RESUMO
Screen media use starts in early childhood, despite recommendations to limit use. This study explored low-income Mexican American mothers' and fathers' beliefs, parenting practices, and perceived contextual contributors related to toddler screen use. We conducted interviews with 32 low-income Mexican American parents. Transcripts of audio recordings were analyzed to identify themes. Parents perceived numerous benefits to screen use, including learning and enjoyment, as well as seeing it as a helpful tool for parents. Reported risks included harmful mental and physical effects and a risk of use being all-consuming. Parents managed screen use with a variety of practices, including giving close attention to content, monitoring duration, and engaging in co-use. They also used screens for behavior management and in specific situations, such as to prepare for sleep. Some differences in beliefs and parenting practices exist by screen device type. Parents also reported that contextual factors, such as weather and neighborhood safety, influenced screen use. This study extends the current literature regarding child screen use, with its focus on low-income Mexican American toddlers. The findings offer interventionists and providers insight into the management of screens in the lives of this population.
Assuntos
Americanos Mexicanos , Poder Familiar , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Mães , Relações Pais-Filho , Pobreza , Pai , MasculinoRESUMO
The autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects developmental areas early in life and on families exert significant burden both emotionally and economically. This paper is a non-controlled, multicenter study to train caregivers of ASD individuals displaying disruptive behavior and deficit of communication, based on Applied Behavior Analysis. Results showed a reduction in the disruptive behavior measured by the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) and also the caregivers' depression and anxiety symptoms assessed by the Hamilton Scale. Group interventions may be an alternative for reaching a higher share of the population.
O transtorno do espectro do autismo (TEA) afeta precocemente áreas de desenvolvimento e resulta em uma sobrecarga significativa para as famílias, tanto emocional quanto economicamente. Este é um estudo não controlado, multicêntrico, com o objetivo de capacitar, com base na Análise Aplicada do Comportamento, cuidadores de indivíduos com TEA que apresentam comportamento disruptivo e deficit de comunicação. Os resultados mostraram redução nos comportamentos disruptivos, medidos pelo Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC), e também nos sintomas de depressão e ansiedade dos cuidadores, avaliados pela Escala de Hamilton. As intervenções em grupo podem ser uma alternativa viável para atingir uma parcela maior da população.
O transtorno do espectro do autismo (TEA) afeta precocemente áreas de desenvolvimento e resulta em uma sobrecarga significativa para as famílias, tanto emocional quanto economicamente. Este é um estudo não controlado, multicêntrico, com o objetivo de capacitar, com base na Análise Aplicada do Comportamento, cuidadores de indivíduos com TEA que apresentam comportamento disruptivo e deficit de comunicação. Os resultados mostraram redução nos comportamentos disruptivos, medidos pelo Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC), e também nos sintomas de depressão e ansiedade dos cuidadores, avaliados pela Escala de Hamilton. As intervenções em grupo podem ser uma alternativa viável para atingir uma parcela maior da população.
Assuntos
Humanos , Criança , AdolescenteRESUMO
Resumen En el mundo existen más de 1 000 millones de personas con alguna discapacidad y aunque estas condiciones no son sinónimos de alteraciones bucales severas, si se ha logrado detectar en los pacientes que las padecen, señales de mala higiene bucal y enfermedades bucales producto de la poca o nula atención odontológica, relacionadas en gran medida al temor que los profesionales del área enfrentan al momento de la atención. La comunicación con pacientes en condición de discapacidad como autismo, síndrome de Down, parálisis cerebral, deficiencia auditiva, presenta un componente adicional de difultad, por lo cual es necesario apoyarse en un sistema de estrategias comunicativas, protocolos de atención y otros medios que pueden variar entre las distintas discapacidades. Estos permiten que personas con dificultades de comunicación puedan relacionarse e interactuar con su entorno. La capacitación para el odontólogo en este campo no es fácil, dado que no se cuenta con suficientes programas que cubran de manera completa la formación del profesional en este ámbito. El propósito de este artículo fue realizar una revisión de tema sobre algunos tipos de discapacidades, las manifestaciones bucales más comunes, el manejo odontológico y estrategias de comunicación alternativa apropiada, para brindar una atención de calidad.
