RESUMO
Pesticides pose significant risks to both human health, such as cancer, neurological disorders, and endocrine disruption, and ecosystems, through the destruction of beneficial insects, contamination of soil and water, and impact on non-target species. In the face of escalating pesticide pollution, there is an urgent need for multifaceted approaches to address the issue. Bioremediation emerges as a potent tool in the environmental pollution mitigation arsenal. Ideally aiming for the complete decomposition of pesticides into harmless molecules, bioremediation encompasses diverse approaches - from bioabsorption, bioadsorption, and biotransformation using enzymes and nanoenzymes to comprehensive degradation facilitated by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, macro- and microalgae, or phytoremediation. Exploring nature's biodiversity offers a promising avenue to find solutions to this pressing human-induced problem. The acceleration of biodegradation necessitates identifying and developing efficient organisms, achieved through bioprospection and targeted modifications. Specific strategies to enhance process efficiency and throughput include optimizing biomass production, strategic inoculation in diverse environments, and employing bioreactor systems for processing heavily contaminated waters or soils. This comprehensive review presents various bioremediation approaches, emphasizing the importance of microorganisms' exploration and new technologies development, including current innovations and patents to effectively combat pesticide pollution. Furthermore, challenges regarding the effective implementation of these technologies are also addressed.
Assuntos
Biodegradação Ambiental , Praguicidas , Praguicidas/metabolismo , Bactérias/metabolismo , Poluição Ambiental/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Poluentes Ambientais/metabolismo , Fungos/metabolismo , Poluentes do Solo/metabolismoRESUMO
ABSTRACT Camalote is a perennial grass that reproduces quickly and spontaneously in tropical regions. This grass has no economic use; on the contrary, it is considered a weed. However, it is a good source of cellulose and occurs in abundance. In this regard, the purpose of this work is to take advantage of the Camalote grass as an adsorbent of methylene blue (MB). The adsorption tests were carried out in a batch system, using MB concentrations within the range of 20-100 mg/L. The highest adsorption capacity (qe) was 43 mg/g for the concentration of 100 mg/L of MB at pH 8. For all the concentrations studied, percentage removal values greater than 80% were obtained in a contact time of 30 min. The equilibrium data were correlated with the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The qmax values for the Langmuir isotherm are within the range of 19.79 to 94.51 mg g-1 and b from 0.10 to 0.05 L mg-1. While for the Freundlich isotherm, K values ranging from 3.79 to 5.13 (mgg-1(L mg-1)-1/n and n from 2.6 to 1.27 are obtained, suggesting that in the active sites MB is retained by chemisorption through hydrogen bonds. The results showed that Camalote grass is an efficient and economically viable material for removing dyes from aqueous media.
RESUMEN El Camalote es un pasto perenne que se reproduce rápido y espontáneamente en regiones tropicales. Este pasto no tiene ningún aprovechamiento económico; por el contrario, se le considera una maleza. Sin embargo, es una buena fuente de celulosa y se da en abundancia. En este sentido, el propósito de este trabajo es aprovechar al pasto Camalote como adsorbente del azul de metileno (AM). Las pruebas de adsorción se realizaron en sistema de proceso por lotes, utilizando concentraciones de AM en un rango de 20 a 100 mg/L. La más alta capacidad de adsorción (qe) fue de 43 mg/g para la concentración de 100 mg/L de AM a un pH de 8. Para todas las concentraciones estudiadas se obtuvieron valores de porcentaje de remoción mayor a 80 % en un tiempo de contacto de 30 minutos. Los datos de equilibrio se correlacionaron con los modelos de Langmuir y Freundlich. Los valores de qmax para la isoterma de Langmuir se encuentran en el rango de 19,79 a 94,51 mg g-1 y b entre 0,10 a 0,05 L mg-1. Mientras que para la isoterma de Freundlich se obtienen valores de K que van de 3,79 a 5,13 (mgg-1(L mg-1)-1/n y n entre 2,6 y 1,27, lo que indica que en los sitios activos el AM se retiene por quimisorción, a través de puentes de hidrógeno. Los resultados demostraron que el pasto Camalote en un material eficiente y económicamente viable para remover colorantes de medios acuosos.
RESUMO
There is a worldwide increase of heavy metal or potentially toxic element (PTE), contamination in agricultural soils caused mainly by human and industrial action, which leads to food contamination in crops such as in maize. Cadmium (Cd) is a PTE often found in soils and it is ingested through food. It is necessary to determine the bioabsorption, distribution, and accumulation levels in maize to reduce or prevent food chain contamination. Cadmium absorption and accumulation in three maize cultivars were evaluated in three agricultural environments in Chile by increasing CdCl2 rates (0, 1, and 2 mg·kg-1). Evaluation included Cd accumulation and distribution in different plant tissues, bioaccumulation factor (BAF), bioconcentration factor (BCF), translocation factor (TF), and tolerance index (TI). Cadmium whole-plant uptake was only affected by the CdCl2 rate; the highest uptake was obtained with 2 mg·kg-1 CdCl2 (34.4 g·ha-1) (p < 0.05). Cadmium distribution in the maize plant usually exhibited the highest accumulation in the straw (p < 0.05), independently of the environment, Cd rate, and evaluated cultivar. Given the results for TF (TF > 2) and BAF (BAF > 1), the Los Tilos and Chillán environments were classified as having a high capacity to contaminate the food chain for all evaluated cultivars.