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The present study evaluated the effects of heat stress on reproductive parameters of hairy rams. Six animals were subjected to scrotal insulation during four consecutive nights (6 PM - 6 AM). Day (D) 0 was the first day of insulation. Scrotal circumference increased from 30.5 ± 0.3 cm (at pre-insulation) to 31.8 ± 0.4 cm on D4, decreased 3.9 cm on D28, returning to 30.6 ± 0.6 cm on D57. Sperm concentration decreased from 3.7 ± 0.12 ×109 sperm/mL before insulation to 2.6 ± 0.1 ×109 on D23, returning to normal on D57. Sperm motility averaged 75 ± 2.9% before insulation, was undetectable on D23, and became normal on D77. Sperm with normal morphology reached 5.9 ± 2.6% on D35 but recovered (86.8 ± 2.1%) on D91. Sperm DNA integrity decreased from 86.5 ± 4.7% before insulation to 11.1 ± 3.7% on D63, returning to pre-insulation values on D120. Sperm BSP immunostaining was reduced after scrotal insulation. Variations in seminal protein abundances coincided with changes in sperm parameters. Seminal plasma superoxide dismutase, carboxypeptidase Q-precursor and NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 2 decreased on D18, returning to normal after D28. Albumin, inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase precursor, EGF-like repeat and discoid I-like domain-containing protein 3 and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor increased after insulation. In summary, intermittent scrotal insulation drastically altered ram sperm attributes and seminal proteins, especially those associated with oxidative stress. Knowledge of animal´s response to thermal stress is vital in the scenario of climate changes.

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The initial weight and volume relationships are crucial factors in determining the strength, stiffness, and durability of cement-stabilized soils. The porosity/binder ratio has been widely used as a control parameter for stabilized soil mixtures. However, this approach does not take into consideration the water content used during the stabilization process, which can impact the strength and durability of the final product. To address this issue, this paper introduces the porosity-water/binder relationship as a new parameter to predict the strength, stiffness (Go), and durability against wetting-drying cycles of artificially cemented soils. The strengths, Go, and accumulated losses of mass (ALM) of different stabilized soils were compared based on this new parameter, and the comprehensive results were analyzed to demonstrate its effectiveness. The findings indicate that the new parameter is a suitable design parameter for soil-lime, soil-cement, and geopolymerized soil mixtures. Furthermore, it was determined that the water content has no effect on the splitting tensile strength to compressive strength ratio. The results of this study offer valuable insights into the optimization of stabilized soils and the development of improved soil stabilization processes.

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Plasma is a co-product from pork and beef obtained during the processing of animals for human consumption. The spray-drying process maintains the solubility of spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) and its nutritional and functional properties, making this ingredient multifunctional in human and animal nutrition. In pet food, SDAP has been used in the production of wet foods (pates and chunks in gravy) as an emulsifying and binding agent, with the potential to replace hydrocolloids partially or totally, which have some negative implications for digestibility, fecal quality, and intestinal inflammation. From a nutritional point of view, SDAP has high digestibility and an amino acid profile compatible with high-quality ingredients, such as powdered eggs. Studies in companion animals, especially in cats, have shown that SDAP is an ingredient with high palatability. Despite the immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, prebiotic, and neuroprotective properties demonstrated in some animal models, there are still few publications demonstrating these effects in dogs and cats, which limits its use as a functional ingredient for these species. In this review, the potential use of SDAP in pet food, aspects related to the sustainability of this ingredient, and opportunities for studies in companion animals are discussed.

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The purpose of this study was to verify the feasibility of using biochar from oat hulls (BO) as a potential bio-modifier to improve the physical properties of conventional asphalt binder. The BO and asphalt binder were characterized by confocal (fluorescence) laser microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Then, an asphalt binder modification procedure was established and modifications with 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5% of BO on the weight of the asphalt binder were evaluated, using a particle size < 75 µm. The physical properties of the evaluated modified asphalt binder with BO were: rotational viscosity in original and aged state, aging index, Fraass breaking point, softening point, penetration, penetration rate and storage stability. The results indicated that the BO has a porous structure, able to interact with the asphalt binder by C=O and C=C bonds. In addition, modification of the asphalt binder with BO increases the rotational viscosity related to high-temperature rutting resistance. The results obtained from the Fraass breaking point and softening point indicated that the use of BO extends the viscoelastic range of the asphalt binder. In addition, the evaluated modifications present low susceptibility to aging and good storage stability.