Abstract In the world there are more than one billion people with disabilities and although these terms are not synonymous with severe oral changes, it has been detected that people with disabilities have more risk to suffer oral pathologies due to poor dental service related to the reluctance dentist have to take care of these patients. Communication with patients with conditions such as autism, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, hearing impairment; presents an additional component of difficulty, so it is necessary to rely on a system of communicative strategies, care protocols and means of support that may vary among different disabilities. These enable people with communication difficulties to interact with their environment. Training for dentists on this field is not easy, since there are not sufficient programs covering completely professional training in dentistry in this area. The purpose of this article was to review some types of disabilities, their most common oral manifestations, dental management and appropriate alternative communication strategies to provide good dental services.
RESUMO
Los trastornos de conducta en niños son motivo de consulta frecuente. Sus causas son variadas incluyendo desde factores biológicos hasta condiciones psicosociales particulares. La intervención psicológica debe considerar características individuales del niño y su familia, previo a suimplementación. Así se entregan orientaciones generales para el manejo conductual de niños y adolescentes, siendo la base de estas estrategias: las prácticas de buen trato, vinculación positiva con los niños, la congruencia y la constancia en el tiempo.
Conduct disorder in children are frequent consultation. Its causes are varied including from biological factors to specific psychosocial conditions. Psychological intervention should consider individual characteristics of the child and his / her family, prior to implementation. So general guidelines for behavior management of children and adolescents are given, being the basis of these strategies: good treatment practices, positive relationship with children, consistency and constancy in time.
Assuntos
Humanos , Adolescente , Criança , Educação Infantil , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Relações Familiares , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/terapiaRESUMO
This study compared the parental acceptance of pediatric behavior guidance techniques (BGT). Forty parents of children without disabilities (Group A) and another 40 parents of children with disabilities (Group B) were selected. Each BGT was explained by a single examiner and it was presented together with a photograph album. After that parents evaluated the acceptance in: totally unacceptable, somewhat acceptable, acceptable, and totally acceptable. Results indicated that in Group A, the BGT based on communicative guidance was accepted by most participants. In Group B, just one mother considered totally unacceptable the voice control method and other two, tell-show-do. For both groups, the general anesthesia was the less accepted BGT. There was statistically significant difference in acceptance for protective stabilization with a restrictive device in Group B. Children's parents with and without disabilities accepted behavioral guidance techniques, but basic techniques showed higher rates of acceptance than advanced techniques.
Assuntos
Atitude , Controle Comportamental/métodos , Assistência Odontológica para Crianças/métodos , Assistência Odontológica para a Pessoa com Deficiência/métodos , Crianças com Deficiência , Pais/psicologia , Anestesia Geral , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Sedação Consciente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Odontopediatria , Restrição Física , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Introduction and Objective:The constant changes in the socio-cultural and ethical-legal conditions required to continually evaluatethe techniques of behavior management of pediatric patients in dental treatment. Identify the acceptanceof parents towards behavior management techniques used routinely in pediatric dentistry in a Colombianpopulation.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in which 129 parents of children between ages 3and 15 evaluated a video which presented different behavior management techniques and completeda Questionnaire specifically designed for this study. Techniques evaluated include tell-show-do, positivereinforcement, contingent distraction, active inmobilization, passive inmobilization (papoose board),nitrous oxide sedation and general anesthesia.Results:Communicative techniques such as tell-show-do, positive reinforcement, modeling and contingentdistraction were significantly more accepted when compared with pharmacological techniques andrestrictive techniques were the least accepted.Conclusions:There is great rejection of parents to the traditional use of restrictive techniques and social trends requirethe dentist to use more communication techniques to manage the behavior of patients.
