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R E S U M E N En este artículo se apunta a analizar los (micro)discursos que se encuentran en los baños públicos de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza - Argentina Se focalizan las temáticas que se abordan, la clase de diálogos que se establecen y las valoraciones que se ponen de manifiesto. Se trata de una investigación de tipo cualitativo y exploratorio. Se trabaja con un corpus de imágenes recopilado en los baños públicos de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo en el mes de junio de 2022.

A B S T R A C T This article aims to describe and interpret the (micro)discourses that are found in the public bathrooms of the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of the National University of Cuyo. In particular, the focus of this study is in the topics that are addressed, the kind of dialogues that are established and the assessments that are revealed. It is a qualitative and exploratory research. It works with a corpus of images collected in the public bathrooms of the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of the National University of Cuyo in the month of June 2022.

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar os (micro)discursos encontrados nos banheiros públicos da Faculdade de Filosofia e Letras da Universidade Nacional de Cuyo. Focalizam-se os temas que são abordados, o tipo de diálogos que se estabelecem e as avaliações que se revelam. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa e exploratória. O trabalho explora um corpus de imagens coletadas nos banheiros públicos da Faculdade de Filosofia e Letras da Universidade Nacional de Cuyo no mês de junho de 2020.

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The previous paucity of data and research on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in schools in Brazil have been preventing an assessment of how safe and healthy schools are to reopen during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed first to assess the current situation of WASH in schools in Brazil and, second, to evaluate to what extent Brazilian schools have been making any progress in providing WASH since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data on WASH conditions in schools in Brazil was retrieved from the 2020 and 2021 Brazilian National School Census (BNSC). For the first objective, frequencies of 31 variables were calculated for the whole country and regions, considering all 173,700 schools from BNSC of 2021. Five main variables were considered as indicators of adequate WASH infrastructure in schools. T-test and ANOVA were used to assess differences in these five variables according to the locality, management model and regions. For the second objective only schools presented in both datasets (n = 170,422) were considered to compare WASH in schools pre- and peri-COVID-19 pandemic. Frequencies of 31 variables were calculated for the whole country and regions before and during the pandemic. Paired t-tests were conducted when differences in variables across the years were observed. At the present moment, the majority of schools in Brazil have bathrooms (97%), drinking water with quality suitable for human consumption (95%), improved sanitation facilities (78%) and solid waste collection (70%). Between 2020 and 2021, there was a mix of improvements and deterioration in the school's WASH infrastructure in all regions of the country. Overall, solely considering the WASH infrastructure, schools in the South and Southeast regions of the country are better prepared for the safe reopening. Nevertheless, public schools, schools located in rural areas and the North and Northeast regions of the country, are more in need of WASH interventions. Results indicate that little progress was achieved, and schools in Brazil are still in need of improvements.

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BACKGROUND: Poor hand hygiene can contribute to increased rates of health care and community-acquired infections. Effective hand hygiene involves both a washer's technique and the duration of their wash. METHODS: The purpose of this longitudinal study was 2-fold: to improve the ability of hand-washers to meet the recommended handwashing duration of ≥20 seconds and to assess the effect of washer fatigue with the intervention. An innovative system of smart connected soap and towel dispensers synchronized to engaging video content was implemented to meet this objective. RESULTS: The intervention increased mean handwashing duration by 7.5 seconds (95% CI: 6.6, 8.4) and improved handwashing duration ≥20 seconds by 39.3% (P < .001). Using a similar cohort of hand-washers over 26 months, the video content had peak effect in month 1, and declined to a new steady state at month 11. DISCUSSION: Handwashing for the recommended time can be difficult to achieve. Most hand hygiene studies examine the rate of completion without measuring duration. CONCLUSIONS: Video engagement can improve and sustain handwashing duration. To mitigate creative and messaging fatigue, video content refresh for this intervention should be considered at 3 months for optimal effect or at 11 months prior to full decline to new steady state.