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Crumb rubber (CR) is one of the materials most widely used in the road infrastructure industry due to its mechanical and environmental benefits as an asphalt binder modifier. Nonetheless, CR decreases the workability of mixes by increasing the viscosity of the binder, leading to an increase in the production temperatures of asphalt mixes. However, warm mix technologies can reduce the temperature demand associated with these processes. The preceding explains the growing interest in producing rubberised asphalt binders incorporating warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives. In this research, the mechanical and rheological properties of a 60/70 penetration grade asphalt binder modified with CR (at a dosage of 15, 18 and 21% by the wet process) and WMA chemical additives (Evotherm M1 and Iterlow T) were investigated. Laboratory tests included penetration, softening point, rotational viscosity, frequency sweep through dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), and multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) tests. The results indicate that CR increases the stiffness of the asphalt binder, which is reflected in a lower penetration grade and improved softening point. It also improves its rutting resistance but decreases fatigue performance. Furthermore, it has been shown that under the conditions studied, the higher the CR content, the more elevated the degree of stiffness and performance of the asphalt binder. On the other hand, WMA technology decreases asphalt stiffness and performance at high temperatures.

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Abstract The present study aimed to compare the crude, modified and hydrolyzed gums of Dalbergia sissoo and Acacia modesta as a biodegradable binder for drug delivery system using acetaminophen as a model drug. The physiochemical properties such as pH, fluorescence analysis and swelling index were determined. The gums were hydrolyzed and modified. Acetaminophen tablets were prepared using wet granulation technique and the gum solutions were used as a binder. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose was used as a synthetic binder. Different properties of granules and tablets were evaluated. Results showed that both gums were acidic in nature, while D. sissoo and A. modesta showed light brown and creamy color in fluorescence analysis. The swelling ratio was the highest in water followed by 0.1N HCl and least in phosphate buffer. The prepared tablets showed faster and slower dissolution profiles in the same dissolution system. The crude gums have the highest dissolution rate, and this rate was decreased in the case of modified and hydrolyzed gums samples. The crude gums showing slower release can be useful in sustained-release tablets, while the modified gums having faster release rate are helpful in conventional tablet formulation. Taken together, the selected gums could be a good model for evaluation as a binder or hydrophilic polymer in tablet formulation.

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In vitro tests are performed to evaluate the efficacy of antimycotoxins additives (AMAs); nevertheless, such assays show a low correlation with in vivo trials, which are also required to determine AMAs' efficacy. In search of an alternative method, the current study investigated the use of an ex vivo technique. Six AMAs (AMA1 to AMA6) had their ability to reduce intestinal absorption of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) evaluated. Jejunal explants were obtained from broilers and subjected to two treatments per AMA in Ussing chambers: T1 (control) - 2.8 mg/L AFB1, and T2 - 2.8 mg/L AFB1 + 0.5% AMA. AMAs were also tested in vitro to assess adsorption of AFB1 in artificial intestinal fluid. In the ex vivo studies, AMA1 to AMA6 decreased intestinal absorption of AFB1 by 67.11%, 73.82%, 80.70%, 85.86%, 86.28% and 82.32%, respectively. As for the in vitro results, AMA1 to AMA6 presented an adsorption of 99.72%, 99.37%, 99.67%, 99.53%, 99.04% and 99.15%, respectively. The evaluated ex vivo model proved useful in the assessment of AMAs. No correlation was reported between ex vivo and in vitro findings. Further studies are needed to elucidate the correlation between ex vivo and in vivo results seeking to reduce animal testing.

