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Background: Gonipterus platensis Marelli (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is the main defoliating beetle of Eucalyptus L'Hér. (Myrtaceae) plants worldwide. The suitability of Eucalyptus to this pest varies among host plant genotypes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the development, reproduction, and survival of G. platensis on Eucalyptus species and hybrids to assess their suitability to this insect pest in Brazil. Methods: The survival, development, and reproduction parameters were evaluated with G. platensis feeding leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill., Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake and on the hybrids of E. grandis ×E. urophylla 'H13' and 'VR3748' in the laboratory. Results: The duration of the larval stage of G. platensis was shorter on E. urophylla. The pupal stage and the period from larva to adult were equally shorter on E. urophylla and E. camaldulensis. The viability of instars of this insect was low on both E. grandis and E. camaldulensis. The complete lifespan, oviposition period and reproduction parameters of G. platensis were greater on E. urophylla, lower on E. camaldulensis and E. grandis, and intermediate on both hybrids tested. Synthesis: Eucalyptus urophylla is the most suitable host for G. platensis survival, development, and reproduction, while E. grandis and E. camaldulensis are the least suitable.

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This study recorded the choice of dry plant of Conyza spp as oviposition site by cicada Quesada gigas (Olivier, 1790). We presented issues of natural history of the cicadas that indicate the inability of immatures to complete life cycle in this species of plant. Some implications on cultures where Q. gigas has economic importance are also discussed.(AU)

Registra-se a escolha de plantas secas de Conyza spp como local de oviposição pela cigarra Quesada gigas (Olivier, 1790). São apresentadas questões da história natural das cigarras que indicam a impossibilidade dos imaturos completarem seu ciclo de vida nessa espécie vegetal. São discutidas algumas implicações no manejo de culturas onde Q. gigas possui importância econômica.(AU)

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: This study recorded the choice of dry plant of Conyza spp as oviposition site by cicada Quesada gigas (Olivier, 1790). We presented issues of natural history of the cicadas that indicate the inability of immatures to complete life cycle in this species of plant. Some implications on cultures where Q. gigas has economic importance are also discussed.

RESUMO: Registra-se a escolha de plantas secas de Conyza spp como local de oviposição pela cigarra Quesada gigas (Olivier, 1790). São apresentadas questões da história natural das cigarras que indicam a impossibilidade dos imaturos completarem seu ciclo de vida nessa espécie vegetal. São discutidas algumas implicações no manejo de culturas onde Q. gigas possui importância econômica.

RESUMO

This study recorded the choice of dry plant of Conyza spp as oviposition site by cicada Quesada gigas (Olivier, 1790). We presented issues of natural history of the cicadas that indicate the inability of immatures to complete life cycle in this species of plant. Some implications on cultures where Q. gigas has economic importance are also discussed.

Registra-se a escolha de plantas secas de Conyza spp como local de oviposição pela cigarra Quesada gigas (Olivier, 1790). São apresentadas questões da história natural das cigarras que indicam a impossibilidade dos imaturos completarem seu ciclo de vida nessa espécie vegetal. São discutidas algumas implicações no manejo de culturas onde Q. gigas possui importância econômica.

RESUMO

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o percurso histórico, a estrutura e as finalidades de um clube esportivo com tradição no desenvolvimento de atletas de basquetebol feminino no estado de Santa Catarina. Participaram da pesquisa três treinadores e dois dirigentes. As informações obtidas nas entrevistas semi-estruturadas e nas fontes documentais foram analisadas por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo. A investigação do ambiente de sucesso no desenvolvimento das atletas de basquetebol permitiu verificar a estreita relação entre os quatro níveis do contexto no paradigma bioecológico e a interferência do percurso histórico e social na sua constituição, estrutura e finalidades, influenciando consequentemente o processo de formação esportiva nele estabelecida. A estrutura organizativa do Clube é composta pela assembleia geral, pela diretoria, pelo conselho fiscal e pelos associados, sendo a diretoria e o conselho fiscal constituídos por membros familiares voluntários. Entre os associados, destaca-se a presença de atletas, pais de atletas e ex-atletas. A estrutura esportiva está organizada em escolinhas, equipes de base e adulta, as quais representam além do Clube, o município, as escolas e a universidade patrocinadora. As finalidades administrativas se baseiam na melhoria da gestão do Clube e na formação de um Centro de Excelência para o desenvolvimento de talentos da modalidade, enquanto as finalidades formativas envolvem objetivos educativos, recreativos e de rendimento, sendo esse último perspectivado a curto, médio e longo prazo e fortemente influenciado pelas forças dos exossistemas FME e patrocinadores, além das políticas públicas (macrossistema). Nessa perspectiva, evidenciou-se que a modalidade, apesar de ter iniciado suas atividades de forma voluntária, conseguiu por meio do auxílio do mesossistema Clubefamília e dos exossistemas Prefeitura Municipal, federações e patrocinadores se organizar melhor em prol de uma gestão mais profissionalizada, conseguindo gerir adequadamente seus recursos públicos e privados e alcançar maior autonomia em suas decisões e ações.(AU)

