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RESUMEN El maracuyá es la principal especie del género Passiflora. Sus principales productores son Brasil, Ecuador, Colombia y Perú con, aproximadamente, 805.000 t/año. En Colombia, se cultivaron 8.164 ha en 2019, con una producción de 137.622 t y un rendimiento promedio de 16.86 t/ha; no obstante, este agroecosistema es afectado por Ceroplastes cirripediformis, que causa daños severos y pérdidas económicas sustanciales. Para conocer su potencial de daño e importancia, se investigó los diferentes grados de infestación y la distribución espacial de C. cirripediformis en el agroecosistema maracuyá. Para esto, se estableció una escala de daño y se elaboró una grilla espacial sobre el cultivo, seleccionando 36 puntos, en los cuales, se realizaron muestreos mensuales, durante seis meses. En cada punto, se evaluó el grado de severidad de la escama y las variables meteorológicas. Con esta información, se estimaron los índices de dispersión, varianza/media, índice de Morisita y exp. K de la binomial negativa. Asimismo, se realizó un análisis de correlación (r de Pearson), entre los factores abióticos y los índices evaluados. Los resultados indican que los grados de severidad de C. cirripediformis establecidos fueron: grado 1 (<40 individuos), grado 2 (41-80 individuos), grado 3 (>a 81 individuos). De acuerdo con el análisis de correlación, los factores de temperatura y de precipitación inciden notablemente sobre las poblaciones del cóccido y su distribución. Los índices de dispersión mostraron que las poblaciones en el cultivo de maracuyá se establecen en agregado, por lo que es esencial focalizar estrategias de manejo hacia puntos específicos.

ABSTRACT The passion fruit is the main species of the genus Passiflora. Its main producers are Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru with approximately 805,000 t/year. In Colombia, 8,164 ha were cultivated in 2019, with a production of 137,622 t and an average yield of 16.86 t/ha. However, this agroecosystem is affected by Ceroplastes cirripediformis, which causes severe damage and substantial economic losses. To know its potential for damage and importance, the different degrees of infestation and the spatial distribution of C. cirripediformis in the passion fruit agroecosystem was investigated. For this, a damage scale was established, and a spatial grid was drawn up on the crop, selecting 36 points in which monthly samplings were carried out for six months. At each point, the degree of severity of the scale and the meteorological variables were evaluated. With this information, the dispersion indices, variance/mean, Morisita index, and exp. K of the negative binomial. Likewise, a correlation analysis (Pearson's r) was performed between the abiotic factors and the evaluated indices. The results indicate that the degrees of severity of C. cirripediformis established were: grade 1 (<40 individuals), grade 2 (41-80 individuals), grade 3 (> 81 individuals). According to the correlation analysis, the temperature and precipitation factors have a notable impact on the populations of the coccyx and its distribution. The dispersion indices found in the populations in the passion fruit cultivation were achieved in aggregate, so it is essential to focus management strategies towards specific points.

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Acanthemblemaria aceroi new species is described from the upwelling region of the Caribbean coasts of Venezuela and Colombia. It differs from its closest relative, Acanthemblemaria rivasi Stephens, 1970, known from Panama and Costa Rica, in the posterior extent of the infraorbitals, details of head spination, and unique COI sequences. The description of Acanthemblemaria johnsonsi Almany Baldwin, 1996, heretofore known only from Tobago, is expanded based on specimens from islands offshore of eastern Venezuela.

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High-altitude bar-headed geese (Anser indicus) and Andean geese (Chloephaga melanoptera) have been shown to preferentially increase tidal volume over breathing frequency when increasing ventilation during exposure to hypoxia. Increasing tidal volume is a more effective breathing strategy but is also thought to be more mechanically and metabolically expensive. We asked whether there might be differences in the mechanics or morphology of the respiratory systems of high-altitude transient bar-headed geese and high-altitude resident Andean geese that could minimize the cost of breathing more deeply. We compared these two species with a low-altitude migratory species, the barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis). We ventilated anesthetized birds to measure mechanical properties of the respiratory system and used CT scans to quantify respiratory morphology. We found that the respiratory system of Andean geese was disproportionately larger than that of the other two species, allowing use of a deeper breathing strategy for the same energetic cost. The relative size of the respiratory system, especially the caudal air sacs, of bar-headed geese was also larger than that of barnacle geese. However, when normalized to respiratory system size, the mechanical cost of breathing did not differ significantly among these three species, indicating that deeper breathing is enabled by morphological but not mechanical differences between species. The metabolic cost of breathing was estimated to be <1% of basal metabolic rate at rest in normoxia. Because of differences in the magnitude of the ventilatory response, the cost of breathing was estimated to increase 7- to 10-fold in bar-headed and barnacle geese in severe hypoxia, but less than 1-fold in Andean geese exposed to the same low atmospheric PO2.