Testes in vitro são realizados para avaliar a eficácia de aditivos antimicotoxinas (AAMs); entretanto, tais experimentos apresentam uma baixa correlação com ensaios in vivo, que também são exigidos para determinar a eficácia de AAMs. Em busca de um método alternativo, o presente estudo investigou o uso de uma técnica ex vivo. A capacidade de seis AAMs (AAM1 a AAM6) de reduzir a absorção intestinal de aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) foi avaliada. Explantes jejunais foram coletados de frangos de corte e submetidos a dois tratamentos por AAM em câmaras de Ussing: T1 (controle) - 2,8 mg/L AFB1, e T2 - 2.8 mg/L AFB1 + 0,5% AAM. Os AAMs também foram testados in vitro para verificar a adsorção de AFB1 em fluido intestinal artificial. Nos ensaios ex vivo, AAM1 ao AAM6 diminuíram a absorção intestinal de AFB1 em 67,11%, 73,82%, 80,70%, 85,86%, 86,28% e 82,32%, respectivamente. Quanto aos achados in vitro, AAM1 ao AAM6 apresentaram adsorção de 99,72%, 99,37%, 99,67%, 99,53%, 99,04% e 99,15%, respectivamente. O modelo ex vivo avaliado mostrou-se eficiente na avaliação de AAMs. Não houve correlação entre os resultados ex vivo e in vitro. Estudos adicionais são necessários para definir a correlação entre achados ex vivo e in vivo na tentativa de reduzir os testes em animais.

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This study investigates the use of twin-screw binder-free melt granulation (BFMG) in the development of high-dose solid dose formulations for low melting point thermally stable drugs. Both ibuprofen and guaifenesin are examined. By granulating pure API powder, it is shown that BFMG can successfully be used to produce granules that contain 100% API. A design of experiments (DoE) response surface methodology was used to establish the design space for the end-product. The effects of the most relevant process variables (barrel operating temperature, powder feed rate, screw speed and screw configuration) on granule properties (outlet temperature, size distribution, morphology, flowability, compressibility, porosity) and tablet attributes (tensile strength and in-vitro dissolution) were thoroughly studied. Barrel temperature (alone or in interactions with the other variables) represented the most significant variable for both drugs since it governs the formation of granules by partial melting and subsequent agglomeration of the fed powder. Interestingly, the shear action originated by screw speed and screw configuration resulted in various significant responses depending on the drug substance, indicating that it can also be affected by the nature of the processed molecule. Flow properties were improved (i.e., lower Hausner ratio) for both drugs after formation of granules. Tabletability was also tested by preparing 600 mg tablets for all samples. Surprisingly, the resulting granules were highly compactible, requiring only 1% lubricant to form strong tablets containing 96% API and 3% disintegrant. The results also showed that tablets become harder as the granule size increased, especially for guaifenesin. As expected, in-vitro dissolution results indicated that tablets and capsules showed slightly slower dissolution rates than the granules.

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The impact of deoxynivalenol (DON) upon intestinal tissue of broilers was assessed by using jejunal explants in Ussing chambers and analyzing histopathological and immunohistochemical parameters; this system was also applied to evaluate the efficacy of an antimycotoxins additive (AMA). The explants were subjected to the following treatments within each experiment for 120 min: Experiment 1) T1 (control) - buffer solution, and T2 - 10 mg/L DON; and Experiment 2) T1 (control) - buffer solution, T2 - 10 mg/L DON, T3 - AMA (0.5%), and T4 - 10 mg/L DON + 0.5% AMA. In Experiment 1, DON triggered a reduction in the size of enterocytes as well as of their nuclei, an increase in cytoplasmic vacuolization and apical denudation of villi. Apoptotic cells count was also greater in DON-exposed explants. In Experiment 2, the AMA mitigated DON harmful effects; cytoplasmic vacuolization of enterocytes was reduced and the size of their nuclei was preserved. The additive also promoted a partial decrease in microvillus integrity, in size of enterocytes and in apoptotic cells count. The tested ex vivo model demonstrated the impact of DON upon the intestine as well as the efficacy of the AMA against its damaging effects.

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In this study, we report the synthesis of eight novel indole-thiazole and indole-thiazolidinone derivatives, as well as their ability to interact with DNA, analysed through the UV-vis absorption, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), viscosity techniques and molecular docking. The ctDNA interaction analysis demonstrated different spectroscopic effects and the affinity constants (Kb) calculated by the UV-vis absorption method were between 2.08 × 105 and 6.99 × 106 M-1, whereas in the fluorescence suppression constants (Ksv) ranged between 0.38 and 0.77 × 104 M-1 and 0.60-7.59 × 104 M-1 using Ethidium Bromide (EB) and 4',6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) as fluorescent probes, respectively. Most derivatives did not alter significantly the secondary structure of the ctDNA according to the CD results. None of the compounds was able to change the relative viscosity of the ctDNA. These results prove that compounds interact with ctDNA via groove binding, which was confirmed by A-T rich oligonucleotide sequence assay with compound JF-252, suggesting the importance of both the phenyl ring coupled to C-4 thiazole ring and the bromo-unsubstituted indole nucleus.