The aim of this study was to investigate the historical background, structure and goals of a sports club with tradition in the development of female basketball players in the state of Santa Catarina. Participants were three coaches and two managers. The information obtained in the semi-structured interviews and documentary sources were analyzed using content analysis technique. The investigation of the successful environment in the development of female basketball players demonstrated the close relationship between the four levels in the context of the bioecological paradigm and the interference of the historical and social path in its constitution, structure and purposes, thus influencing the sports training process. The organizational structure of the club is composed of general meeting, board of directors, audit board and members, and the board of directors an audit board consisted of volunteer family members. Among members, the presence of athletes, parents of athletes and former athletes stands out. The sports structure is organized in small schools, youth and adult teams, which represent beyond the club, the city, schools and the sponsoring university. Administrative purposes are based on improving the Club management and the formation of an Excellence Centre for the development of talents, while formative purposes involve educational, recreational and performance objectives, the latter based on short, medium and long term and strongly influenced by the forces of FME exosystems and sponsors, in addition to public policy (macrosystem). In this perspective, it became clear that basketball, despite having started its activities voluntarily, managed through Club-family mesosystem and City Hall, federations and sponsors exosystems, better organization towards a more professional management, properly managing its public and private resources and achieving greater autonomy in its decisions and actions.(AU)

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O envolvimento paterno pode ser descrito em termos de interação, disponibilidade e responsabilidade. Contudo, para estudar o envolvimento paterno, faz-se importante compreender o contexto em que o pai está inserido. Uma das teorias que auxilia nessa compreensão é a teoria bioecológica do desenvolvimento humano. Neste artigo, objetiva-se realizar algumas considerações teóricas e epistemológicas dessa perspectiva teórica considerando o envolvimento paterno como objeto de estudo. Essa teoria abarca tanto aspectos individuais do pai, a relação pai-filho, a influência do tempo no desenvolvimento de ambos quanto aspectos do contexto. Além disso, essa teoria compreende a realidade com base na dialogia entre objetivo e subjetivo, pensa o homem como ser inter-relacional, e concebe diferentes modos de produção do conhecimento sobre o envolvimento paterno com base nos pressupostos da complexidade, instabilidade e intersubjetividade. Verifica-se que os aspectos explorados contribuem para o aprofundamento da compreensão do envolvimento paterno

Father involvement can be described in terms of interaction, availability and responsibly. However, to study father involvement, it is important to understand the context in which the father is inserted. One theory that aids in this understanding is the bioecological theory of human development. In this article, we aim to perform some theoretical and epistemological considerations of this theoretical perspective considering the fathers involvement as an object of study. This theory includes individual aspects of the father, the father-child relationship, the influence of time on the development of both, as well as aspects of the context. Moreover, this theory includes the reality from the dialogism between objective and subjective, considering man as a being interrelation, and conceives different modes of knowledge production about father involvement from the assumptions of complexity, instability and intersubjectivity. It appears that explored aspects contribute to deepening of understanding through the fathers involvement.

La participación paterna puede ser descrita en términos de interacción, disponibilidad y responsabilidad. Sin embargo, para estudiar la participación paterna, es importante comprender el contexto en que el padre se insiere. Una de las teorías que auxilia en esta comprensión es la teoría bioecológica del desarrollo humano. En este artículo, el objetivo es realizar algunas consideraciones teóricas y epistemológicas de esta perspectiva teórica, considerando la participación paterna como objeto de estudio. Esta teoría abarca tanto aspectos individuales del padre, la relación padre-hijo, la influencia del tiempo en el desarrollo de ambos, cuánto aspectos del contexto. Además, esta teoría comprende la realidad a partir de la dialogía entre objetivo y subjetivo, piensa el hombre como ser interrelacional, y concibe diferentes modos de producción del conocimiento sobre la participación a partir de los presupuestos de complejidad, inestabilidad e intersubjetividad. Se verifica que los aspectos explorados contribuyen para profundizar la comprensión de la participación paterna

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BACKGROUND: Non-linear models making it possible to predict agricultural pest outbreaks and optimise control tactics are of primary importance for integrated pest management. The development period for immature stages of the fennel aphid Hyadaphis foeniculi (Passerini) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) at constant temperatures was modelled in order to determine mathematical functions for simulating the aphid's development. Non-linear models were used to describe the relationship between temperature and development rates of H. foeniculi subjected to constant temperatures. RESULTS: The models used were found to be good fits for estimating H. foeniculi development rates as a function of temperature, with the exception of the Davidson model. The development time of H. foeniculi nymphs ranged from 2.73 days (first instar) to 6.18 days (fourth instar) at 15 °C, from 2.57 days (first instar) to 4.52 days (fourth instar) at 20 °C and from 1.53 days (first instar) to 2.05 days (fourth instar) at 28 °C. CONCLUSION: These models provide important tools for better elucidation of the relationship between temperature and development rates in H. foeniculi. The results could be used for predicting the occurrence of the various immature stages of H. foeniculi in the fennel crop in Brazil, making it possible to predict more accurately the best periods for implementing pest control.