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Safe access to public restrooms is an essential need for participation in civic life, in the workplace, in educational settings, and other public spaces. This is no different for transgender people. However, access to public restrooms according to gender identity has sparked controversy to the extent that transgender people face embarrassment and even expulsion from these spaces. The lack of access of the transgender population to public restrooms has a negative impact on the physical and mental health of this population. Thus, this article aims to address the main consequences that the ban on the use of bathrooms has for the transgender population, specifically the access of transgender women to the women's restroom. We covered some legal aspects of "bathroom laws" and the main arguments in this discussion. We understand that the prohibition of access to the restroom constitutes a form of gender violence and discrimination, as we conclude that the arguments that express concerns about safety are not supported.

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Resumo Este artigo propõe reflexões críticas acerca do binarismo masculino/feminino presente na arquitetura e nas placas identificatórias dos banheiros presentes em espaços públicos. Partindo de um referencial pós-estruturalista das teorias de gênero e diversidade sexual, tomamos como corpo de análise as placas dos banheiros que, por meio de palavras, símbolos e imagens, separam esses espaços, tendo como critério exclusivo o sexo designado ao nascimento e não à identidade autodeclarada de gênero. Nesse contexto, a ambiguidade e a fluidez presentes em corpos trans atuam como significativos elementos de denúncia dos limites normativos da classificação dos banheiros, colocando em xeque territórios legitimados socialmente como masculinos e femininos. Assim, as placas são consideradas como analisadores institucionais, pois desvelam a disputa entre forças instituintes e forças instituídas, a qual mostra que, apesar das normativas legais brasileiras, a institucionalização do reconhecimento das diversas formas de ser homem e de ser mulher ainda é objeto de tensão.

Resumen Este artículo propone reflexiones críticas sobre el binarismo masculino/femenino presente en la arquitectura y sobre las placas de los baños presentes en los espacios públicos. Partiendo de un referencial postestructuralista de teorías de género y diversidad sexual, tomamos como cuerpo de análisis las placas de los baños que, a través de palabras, símbolos e imágenes, separan estos espacios, teniendo como criterio exclusivo el sexo designado al nacer y no la identidad de género auto declarada. En este contexto, la ambigüedad y la fluidez presentes en los cuerpos trans actúan como elementos significativos de denuncia de los límites normativos de la clasificación de los baños, poniendo en jaque territorios socialmente legitimados como masculinos y femeninos. Así, las placas son consideradas como analizadores institucionales, pues revelan la disputa entre fuerzas instituyentes y fuerzas instituidas, lo que muestra que, a pesar de las normas legales brasileñas, la institucionalización del reconocimiento de las diversas formas de ser hombre y de ser mujer sigue siendo objeto de tensión.

Abstract This article proposes critical reflections on the male/female binarism present in the architecture and in the identification boards of the bathrooms in public spaces. Based on a post-structuralist framework of the theories of gender and sexual diversity, we take as body of analysis the bathroom signs that, through words, symbols and images, separate these spaces having as exclusive criterion the designated sex at birth and not the self-declared gender identity. In this context, the ambiguity and fluidity present in trans bodies act as significant elements of denunciation of the normative limits of the classification of bathrooms, putting in question socially legitimized territories as male and female. Thus, the signs are considered as institutional analyzers, because they reveal the dispute of the instituting forces and the instituted forces, which shows that, despite the Brazilian legal norms, the institutionalization of the recognition of the various forms of being a man and being a woman is still object of tension.