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A major challenge in neuroscience is to understand the role of the higher-order correlations structure of neuronal populations. The dichotomized Gaussian model (DG) generates spike trains by means of thresholding a multivariate Gaussian random variable. The DG inputs are Gaussian distributed, and thus have no interactions beyond the second order in their inputs; however, they can induce higher-order correlations in the outputs. We propose a combination of analytical and numerical techniques to estimate higher-order, above the second, cumulants of the firing probability distributions. Our findings show that a large amount of pairwise interactions in the inputs can induce the system into two possible regimes, one with low activity ("DOWN state") and another one with high activity ("UP state"), and the appearance of these states is due to a combination between the third- and fourth-order cumulant. This could be part of a mechanism that would help the neural code to upgrade specific information about the stimuli, motivating us to examine the behavior of the critical fluctuations through the Binder cumulant close to the critical point. We show, using the Binder cumulant, that higher-order correlations in the outputs generate a critical neural system that portrays a second-order phase transition.

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In patients with advanced-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD), progressive kidney function decline leads to increased risk for hyperkalemia (serum potassium > 5.0 or >5.5 mEq/L). Medications such as renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors pose an additional hyperkalemia risk, especially in patients with CKD. When hyperkalemia develops, clinicians often recommend a diet that is lower in potassium content. This review discusses the barriers to adherence to a low-potassium diet and the impact of dietary restrictions on adverse clinical outcomes. Accumulating evidence indicates that a diet that incorporates potassium-rich foods has multiple health benefits, which may also be attributable to the other vitamin, mineral, and fiber content of potassium-rich foods. These benefits include blood pressure reductions and reduced risks for cardiovascular disease and stroke. High-potassium foods may also prevent CKD progression and reduce mortality risk in patients with CKD. Adjunctive treatment with the newer potassium-binding agents, patiromer and sodium zirconium cyclosilicate, may allow for optimal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor therapy in patients with CKD and hyperkalemia, potentially making it possible for patients with CKD and hyperkalemia to liberalize their diet. This may allow them the health benefits of a high-potassium diet without the increased risk for hyperkalemia, although further studies are needed.

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The civil construction industry consumes huge amounts of raw materials and energy, especially infrastructure. Thus, the use of eco-friendly materials is indispensable to promote sustainable development. In this context, the present work investigated low-carbon concrete to produce eco-friendly paving blocks. The binder was defined according to two approaches. In the first, a binary binder developed with eucalyptus biomass ash (EBA) and silica fume (SF) was used, in total replacement for Portland cement. In the second, the mixture of residues was used as a precursor in alkali-activation reactions, forming alkali-activated binder. The experimental approach was carried out using five different mixtures, obtained by varying the amount of water or sodium hydroxide solution. The characterization of this new material was carried out using compressive strength, expandability, water absorption, deep abrasion, microstructural investigation, and organic matter degradation potential. The results showed that the EBA-SF system has a performance compatible with Portland cement when used as an alternative binder, in addition to functioning as a precursor to alkali-activated concrete. The blocks produced degraded organic matter, and this degradation is more intense with the incidence of UV. In this way, the EBA-SF binder can be successfully used for the manufacture of ecological paving blocks with low carbon emissions.

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Polyamides-based compounds related to the Streptomycetal distamycin and netropsin are potent cytostatic molecules that bind to AT-rich regions of the minor groove of the DNA, hence interfering with DNA replication and transcription. Recently, derivatives belonging to this scaffold have been reported to halt the proliferation of deadly African trypanosomes by different and unrelated mechanisms. Here we describe the synthesis and preliminary characterization of the anti-trypanosomal mode of action of new potent and selective distamycin analogues. Two tri-heterocyclic derivatives containing a central N-methyl pyrrole ring (16 and 17) displayed high activity (EC50 < 20 nM) and selectivity (selectivity index >5000 with respect to mammalian macrophages) against the infective form of T. brucei. Both compounds caused cell cycle arrest by blocking the replication of the mitochondrial DNA but without affecting its integrity. This mode of action clearly differs from that reported for classical minor groove binder (MGB) drugs, which induce the degradation of the mitochondrial DNA. In line with this, in vitro assays suggest that 16 and 17 have a comparatively lower affinity for different template DNAs than the MGB drug diminazene. Therapeutic efficacy studies and stability assays suggest that the pharmacological properties of the hits should be optimized. The compounds can be rated as excellent scaffolds for the design of highly potent and selective anti-T. brucei agents.