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Besouros pertencentes à superfamília Scarabaeoidea ocupam habitats variados, possuem hábitos alimentares diversificados, desempenham importante papel ecológico e diversas espécies apresentam importância agrícola. No entanto, estudos com esse grupo na região do Cerrado são escassos. Nesta revisão realizou-se um levantamento dos artigos publicados nos últimos 30 anos a respeito dos Scarabaeoidea no Cerrado. Foram recuperados 64 artigos, realizados em nove unidades da federação, que focavam quatro temas principais: espécies praga, aspectos bioecológicos, biodiversidade e importância ecológica, e técnicas e metodologias de coleta de Scarabaeoidea. Os resultados desta revisão indicam que poucos estudos foram realizados com os Scarabaeoidea no Cerrado brasileiro nas últimas décadas frente à importância e diversidade desse grupo de insetos.

Beetles belonging to the superfamily Scarabaeoidea occupy different habitats, present feeding habits diversified, play an important ecological role and several species have agricultural importance. However, studies with this group in the Brazilian Cerrado are scarce. In this review we carried out a survey of scientific articles published in the past 30 years concerning Scarabaeoidea in the Cerrado. Were found 64 studies in nine Brazilian states. The studies focused on four main topics: pest species, bioecology, biodiversity and ecological importance, techniques and methodologies for collecting Scarabaeoidea. The results of this review indicate that few studies have been conducted with Scarabaeoidea in the Cerrado in recent decades compared to the importance and diversity of this group of insects.

RESUMO

Besouros pertencentes à superfamília Scarabaeoidea ocupam habitats variados, possuem hábitos alimentares diversificados, desempenham importante papel ecológico e diversas espécies apresentam importância agrícola. No entanto, estudos com esse grupo na região do Cerrado são escassos. Nesta revisão realizou-se um levantamento dos artigos publicados nos últimos 30 anos a respeito dos Scarabaeoidea no Cerrado. Foram recuperados 64 artigos, realizados em nove unidades da federação, que focavam quatro temas principais: espécies praga, aspectos bioecológicos, biodiversidade e importância ecológica, e técnicas e metodologias de coleta de Scarabaeoidea. Os resultados desta revisão indicam que poucos estudos foram realizados com os Scarabaeoidea no Cerrado brasileiro nas últimas décadas frente à importância e diversidade desse grupo de insetos.(AU)

Beetles belonging to the superfamily Scarabaeoidea occupy different habitats, present feeding habits diversified, play an important ecological role and several species have agricultural importance. However, studies with this group in the Brazilian Cerrado are scarce. In this review we carried out a survey of scientific articles published in the past 30 years concerning Scarabaeoidea in the Cerrado. Were found 64 studies in nine Brazilian states. The studies focused on four main topics: pest species, bioecology, biodiversity and ecological importance, techniques and methodologies for collecting Scarabaeoidea. The results of this review indicate that few studies have been conducted with Scarabaeoidea in the Cerrado in recent decades compared to the importance and diversity of this group of insects.(AU)

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Egg parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma Westwood play an important role in the control of the velvetbean caterpillar Anticarisa gemmatalis Hübner in soybean crops in Southern Brazil. The effectiveness of Trichogramma species as biocontrol agents is dependent of several factors, but their adaptation to the climatic conditions of the region where they will be released is one of the most important. In this context, this study evaluated the effects of five constant temperatures ranging from 14 to 30°C on parasitism, age-specific survival, progeny production and longevity of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, Trichogramma acacioi Brun, Moraes & Soares, Trichogramma lasallei Pinto, and Trichogramma rojasi Nagaraja & Nagarkatti. We demonstrate that temperature differently affected the species of Trichogramma investigated when using eggs of the velvetbean caterpillar. We also demonstrate that T. pretiosum and T. atopovirilia are better adapted to a wide range of temperatures than the other species evaluated, and are therefore better suited as biocontrol agents for applied biological control programs of A. gemmatalis.