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O manejo das comadres hospitalares requer rigorosas medidas de higiene para evitar que esses dispositivos se tornem fontes de contaminação. Contudo, os métodos e os riscos associados ao processamento desses utensílios sanitários são muitas vezes negligenciados pelos profissionais envolvidos no processo. O objetivo desse estudo quantitativo, descritivo, do tipo transversal foi avaliar a limpeza e desinfecção de comadres hospitalares submetidas a dois diferentes métodos de processamento. Os dados foram coletados em um complexo hospitalar de nível terciário localizado no interior do estado de São Paulo. Foram avaliados os resultados dos processos de limpeza e desinfecção de comadres hospitalares, distribuídas em dois grupos. O primeiro conjunto de materiais (Grupo 1) sofreu o processo de limpeza manual seguida por desinfecção com álcool etílico hidratado a 70%. O segundo grupo (Grupo 2) teve as comadres hospitalares submetidas à termodesinfecção sem limpeza manual prévia. O Glo Germ(TM) Liquid foi usado para simular a contaminação por material biológico e os utensílios foram inoculados com 20 ml do produto. A presença de simulador de contaminação foi avaliada por fluorescência em 130 utensílios. O teste de detecção de proteína foi aplicado em 50 artigos. Constatou-se a presença de simulador de contaminação nos artigos submetidos a ambos os processos de limpeza. Após a limpeza automatizada, o número de comadres hospitalares com material visível é maior (74,2%) do que o observado após a limpeza manual (53,1%). No total, observou-se de zero a seis áreas em cada comadre hospitalar com presença de simulador de contaminação. Quando submetidas à limpeza manual, o número de comadres hospitalares limpas é maior (46,9%) em relação àquelas submetidas à limpeza automatizada (25,8%), com diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,003) quando comparados ambos os métodos de processamento. Foram identificadas de zero a três áreas com presença do simulador de contaminação em cada parte da comadre hospitalar. O número de áreas com presença de Glo Germ foi comparado entre dois grupos do estudo. O teste de Mann-Whitney indicou diferença significante nas partes da pá (p<0,000), assento (p=0,013) e fundo externo (p=0,003), revelando maior presença de simulador nas comadres hospitalares submetidas à limpeza automatizada. Não houve diferença significante na parte interna, lateral externa e alça. À inspeção visual, todas as comadres hospitalares estavam limpas. Contudo, o teste de proteínas foi positivo em dois artigos processados na termodesinfectora. O estudo levanta reflexões sobre os procedimentos adotados na prática de processamento das comadres hospitalares, indicando a necessidade de revisão de conceitos que embasam a indicação de métodos e níveis de processamento requeridos a partir da classificação dos artigos de saúde.

The handling of hospital bedpans requires strict hygiene measures to prevent these devices from becoming sources of contamination. The workers involved in the process, however, often overlook the methods and risks associated with the processing of these sanitary utensils. The objective of this quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study was to assess the cleaning and disinfection of hospital bedpans submitted to two different processing methods. Data were collected in a tertiary hospital facility located in the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The results concerning the cleaning and disinfection of hospital bedpans were distributed into two groups: the first set of materials (Group 1) was manually cleaned, followed by disinfection with 70% hydrated ethyl alcohol. The bedpans in the second set (Group 2) were subjected to thermal disinfection without previous manual cleaning. Glo Germ(TM) liquid was used to simulate contamination by biological material and the utensils were inoculated with 20 ml of the product. The presence of the contamination simulator was assessed by fluorescence in 130 utensils. A protein detection test was applied in 50 utensils and the presence of contamination was found in utensils submitted to both cleaning processes. The number of bedpans visually soiled after automated cleaning (74.2%) was higher than after manual cleaning (53.1%). In total, there were from zero to six areas in each bedpan with the presence of the contamination simulator. A statistically significant difference was found (p=0.003) when both processing methods were compared, the number of clean bedpans was larger among those submitted to mechanical cleaning (46.9%) than those submitted to automated cleaning (25.8%). The presence of the contamination simulator was identified from zero to three areas in each part of hospital bedpans. The number of areas with the presence of Glo Germ was compared between groups. The Mann-Whitney test indicated significant difference on the parts of the blade (p<0.000), seat (p=0.013), and external bottom (p=0.003), revealing the simulator was more frequently found among bedpans submitted to automated cleaning. No significant differences were found between the internal, lateral and external parts and handle. All bedpans seemed clean upon visual inspection, however, two utensils processed in the thermal disinfector tested positive in the protein test. This study's results encourage reflection upon the procedures adopted in the processing of hospital bedpans, indicating a need to review concepts supporting the indication of methods and processing levels based on the classification of health utensils.