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Vitamins play an essential role in broiler nutrition. They are fundamental for normal metabolic and physiological process, and their requirements for poultry are not fixed and can be affected by multiple factors. In contrast, mycotoxins are a challenging issue because they hinder performance and the immune system. Vitamin supplementation above minimum requirements would permit improvement in productive potential, health, bone and meat quality in a situation of mycotoxin challenge. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of optimum vitamin nutrition in diets contaminated with aflatoxin in broilers from 1 to 44 days of age. A total of 1800 Cobb 500 male chicks were randomized to 15 sets of eight treatment groups, each containing 15 birds using a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design (commercial vitamin levels and high vitamin levels, two levels of aflatoxin - 0 and 0.5 ppm with binder levels of 0 and 10 000 mg/kg). The mash diets were corn and soybean meal based, formulated according to commercial practices. Feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion were analyzed for birds from 1 to 44 days of age. To determine carcass characteristics (carcass yield, breast yield and leg yield) and black bone syndrome, two birds were slaughtered from each group at 45 days. Other analyses included breast tenderness, water loss by dripping and malonaldehyde concentrations. The results demonstrated that broilers that were fed high levels of vitamins showed better weight gain, feed conversion, carcass yield and breast yield than broilers that were fed diets with commercial vitamin levels (P < 0.05); also, broilers that were fed diets containing 0.5 ppm aflatoxin had lower weight gain, carcass yield and breast yield (P < 0.05). The use of 10 000 mg/kg of binder improved (P < 0.05) feed conversion throughout the rearing period. We conclude that aflatoxin negatively affects performance and carcass yield; however, feeding optimum vitamin nutrition improved these performance traits.

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The effects of excipients on the accuracy of tablet subdivision are severely underinvestigated. In this study, placebo tablets were prepared using a combined mixture design of fillers and binders to evaluate the effect of these excipients on subdivision accuracy. The responses assessed were mass loss, mass variation, tablet fragmentation, and increased friability. Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCP) gave rise to more uniform and denser tablets than microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), thus resulting in greater subdivision accuracy. The binder type, hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), did not affect the subdivision of DCP tablets. On the contrary, the structural similarity between HPC and MCC led to improved subdivision accuracy for MCC tablets. A less accurate subdivision was observed in tablets prepared with a DCP-MCC combination; this finding could be attributed to irregular binder distribution in this matrix. An optimized response was built using desirability analysis. This study helps to illuminate the relationship between fillers and binders to guide formulation scientists in the development of tablets with better subdivision performance.

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Cross-linked chitosan iron (III) is a chitin-derived polymer with a chelating effect on phosphorus, but it is untested in vascular calcification. We evaluated this compound's ability to reduce hyperphosphatemia and its effect on vascular calcification in uremic rats using an adenine-based, phosphorus-rich diet for seven weeks. We used a control group to characterize the uremia. Uremic rats were divided according the treatment into chronic kidney disease, CKD-Ch-Fe(III)CL (CKD-Ch), CKD-calcium carbonate, or CKD-sevelamer groups. We measured creatinine, phosphorus, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, phosphorus excretion fraction, parathyroid hormone, and fibroblast growth factor 23. Vascular calcification was assessed using the aortic calcium content, and a semi-quantitative analysis was performed using Von Kossa and hematoxylin-eosin staining. At week seven, rats in the chronic kidney disease group had higher creatinine, phosphorus, phosphorus excretion fraction, calcium, alkaline phosphatase, fibroblast growth factor 23, and aortic calcium content than those in the Control group. Treatments with cross-linked chitosan iron (III) and calcium carbonate prevented phosphorus increase (20%-30% reduction). The aortic calcium content was lowered by 88% and 85% in the CKD-Ch and CKD-sevelamer groups, respectively. The prevalence of vascular changes was higher in the chronic kidney disease and CKD-calcium carbonate (62.5%) groups than in the CKD-Ch group (37.5%). In conclusion, cross-linked chitosan iron (III) had a phosphorus chelating effect similar to calcium carbonate already available for clinical use, and prevented calcium accumulation in the aorta. Impact statement Vascular calcification (VC) is a common complication due to CKD-related bone and mineral disorder (BMD) and is characterized by deposition of calcium in vessels. Effective therapies are not yet available but new phosphorus chelators can prevent complications from CV. We tested the effect of chitosan, a new phosphorus chelator, on the VC of uremic animals. It has recently been proposed that chitosan treatment may be effective in the treatment of hyperphosphataemia. However, its action on vascular calcification has not been investigated yet. In this study, we demonstrated that chitosan reduced the calcium content in the aorta, suggesting that this may be a therapeutic approach in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia by preventing CV.