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Objetivou-se estudar a distribuição e abundância de ovos de Ae. aegypti e Ae. albopictus, a co-ocorrência das espécies e aspectos do comportamento de oviposição nas armadilhas. Foram expostas, por quatro dias de cada mês, 80 ovitramas nos ambientes peri- e intradomiciliar de 40 residências urbanas de 22 quarteirões sorteados mensalmente em São Sebastião, SP, entre fevereiro de 2011 e fevereiro de 2012. Analisou-se a distribuição mensal dos índices de positividade de ovitrampas (IPO) e média de ovos por armadilha (MOA) de Ae. aegypti e Ae. albopictus utilizando-se o teste de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do teste de Dwass-Steel-Chritcholow-Flinger. Foi utilizado o teste de correlação de Spearman e Regressão Linear Simples para verificar a associação entre as variáveis meteorológicas com o número de armadilhas com ovos e número de ovos. O padrão de evasão e superimposição nas armadilhas com Ae. aegypti foi analisado por comparação de categorias de classe de número de ovos aplicando-se teste de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do teste de Dwass-Steel-Chritchlow-Fligner, para as comparações múltiplas. Nas análises de comparação dos valores de IPO das armadilhas de co-ocorrência das espécies, entre os ambientes peri- e intradomiciliares, assim como nas análises de MOA, utilizou-se o teste Mann-Whitney. Para avaliar intensidade da infestação por espécie foi utilizado o estimador de densidade Kernel. O IPO e MOA de Ae. aegypti foram maiores no Peri domicílio, p=0,03; p=0,03, respectivamente. Verificou se correlação positiva entre temperatura e número de armadilhas com ovos e número de ovos desta espécie, nos ambientes domiciliares. Não houve diferença no IPO (p=0,33) e MOA (p=0,57) de Ae. albopictus entre os ambientes. Houve correlação positiva entre temperatura e positividade de armadilhas com Ae. albopictus do peridomicílio. Foi verificado maior IPO de Ae. aegypti comparado a Ae. albopictus, no peri- (p=0,00) e intradomicílio (p=0,00). A MOA de Ae. aegypti foi superior a de Ae. albopictus, no peri-b(p=0,00) e no intradomicílio (p=0,01). Não se verificou diferença significativa entre o número de armadilhas positivas das diferentes categorias de classe de número de ovos (T = 3.48; p = 0,32). O número de ovos registrado nas categorias de classe foi diferente (H = 10.86; p = 0,01), revelando-se maior na classe 31 a 60, quando comparada a ≤ 30 (p=0,03), e na classe ≥ 91, essa comparada a ≤ 30 (p=0,00). A comparação da distribuição das espécies nas armadilhas de co-ocorrência não mostrou diferença significativa (H = 4.61; p = 0,20). Observou-se um padrão temporal e espacial da distribuição e abundância das espécies, Ae. aegypti predominando sobre Ae. albopictus e revelando no peridomicílio seu espaço prioritário na seleção do local de oposição. Estas espécies ocuparam o espaço urbano de maneira diferente indicando segregação de habitat o que pode ter contribuído para a co-ocorrência verificada. Foi constatada superimposição nas armadilhas o que sugere pouco disponibilidade de criadouros apropriados no ambiente (AU).

The objective was to study the distribution and abundance of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus eggs, the co-occurrence of species and aspects of oviposition behavior in the traps. During 4 days in every month, 80 traps were exposed in the peri- and intra domiciliary environments of 40 urban residences in 22 blocks sorted out in Sebastião, SP, from February, 2011 to February, 2012. It was analyzed the monthly distribution of the ovitraps positivity indexes (IPO) and eggs average per ovitrap (MOA) of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, by using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by the Dwass-Steel-ChritcholowFlinger test. The Spearman correlation and simple linear regression test was used to assess the association between meteorological variables with the number of traps with eggs and number of eggs. The standard of evasion and superoviposition in the ovitraps with Ae. aegypti was analyzed per comparison of class categories of number of eggs, by applying KruskalWallis test, followed by the Dwass-Steel-Chritchlow-Fligner test, for multiple comparisons. In the comparison analysis of IPO values in the traps of the species co-occurrences, in indoors and outdoors sites, as well as in the MOA analysis, the Mann-Whitney test was used. To evaluate the infestation intensity per species was utilized the estimator of Kernel density. The Ae. aegypti IPO and MOA were higher in the peri- domiciliary environment, p=0,03 ; p=0,03, respectively. It was verified the positive correlation among temperature and number of ovitraps with eggs and number of eggs of this species, in domiciliary environments. There was no difference in the IPO (p=0,33) and MOA (p=0,57) of Ae. albopictus between the environments. There was positive correlation between temperature and positivity of ovitraps with Ae. albopictus in the peri- domiciliary environment. It was verified higher IPO of Ae. aegypti compared to Ae. albopictus, in the peri- (p=0,00) and intra domiciliary sites (p=0,00). The MOA of Ae. aegypti was higher than the Ae. albopictus in the peri- (p=0,00) and in the intra domiciliary (p=0,01). No significant difference was showed in the number of positive ovitraps of the different class categories of number of eggs. (T = 3.48; p = 0,32). The number of eggs registered in the class categories was different (H = 10.86; p = 0,01), presenting in the class 31 to 60, when compared to ≤ 30 (p=0,03), and in the class ≥ 91, this one compared to ≤ 30 (p=0,00). The comparison of the species distribution in ovitraps of co-occurrence, per domicile environment, has not showed significant difference (H = 4.61; p = 0,20). The spatial distribution of eggs ovitraps revealed higher intensity of infestation by Ae. aegypti in the south area of the study, a highly urbanized area. Regarding Aedes albopictus, the conglomeration of occurrence places of the species was in the north coast, place of little population concentration. There was a temporal and spatial patterns of distribution and abundance of species, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus predominating over revealing peridomiciles your priority space in the selection of oviposition site. These species occupy urban space differently indicating segregation of habitat which may have contributed for the co-occurrence found. Overcrowding was found in the traps which suggests little availability of suitable breeding sites in the environment (AU).

