta a justificativa e o processo de elaboração do marco normativo do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) para o armazenamento e utilização de materiais biológicos humanos e suas informações associadas em atividades de pesquisa. Um grupo de trabalho multiprofissional se reuniu e discutiu todos os aspectos referentes a esta questão que envolve as atividades de biobanco e de biorrepositórios. Como produto deste trabalho é apresentada a Normativa Institucional.

This article presents the rationale and framework for developing the Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) normative for storage and use of human biological material and their associated information on research activities. A multidisciplinary task force was established and all issues related to biobanks and biorepositories activities in periodic meetings were discussed; the final result is presented as an Institutional Normative.

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Este artigo de revisão discute aspectos da hepatite C em profissionais da saúde e seu risco de exposição e infecção. Foram abordados temas como associação entre patógenos veiculados ao sangue e profissionais da saúde, hepatite C (epidemiologia, diagnóstico e prevenção), comunicação e registro de acidentes do trabalho com material biológico (sangue e fluidos corpóreos), e relação entre extensão e conseqüências dos acidentes com objetos perfurocortantes e exposição mucocutânea e a hepatite C.

This review article discusses aspects of hepatitis C in healthcare workers and its risk of exposure and infection. Association between bloodborne pathogens and healthcare workers, hepatitis C (epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention), communication and record of occupational injuries with biological material (blood and body fluids), and relationship between extension and consequences of accidents with cut and puncture objects and mucocutaneous exposure and the hepatitis C were described.

RESUMO

Foi feita uma avaliação do biiodeto de mercúrio (HgI 2 ) como preservativo de material biológico, tendo em vista a sua capacidade de conservação por longo tempo, e a propriedade de não aglutinar partículas. Ao sedimento obtido de 400 amostras de fezes acrescentou-se o iodo-mercurato de potássio a 0,20/0, preparado com formol, álcool e soluto fisiológico, na proporção de três partes de conservante para uma parte de sedimento. Numa segunda etapa empregou-se o conservante a 0,1%, preparado com benzeno, álcool, e soluto fisiológico isotônico. Como controles utilizaram-se os conservantes de Railliet & Henry, o MIF (mertiolato, iodo e formol) e o de Schaudinn. Os resultados avaliados após seis meses revelaram que o iodo-mercurato de potássio a 0,2% (primeira fórmula) preservou adequadamente cistos e trofozoítos de protozoários, além de ovos e exemplares adultos de helmintos, com exceção dos ovos de Humenolepis nana e Hymenolepis diminuta, que se apresentaram mais bem conservados usando a segunda fórmula. Resultados semelhantes obtiveram-se com os controles, evidenciando-se o iodo-mercurato de potássio pela propriedade de não aglutinar as partículas de fezes (AU).

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