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We evaluate the population genetic structure of the intertidal barnacle Jehlius cirratus across a broad portion of its geographic distribution using data from the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene region. Despite sampling diversity from over 3,000 km of the linear range of this species, there is only slight regional structure indicated, with overall Φ CT of 0.036 (p < 0.001) yet no support for isolation by distance. While these results suggest greater structure than previous studies of J. cirratus had indicated, the pattern of diversity is still far more subtle than in other similarly-distributed species with similar larval and life history traits. We compare these data and results with recent findings in four other intertidal species that have planktotrophic larvae. There are no clear patterns among these taxa that can be associated with intertidal depth or other known life history traits.

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Biochemical biomarkers were evaluated in the barnacle Balanus improvisus (Crustacea: Cirripedia) sampled from both polluted and reference sites in the Patos Lagoon Estuary, Southern Brazil. During winter, higher glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was recorded in the barnacles from the polluted sites, indicating environmental exposure to contaminants. Relatively low lipid peroxide levels (LPO) were also observed in barnacles from polluted sites, indicating that oxidative stress by lipid peroxidation was not a major threat in barnacles from those sites. Seasonal differences in the GST and total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) could have contributed to the low LPO levels in the summer relative to the levels in the winter. Catalase activity and metallothionein levels were not affected by contamination or seasonality. The seasonal changes observed in biomarker responses were paralleled by the differences in temperature, which could have affected physiological responses, including the balance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants.

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A large section of the tropical Eastern Pacific coastline is nearly devoid of reef or consolidated habitat, and is known as the Central American Gap as it is associated with a biogeographic transition in fish and invertebrate species. We analyze phylogeographic data for intertidal barnacles (Chthamalus) to identify relevant temporal patterns that describe the origins of this biogeographic transition (the Mexican-Panamic Transition Zone). These contrasts of populations on either side of the transition zone include two pairs of closely related species (C. panamensis and C. hedgecocki; C. southwardorum and a Southern form of C. southwardorum), as well as gene flow data within one species (C. panamensis) that currently is found on both sides of the boundary between provinces. Using sequence data from a prior phylogenetic study, we used traditional (net nucleotide divergence) measures as well as coalescent analyses that incorporate the isolation-migration model to identify the likely time of separation between Northern and Southern taxa in two species pairs. A total of 67 individuals were sequenced at two mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase I, 16S) and one nuclear (elongation factor 1-alpha) gene regions. Our analyses indicate that the regional isolation of these intertidal barnacles occurred approximately 315-400kya, with subsequent expansion of C. panamensis from the Southern region into the North much more recently. There are insufficient survey data to conclusively document the absence of species from this group within the Central American Gap region near the Gulf of Tehuantepec. However, appropriate habitat is quite sparse in this region and other environmental factors, including upwelling and water temperature, are likely to be associated with isolation of many species in the Mexican and Panamic provinces sensu stricto. Some taxa may maintain gene flow across this region, but very few genetic studies have been completed on such taxa. Until further work is done, distinguishing between prior hypotheses of a faunal gap, or a faunal transition zone, is somewhat speculative. Additional taxonomic revision will be necessary in Chthamalus but is beyond the scope of this paper.