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We tested the functional response of the phytoseiid predator Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks, 1904) to different population densities of Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 (the two-spotted spider mite - TSSM) in the laboratory. We evaluated the curve that best fits the data obtained, based on the reduced X². The predators were obtained from leaves of Oso Grande strawberries at the municipality of Bom Princípio, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Fifteen seemingly healthy females of P. macropilis were randomly chosen and individualized in each of the arenas with different TSSM densities. The following prey densities were tested: 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 35, 45, 55, 70 and 125 females. The tests were performed in a germination chamber with photoperiod of 12 hours at 28 ± 1ºC per day and 22 ± 1ºC at night and 80 ± 5% relative humidity. In all tests with up to three prey items, P. macropilis showed low functional response, whereas higher rates were observed when more prey items were offered. There was a strong positive correlation between increased prey numbers and daily prey consumption (r = 0.84 and p = 0.0006). A significant correlation was found between prey consumption and total oviposition (r = 0.70, p = 0.01). The daily oviposition rate was lower when few prey items were offered, increasing significantly with increased prey availability. The results showed a positive correlation between the number of prey items offered to the predator and its oviposition rate (r = 0.66, p = 0.01). Nevertheless, a strong correlation was observed between the daily consumption of prey and eggs/female/day (r = 0.92, p 0.0001). A shorter oviposition period was reported when up to three prey items were offered. The oviposition period and the increase in prey numbers were positively correlated (r = 0.30, p = 0.34), but the difference was not statistically significant. Nevertheless, the longer the egg-laying period, the greater the oviposition rate (r = 0.90, p 0.0001). The curve that best fits the data obtained in each case was also calculated, based on the least square method.

RESUMO

We tested the functional response of the phytoseiid predator Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks, 1904) to different population densities of Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 (the two-spotted spider mite - TSSM) in the laboratory. We evaluated the curve that best fits the data obtained, based on the reduced X². The predators were obtained from leaves of Oso Grande strawberries at the municipality of Bom Princípio, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Fifteen seemingly healthy females of P. macropilis were randomly chosen and individualized in each of the arenas with different TSSM densities. The following prey densities were tested: 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 35, 45, 55, 70 and 125 females. The tests were performed in a germination chamber with photoperiod of 12 hours at 28 ± 1ºC per day and 22 ± 1ºC at night and 80 ± 5% relative humidity. In all tests with up to three prey items, P. macropilis showed low functional response, whereas higher rates were observed when more prey items were offered. There was a strong positive correlation between increased prey numbers and daily prey consumption (r = 0.84 and p = 0.0006). A significant correlation was found between prey consumption and total oviposition (r = 0.70, p = 0.01). The daily oviposition rate was lower when few prey items were offered, increasing significantly with increased prey availability. The results showed a positive correlation between the number of prey items offered to the predator and its oviposition rate (r = 0.66, p = 0.01). Nevertheless, a strong correlation was observed between the daily consumption of prey and eggs/female/day (r = 0.92, p 0.0001). A shorter oviposition period was reported when up to three prey items were offered. The oviposition period and the increase in prey numbers were positively correlated (r = 0.30, p = 0.34), but the difference was not statistically significant. Nevertheless, the longer the egg-laying period, the greater the oviposition rate (r = 0.90, p 0.0001). The curve that best fits the data obtained in each case was also calculated, based on the least square method.

RESUMO

We tested the functional response of the phytoseiid predator Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks, 1904) to different population densities of Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 (the two-spotted spider mite - TSSM) in the laboratory. We evaluated the curve that best fits the data obtained, based on the reduced X². The predators were obtained from leaves of Oso Grande strawberries at the municipality of Bom Princípio, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Fifteen seemingly healthy females of P. macropilis were randomly chosen and individualized in each of the arenas with different TSSM densities. The following prey densities were tested: 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 35, 45, 55, 70 and 125 females. The tests were performed in a germination chamber with photoperiod of 12 hours at 28 ± 1ºC per day and 22 ± 1ºC at night and 80 ± 5% relative humidity. In all tests with up to three prey items, P. macropilis showed low functional response, whereas higher rates were observed when more prey items were offered. There was a strong positive correlation between increased prey numbers and daily prey consumption (r = 0.84 and p = 0.0006). A significant correlation was found between prey consumption and total oviposition (r = 0.70, p = 0.01). The daily oviposition rate was lower when few prey items were offered, increasing significantly with increased prey availability. The results showed a positive correlation between the number of prey items offered to the predator and its oviposition rate (r = 0.66, p = 0.01). Nevertheless, a strong correlation was observed between the daily consumption of prey and eggs/female/day (r = 0.92, p 0.0001). A shorter oviposition period was reported when up to three prey items were offered. The oviposition period and the increase in prey numbers were positively correlated (r = 0.30, p = 0.34), but the difference was not statistically significant. Nevertheless, the longer the egg-laying period, the greater the oviposition rate (r = 0.90, p 0.0001). The curve that best fits the data obtained in each case was also calculated, based on the least square method.