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The reaction of citric acid with wood veneers was studied by Cross Polarization Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CP MAS 13C NMR) and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI ToF) mass spectrometry. The analysis showed that reactions of citric acid occurred with both lignin and carbohydrate constituents of wood. The reactions occurring are esterifications between the carboxylic acid functions of citric acid and the numerous aromatic and aliphatic hydroxyl groups of the main wood constituents. Reaction of citric acid with glucose as a simple model compound of carbohydrates hydroxyl groups also yielded reactions leading to linear and branched oligomers by esterification. The result indicate that the reactions of esterification are accompanied in parallel by some internal rearrangements of lignin. The applied results on bonding wide flat wood surfaces such as veneers to obtain LVL panels yielded excellent strength results even if the conditions of pressing were more drastic than what is usual for this application. The applied bonding results have shown that citric acid has great potential to be used as a bio-binder for wood veneers.

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PURPOSE: Petiveria alliacea L. (Phytolaccaceae) is a perennial shrub used by its immunomodulatory, anticancerogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. This study determined the influence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), colloidal silicon dioxide (CSD) and microcrystalline cellulose (MC) on the technological characteristic of a high-dose P. alliacea tablet prepared by the wet granulation method. METHODOLOGY: The botanical and pharmacognostic analysis of the plant material was firstly performed, followed by a 23 factorial design considering three factors at two levels: (a) the binder (PVP) incorporated in formulation at 10% and 15% (w/w); (b) the compacting agent (CSD) added at 10% and 15% (w/w) and; (c) the diluent (MC) included at 7.33% and 12.46% (w/w). The analysis of pharmaceutical performance and the accelerated and long-term stability of the best prototype were also completed. RESULT AND DISCUSSION: The binder, compacting agent and the interaction binder/diluent had a significant impact on breaking force of high-dose P. alliacea tablet. The optimum formula was found to contain 15% (w/w) of CSD, 7.33% (w/w) of MC and 10% (w/w) of PVP. At these conditions, the tablet shows a breaking force of 77.96 N, a friability of 0.39%, a total phenol content of 1.30 mg/tablet and a maximum disintegration time of 6 min. CONCLUSIONS: The use of adequate amounts of PVP, MC and CSD as per the factorial design allowed the preparation of a tablet suitable for administration, despite the inappropriate flow and compressibility properties of the P. alliacea powder.

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Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a very common pathology in cats, especially in the geriatric age. A proper renal diet is considered the current standard of care to enhance patients long-term survival and quality of life. However, when diet alone is not sufficient, it is necessary to supplement it with specific substances: these are phosphate binders and alkalinizing agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a feed supplement containing calcium carbonate, calcium lactate gluconate, chitosan and sodium bicarbonate in controlling hyperphosphatemia and metabolic acidosis in cats with severe CKD (IRIS, International Renal Interest Society, stage 3 and 4). Materials, Methods & Results: 10 cats (median BW 4.00 (3.20; 5.70) Kg, BCS 3/5 (2.25; 3.75), 11 (8.25;12.00) years) fed with a balanced renal diet were included in the study. To be enrolled in the study cats had to be affected by CKD in stages 3 or 4 and show hyperphosphatemia. Treatment consisted in oral administration of the product (Renal, Candioli Pharma) at 0.2 g/kg/day mixed with the food for 60 days. The animals were evaluated at the beginning of the study and at 15, 30, 60 days (T0, T15, T30, T60) for: clinical condition, BW, BCS, blood pressure and for routinely hematochemical, biochemical and urinary parameters. Owners were asked to assess appetite of the cat, palatability of the [...](AU)

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