Introducción y Objetivo:Los constantes cambios en el entorno socio-cultural y en las condiciones ético-legales exigen que seevalúen continuamente las técnicas de manejo de la conducta del paciente pediátrico. Identificar el nivelde aceptación que tienen los padres frente a las técnicas farmacológicas y no farmacológicas para elmanejo de la conducta en el tratamiento del paciente pediátrico en odontología.Materiales y métodos:Se hizo un estudio descriptivo transversal prospectivo en 129 padres de niños entre los 3 y 15 añosde edad, que evaluaron por medio de un cuestionario y un video las diferentes técnicas de manejode la conducta del paciente pediátrico: decir mostrar hacer, refuerzo positivo, modelado, distraccióncontingente, inmovilización activa y inmovilización pasiva (papoose board), sedación inhalada (oxidonitroso) y anestesia general.Resultados:Las técnicas comunicativas (Decir Mostrar Hacer, Refuerzo Positivo, Modelado, Distracción Contingente)fueron las más aceptadas al compararlas con las técnicas farmacológicas y las técnicas restrictivas fueronlas de menor aceptación.Conclusiones:Hay un gran rechazo de los padres hacia el uso tradicional de las técnicas restrictivas y las tendenciassociales actuales requieren que el odontólogo utilice más las técnicas comunicativas para el manejo delcomportamiento de los pacientes.
Assuntos
Humanos , Anestesia Geral , Óxido Nitroso , OdontopediatriaRESUMO
O modelo OBM é conhecido pela aplicação das idéias skinnerianas aos problemas e análises organizacionais. Já o absenteísmo pode ser definido como um número de faltas não programadas em um dado período. O presente texto objetivou analisar o absenteísmo à luz da Análise do Comportamento, consultando o banco de dados de uma empresa de grande porte do interior de São Paulo. Foi analisada a porcentagem de faltas de funcionários de Mão de Obra Direta (MOD) e Mão de Obra Indireta (MOI) no período diurno e noturno. Os principais resultados foram: (a) tanto no período noturno quanto no período diurno, MOD faltaram mais do que MOI; (b) MOD e MOI do período diurno faltaram mais do que MOD e MOI do período noturno; e (c) MOD e MOI, principalmente do período diurno, faltaram mais nos finais de semana. As implicações destes problemas são discutidas. (AU)
The OBM model is known for the application of Skinners ideas to organizational problems and analyses. Absenteeism can be defined as the number of not programmed absences within a certain period of time. The goal of this text was to analyze absenteeism under the Behavior Analysis reference, consulting data from a big company in the countryside of São Paulo. The absence percentage of Direct Workers (MOD, in Portuguese), and Indirect Workers (MOI, in Portuguese) from day and night shifts was analyzed. The main results are the following: (a) Whether on the day or night shift, MOD were absent more often than MOI; (b) MOD and MOI from the day shift were absent more often than MOD and MOI from the night shift; (c) MOD and MOI, mainly from the day shift, were absent more often at weekends. The implications of these problems will be discussed. (AU)
RESUMO
Este estudo é parte de uma pesquisa de doutoramento que teve por objetivo elaborar e avaliar um Programa de Treinamento em Práticas Educativas para monitores de abrigos para crianças vítimas de violência doméstica. O estudo original trabalhou com 14 monitoras, porém o objetivo específico aqui consiste em analisar o comportamento de interação de duas monitoras com duas crianças ao longo do Programa de Intervenção. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a freqüência dos comportamentos de interação positiva das monitoras e das crianças aumentou, e os de interação coercitiva diminuíram, após as sessões analisadas. Esses resultados possivelmente demonstram que procedimentos para diminuir a freqüência de comportamentos inadequados infantis mantidos por atenção, e os que visam aumentar a freqüência dos adequados, são concorrentes com os padrões de interação coercitiva entre o cuidador e a criança e, por isso, fazem com que eles diminuam de imediato.
This study is part of a doctoral research project aimed at elaborating and evaluating a behavior management intervention program for foster care staff working with victimized children. The original study involved 14 workers, but the specific objective here involves analyzing the interaction of two caregivers with the two children along the intervention program. The results demonstrated that the frequency of positive interaction of caregivers and childrenÆs increased and of coercitive interaction reduced as well. These results possibly demonstrate that attention maintained procedures to diminish the frequency of childrenÆs inadequate behaviors, and the ones aimed at increasing the frequency of the adequate behaviors compete with coercitive interaction standards between caregiver and child and, therefore produce an immediate decrease.