RESUMO

Liogenys suturalis Blanchard is one of the main soil pests associated to corn, wheat and oat crops in the Southern Mato Grosso do Sul State. This work aimed to investigate the bioecological and behavioral aspects of this pest. The study was carried out in several municipalities of Mato Grosso do Sul State under field and laboratory conditions from August 2004 to December 2006. In the laboratory, we studied the incubation period and egg viability, the number of instars, and pupal and adult sex-related traits. The insect distribution was determined yearly, as well as the period of insect flying and some behavioral aspects during mating. Egg viability averaged 81.7 percent, with an incubation period of 22.8 ± 4.32 days. Liogenys suturalis took the whole year to complete its life cycle, developing through three different instars. The highest larval feeding activity and development occurred in February and June, and adult flight activities were between the second fortnight of September and December. Sex dimorphism was observed in both pupae and adults. Flights were concentrated from 7:00 to 8:00 PM. The average time for mating was 9.82 min. The observed adult sex ratio was 0.63.

Liogenys suturalis Blanchard é uma das principais pragas de solo associada às culturas do milho, do trigo e da aveia no Sul do Mato Grosso do Sul. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar aspectos bioecológicos e comportamentais dessa praga. A pesquisa foi executada em vários municípios do estado, em condições de campo e laboratório, entre agosto de 2004 e dezembro de 2006. No laboratório foram determinados o período de incubação e a viabilidade dos ovos, o número de ínstares e caracteres sexuais de pupas e adultos. Foram estudadas a distribuição temporal do inseto ao longo do ano, o período de revoada e aspectos comportamentais da cópula. A viabilidade média dos ovos foi de 81,7 por cento e o período médio de incubação de 22,8 ± 4,32 dias. Liogenys suturalis completou o ciclo de vida no período de um ano passando por três instares. A fase em que a maioria das larvas estava mais desenvolvida e consumindo as raízes das plantas ocorreu entre os meses de fevereiro a junho e o período de revoada de adultos ocorreu da segunda quinzena de setembro até dezembro. Observou-se dimorfismo sexual em pupas e adultos. A maior porcentagem de adultos em revoada foi observada no horário entre 19:00h e 20:00h. A cópula teve duração média de 9,8 min. A razão sexual observada para adultos foi de 0,63.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Avaliou-se a biologia de Spodoptera cosmioides (Walk.) sobre três dietas artificiais com diferentes fontes protéicas (d1 = feijão branco, levedura de cerveja, farelo de soja, leite em pó e germe de trigo; d2 = feijão carioca e levedura de cerveja; d3 = farinha de milho, germe de trigo e levedura de cerveja), visando determinar a mais adequada para sua criação em laboratório. Devido à elevada polifagia apresentada por S. cosmioides, trabalhou-se com a hipótese de que dietas adequadas ao desenvolvimento de outros lepidópteros permitem a sua criação preenchendo requisitos mínimos de qualidade biológica, quantidade e economicidade. Embora S. cosmioides tenha completado o ciclo biológico nas três dietas, a d1 foi a mais adequada para a sua criação, proporcionando maior velocidade de desenvolvimento, maior viabilidade total e peso de pupas, além de valores mais elevados para taxa líquida de reprodução (Ro), capacidade inata de aumentar em número (r m) e razão finita de aumento (l). O número de ínstares variou de seis a sete, predominando seis na d1 e d3. Na d2, metade da população apresentou seis ínstares e metade sete. As fêmeas apresentaram duração da fase pupal significativamente menor do que os machos em todas as dietas, fazendo com que as fêmeas emergissem antes dos machos. A longevidade dos adultos não foi afetada pelas dietas, enquanto que a fecundidade total foi superior na d1 e d2. Recomenda-se a utilização da dieta 1 para a manutenção de criações de S. cosmioides em laboratório

The biology of Spodoptera cosmioides (Walk.) was studied on three artificial diets with different protein sources (d1 = white bean, yeast extract, soybean flour, powder milk and wheat germ; d2 = 'carioca' bean and yeast extract; d3 = corn flour, wheat germ and yeast extract). The objective of this research was to determine the most suitable diet for mass rearing S. cosmioides in laboratory. The species is highly polyphagous, and for this reason we hypothesized that diets that are suitable for other Lepidoptera can allow its development and fulfill the minimum requirements of biological quality, quantity and economy. Although S. cosmioides has completed the biological cycle on the three diets, the d1 was the most suitable for its rearing and produced the fastest development, higher total survival and pupae weight, as well as higher net reproduction rate (Ro), intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m) and finite rate of natural increase (l). The number of instars varied from six to seven, predominating six in d1 and d3; in d2, half the population presented six instars and half seven. Females presented pupae duration significantly lower that the males in all diets, thus emerging earlier. Adult longevity was not affected by the diets, while total fecundity was higher in d1 and d2. In conclusion, the diet 1 is recommended to mass rearing S. cosmioides in the laboratory

RESUMO

The biology of Spodoptera cosmioides (Walk.) was studied on four natural hosts (onion leaves, castor oil plant, soy cv. Embrapa 48 and bean cv. Carioca). The duration and viability of immature phases and total cycle, instar number, pupals weight, sexual ratio, percentage of deformed adults and adults not released of pupal beg, adults' longevity, fecundity and eggs viability were evaluated. It was observed in castor oil plant and onion shorter duration and larger viability of total cycle (39.7 days and 21.7%; 40.5 days and 21.8%, respectively), in contrast of soy (46.0 days and 3.9%). The pupal weight was 444.6 mg on onion, 420.0mg on bean, 396.6mg on castor oil plant and 298.7 mg on soy. Onion and castor oil plant leaves had a predominance of six larval instars, also happening seven for some of them, while in soy the occurrence of seven prevailed, also happening eight instars, indicating less nutritional adaptation of this host. The females had pupal phase significantly smaller than the males in all the hosts, making adults emergency happen before the males. In onion, the longevity of the adults was significantly superior comparing with the other hosts. The fecundity was better on onion and castor oil plant (3224 and 3206 eggs/female, respectively), therefore on soy was observed 1353 eggs/female. In bean leaves, the development of the insect was harmed by morphologic characters, which promoted high mortality in the larval phase.