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Objetivo: Comparar os resultados dos processos de limpeza e desinfecção manual e automatizado de Utensílios Sanitários (US). Método: Estudo experimental, descritivo, realizado por meio de culturas microbiológicas de US usados por pacientes acamados em uma unidade de internação de um hospital localizado no sul do Brasil. As amostras icrobiológicas foram coletadas após limpeza e desinfecção, sendo 11 amostras de cada um dos três processos testados: automatizado, manual sem supervisão e manual com supervisão. Resultados: No processo automatizado, não houve crescimento de microrganismos patogênicos de relevância epidemiológica. No manual, em ambos processamentos realizados, conforme protocolo estabelecido pela instituição com e sem supervisão, houve crescimento de microrganismos patogênicos. Conclusão: Com base nos resultados obtidos no estudo, o método automatizado demonstrou ser seguro para utilização dos US na assistência à saúde. Os resultados obtidos no método manual não conferem segurança. Sugere-se que sejam realizados estudos com conhecimento prévio do grau de contaminação controlada por meio de cepas de referência.

Objective: To compare the results of manual and automated cleaning and disinfection of Sanitary Appliance (US). Method: A descriptive experimental study, carried out by means of microbiological cultures of appliance used by patients bedridden in a hospitalization unit of a hospital located in the south of Brazil. Thirty three samples were collected after the cleaning and disinfection processes were carried out, eleven for each of the three methods available: automated, manual with and without supervision for microbiological evaluation. Results: In the automated process, pathogenic microorganisms of epidemiological relevance was now here to be found in the experiment. In the manual, in both processes performed, according to protocol established by the Institution with and without supervision, there was growth of pathogenic microorganisms. Conclusion: Therefore, in this study we conclude that the automated method for cleaning and disinfection has been shown to be safer for use in healthcare. The results obtained in the manual method do not confer safety. It is suggested that studies be carried out with references trains with controlled contamination.

Objectivo: Comparar los procesos de limpieza y desinfección manual y por médio de um equipo automático de Utensilios Sanitarios (US). Método: Estudio experimental descriptivo de medio de cultivos microbiológicos de US de los que hicieron uso enfermos en piso de internación de un hospital delsur de Brasil. Las muestras microbiológicas fueron recolectadas después de La limpieza y desinfección, de lãs cuales 11 muestras de cada uno de los tres procesos probados: automatico, manual sin supervisión y manual com supervisión. Resultados: Em El proceso com el equipo automatico, no hubo crecimiento de microorganismos patógenos de relevancia epidemiológica. Em los dos procesos manuales con y sin supervisión, conforme protocolo establecido por La institución, hubo crecimiento de microorganismos patógenos. Conclusión: Por los resultados obtenidos em ele studio, se concluye que el la limpeza e nel equipo automático ha demostrado seguridade para usar los US en cuidados a La salud. Se sugiere que se realicen estúdios conconocimiento prévio del grado de contaminación controlada por medio de cepas de referencia.

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Grafitos de banheiro (N = 989) foram coletados em três instituições de Ensino Superior localizadas na cidade de João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil, e classificados em dezessete categorias de conteúdo, com o objetivo de investigar diferenças de gênero nesse tipo de expressão humana. A análise utilizada para detectar as principais diferenças foi o teste do Qui-Quadrado, com o auxílio do programa estatístico SPSS. As categorias mais representativas do gênero masculino (p £ 0,05) foram presença, esportes, insulto e humor. Por sua vez, as categorias mais representativas do gênero feminino foram religião, filosofia e romantismo. A partir dos resultados encontrados nesta pesquisa independente, verifica-se que o banheiro público constitui um espaço que retrata o imaginário de grupos sociais e de representação da cultura popular(AU)

Bathroom graffiti (N = 989) were collected in three higher education institutions localized in João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil, and classified into seventeen content categories, with the objective of investigating gender differences in this type of human expression. The analysis used to detect the main differences was the Chi-Square test, with the help of the statistical software SPSS. The most representative male gender categories (p £ 0,05) were presence, sports, insult, and humor. On the other hand, the most representative female gender categories were religion, philosophy, and romanticism. The results through this independent research indicate that public bathrooms are considered to be places for the expression of social groups imaginary, as well as for the representation of popular culture(AU)

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