Estudou-se a biologia de Spodoptera cosmioides (Walk.) sobre quatro hospedeiros naturais (folhas de cebola, mamona, soja cv. Embrapa 48 e feijão cv. Carioca). Foram avaliados a duração e viabilidade das fases imaturas e do ciclo total, número de ínstares, peso de pupas, razão sexual, porcentagem de deformação de adultos e de adultos não liberados dos invólucros pupais, longevidade de adultos, fecundidade e viabilidade de ovos. Observou-se menor duração e maior viabilidade do período ovo-adulto para mamona e cebola (39,7 dias e 21,7% e 40,5 dias e 21,8%, respectivamente), do que para soja (46,0 dias e 3,9%). O peso pupal foi de 444,6 mg em cebola, 420,0 em feijão, 396,6 em mamona e 298,7 em soja. Constatou-se um predomínio de seis ínstares larvais em folhas de cebola e mamona, ocorrendo também sete para alguns indivíduos, enquanto que em soja predominou a ocorrência de sete, também verificando oito ínstares, indicando uma menor adequação nutricional deste hospedeiro. As fêmeas apresentaram duração da fase pupal significativamente menor do que os machos em todos hospedeiros, fazendo com que a emergência do adulto ocorresse antes dos machos. Em cebola, a longevidade de adultos foi significativamente superior aos demais hospedeiros. A fecundidade foi maior em cebola e mamona (3224 e 3206 ovos/fêmea, respectivamente), enquanto que para soja observou-se 1353 ovos/fêmea. Em folhas de feijão, o desenvolvimento do inseto foi prejudicado por caracteres morfológicos - pilosidade, que promoveram elevada mortalidade na fase larval.

RESUMO

The biology of Spodoptera cosmioides (Walk.) was studied on four natural hosts (onion leaves, castor oil plant, soy cv. Embrapa 48 and bean cv. Carioca). The duration and viability of immature phases and total cycle, instar number, pupals weight, sexual ratio, percentage of deformed adults and adults not released of pupal beg, adults' longevity, fecundity and eggs viability were evaluated. It was observed in castor oil plant and onion shorter duration and larger viability of total cycle (39.7 days and 21.7%; 40.5 days and 21.8%, respectively), in contrast of soy (46.0 days and 3.9%). The pupal weight was 444.6 mg on onion, 420.0mg on bean, 396.6mg on castor oil plant and 298.7 mg on soy. Onion and castor oil plant leaves had a predominance of six larval instars, also happening seven for some of them, while in soy the occurrence of seven prevailed, also happening eight instars, indicating less nutritional adaptation of this host. The females had pupal phase significantly smaller than the males in all the hosts, making adults emergency happen before the males. In onion, the longevity of the adults was significantly superior comparing with the other hosts. The fecundity was better on onion and castor oil plant (3224 and 3206 eggs/female, respectively), therefore on soy was observed 1353 eggs/female. In bean leaves, the development of the insect was harmed by morphologic characters, which promoted high mortality in the larval phase.

Estudou-se a biologia de Spodoptera cosmioides (Walk.) sobre quatro hospedeiros naturais (folhas de cebola, mamona, soja cv. Embrapa 48 e feijão cv. Carioca). Foram avaliados a duração e viabilidade das fases imaturas e do ciclo total, número de ínstares, peso de pupas, razão sexual, porcentagem de deformação de adultos e de adultos não liberados dos invólucros pupais, longevidade de adultos, fecundidade e viabilidade de ovos. Observou-se menor duração e maior viabilidade do período ovo-adulto para mamona e cebola (39,7 dias e 21,7% e 40,5 dias e 21,8%, respectivamente), do que para soja (46,0 dias e 3,9%). O peso pupal foi de 444,6 mg em cebola, 420,0 em feijão, 396,6 em mamona e 298,7 em soja. Constatou-se um predomínio de seis ínstares larvais em folhas de cebola e mamona, ocorrendo também sete para alguns indivíduos, enquanto que em soja predominou a ocorrência de sete, também verificando oito ínstares, indicando uma menor adequação nutricional deste hospedeiro. As fêmeas apresentaram duração da fase pupal significativamente menor do que os machos em todos hospedeiros, fazendo com que a emergência do adulto ocorresse antes dos machos. Em cebola, a longevidade de adultos foi significativamente superior aos demais hospedeiros. A fecundidade foi maior em cebola e mamona (3224 e 3206 ovos/fêmea, respectivamente), enquanto que para soja observou-se 1353 ovos/fêmea. Em folhas de feijão, o desenvolvimento do inseto foi prejudicado por caracteres morfológicos - pilosidade, que promoveram elevada mortalidade na fase larval.

RESUMO

The behavior of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton was studied in relation to the time of oviposition and daily emergence rhythm in laboratory under controlled temperature, relative humidity and photoperiod conditions. A crepuscular and nocturnal egg-laying habit of P. citrella was recorded with approximately 95.4% eggs laid during the scotophase (10h). Out of the total eggs laid throughout 24h, about 45.4% was concentrated on the first two hours of scotophase. P. citrella adults had a synchronized emergence, with a male:female proportion of 1:1, with a consequent sexual ratio of 0.5.

Estudou-se o comportamento de Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton quanto ao horário de oviposição e ritmo diário de emergência, em laboratório sob condições controladas de temperatura, umidade relativa e fotoperíodo. Ficou caracterizado o hábito crepuscular e noturno de postura de P. citrella, com aproximadamente 95,4% dos ovos colocados durante a escotofase (10h). Do total de ovos nas 24h, cerca de 45,4% concentraram-se nas duas primeiras horas da escotofase. Adultos de P. citrella apresentaram um sincronismo na emergência, com uma proporção macho:fêmea de 1:1, e portanto, com uma razão sexual igual a 0,5.

RESUMO

The biology of Spodoptera cosmioides (Walk.) was studied under different temperatures and its thermal requirements were determined, aiming to aid the rearing of this insect in the laboratory. Embryonic and post-embryonic periods were evaluated at seven different temperatures (14, 18, 22, 25, 28, 30 and 32°C) under environmental chamber conditions, with 14h photophase. The caterpillars were reared on an artificial diet containing white bean, soybean meal, yeast extract, wheat germ and powder milk as source of protein. The extent of the embryonic period decreased with the increase of temperature within the 14°C to 25°C temperature range, remaining constant between 28°C and 32°C. For the other phases (caterpillar, pre-pupa and pupa) an inverse relationship between temperature and duration was observed within the 14°C to 30°C temperature range, extending to 32°C for pupae. Duration of pupal phase for males was larger than for females resulting in asynchronous adult emergence. The temperature thresholds for the embryonic, larval, pre-pupal, pupal periods and total cycle were 9.34°C, 11.65°C, 9.65°C, 11.08°C and 11.23°C, with thermal constants of 62,73 degree-days (DD), 254.61DD, 33.42DD, 177.55DD and 525.11DD, respectively. Evaluating the pupal phase alone, the threshold temperatures were 11.25°C for males and 10.81°C for females, with thermal constants of 188.26DD for males and 165.47DD for females. For total cycle, the threshold temperature and the thermal constant for males were 11.28°C and 535.85DD, whereas for females the same variables had values of 11.15°C and 513.17DD. So, the most adequate temperature for the development of S. cosmioides is within the range of 25°C and 28°C, where 9.6 to 11.7 generations of the insect can be annually obtained, in laboratory conditions.

O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar a biologia de Spodoptera cosmioides (Walk.) em diferentes temperaturas e determinar suas exigências térmicas, visando fornecer subsídios para a criação do inseto em laboratório. Para isso, os períodos embrionário e pós-embrionário foram avaliados em sete temperaturas (14, 18, 22, 25, 28, 30 e 32°C), em câmaras climatizadas, com fotofase de 14h. As lagartas foram criadas em dieta artificial, tendo como fontes protéicas feijão branco, farelo de soja, levedura de cerveja, germe de trigo e leite em pó. A duração do período embrionário decresceu com o aumento da temperatura na faixa de 14°C a 25°C, mantendo-se constante entre 28°C e 32°C. Para os demais estágios (lagarta, pré-pupa e pupa), foi observada uma relação inversa entre a temperatura e a duração na faixa de 14°C a 30°C, estendendo-se a 32°C para pupas. A duração da fase de pupa dos machos foi maior do que das fêmeas, o que promoveu assincronia na emergência de adultos. As temperaturas bases do período embrionário, fase de larva, pré-pupa, pupa e ciclo total foram 9,34°C; 11,65°C; 9,65°C; 11,08°C e 11,23°C, com constantes térmicas de 62,73 graus-dia (GD); 254,61 GD; 33,42 GD; 177,55 GD e 525,11 GD, respectivamente. Avaliando-se, separadamente, a fase de pupa, as temperaturas bases foram 11,25°C para machos e 10,81°C para fêmeas, com constantes térmicas de 188,26 GD para machos e 165,47 GD para fêmeas. Para o ciclo total, a temperatura base e a constante térmica para machos foram 11,28°C e 535,85 GD. Para as fêmeas, estas mesmas variáveis foram 11,15°C e 513,17 GD. Concluiu-se que a faixa de temperatura mais adequada para o desenvolvimento de S. cosmioides situa-se entre 25°C e 28°C, na qual pode-se obter de 9,6 a 11,7 gerações anuais do inseto, em condições de laboratório.