La taxonomía del complejo de especies de cirripedios (Chthamalus) se ha confundido en la literatura desde hace casi 30 años, por lo tanto analizamos datos de su filogeografía para identificar modelos temporales relevantes que describan los orígenes de la zona de transición entre las provincias Mexicana y Panameña. Estos contrastes de poblaciones a ambos lados de la zona de transición incluyen a dos pares de especies estrechamente relacionadas, así como datos de flujo de genes dentro de una especie que actualmente es encontrada en ambos lados del límite entre provincias. Usando datos de secuencia de un estudio previo de filogenética, usamos medidas tradicionales, así como análisis de coalescencia que incorporan el modelo de migración y aislamiento para identificar el tiempo probable de la separación entre los taxa del norte y del sur en dos pares de especies. Nuestros análisis indican que el aislamiento regional de estos ciripedios ocurrió aproximadamente hace 315-400 mil años, con una extensión subsecuente de Chthamalus panamensis de la región del sur hacia el norte mucho más reciente. No hay datos suficientes para documentar conclusivamente la ausencia de especies de este grupo dentro de la región de Centro América cerca del Golfo de Tehuantepec. Sin embargo, el hábitat apropiado es bastante escaso en esta región y otros factores ambientales, incluyendo corrientes y temperatura acuática, probablemente están relacionados con el aislamiento de muchas especies en estas provincias. Algunos taxa pueden mantener el flujo de genes a través de esta región, pero muy pocos estudios genéticos han sido realizados en tales taxa. Hasta que no se desarrollen trabajos adicionales, la distinción entre hipótesis previas de un gap faunal o de una zona de transición faunal es algo especulativo.

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Samples of water and barnacles Amphibalanus amphitrite were collected from Recife, Brazil, to assess if it accumulates total (TC) and thermotolerant coliforms (TTC) related with sewage pollution. The Most Probable Number (MPN) values and the standard procedures for examination of shellfish were used. Comparatively with the water samples, the highest coliform values came from the barnacles, with TC values ranging from < 3.0 × 10³ to > 2.4 × 10(6) MPN.g-1, and TTC ranging from > 2.4 × 10³ to 2.9 × 10(5) MPN.g-1. Barnacles accumulate the TC Ewingella americana, and the TTC Escherichia coli, Enterobacter gergoviae, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Enterobacter sakazakii. The results provided an indication of the level of organic contamination at the sampling locations and that this species could be a good organic pollution bioindicator.

Amostras de água e cirrípedes Amphibalanus amphitrite foram coletados em Recife, Brasil, para avaliar se estes acumulam coliformes totais (CT) e termo-tolerantes (TTC) relacionados à poluição por esgoto doméstico. Foram utilizados os valores de Números Mais Prováveis (NMP) e os procedimentos padrões para exame de bivalves. Comparativamente às amostras de água, os valores mais altos de coliformes foram dos cirrípedes, com valores de TC variando de < 3,0 × 10³ a > 2,4 × 10(6) NMP.g-1, e TTC variando de > 2,4 × 10³ a 2,9 × 10(5) NMP.g-1. Os cirrípedes acumularam TC Ewingella americana e TTC Escherichia coli, Enterobacter gergoviae, Enterobacter aerogenes e Enterobacter sakazakii. Os resultados proveram uma indicação de que há contaminação orgânica nas localidades de amostras e que esta espécie pode ser um bioindicador bom de poluição orgânica.

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Samples of water and barnacles Amphibalanus amphitrite were collected from Recife, Brazil, to assess if it accumulates total (TC) and thermotolerant coliforms (TTC) related with sewage pollution. The Most Probable Number (MPN) values and the standard procedures for examination of shellfish were used. Comparatively with the water samples, the highest coliform values came from the barnacles, with TC values ranging from < 3.0 × 10³ to > 2.4 × 10(6) MPN.g-1, and TTC ranging from > 2.4 × 10³ to 2.9 × 10(5) MPN.g-1. Barnacles accumulate the TC Ewingella americana, and the TTC Escherichia coli, Enterobacter gergoviae, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Enterobacter sakazakii. The results provided an indication of the level of organic contamination at the sampling locations and that this species could be a good organic pollution bioindicator.(AU)

Amostras de água e cirrípedes Amphibalanus amphitrite foram coletados em Recife, Brasil, para avaliar se estes acumulam coliformes totais (CT) e termo-tolerantes (TTC) relacionados à poluição por esgoto doméstico. Foram utilizados os valores de Números Mais Prováveis (NMP) e os procedimentos padrões para exame de bivalves. Comparativamente às amostras de água, os valores mais altos de coliformes foram dos cirrípedes, com valores de TC variando de < 3,0 × 10³ a > 2,4 × 10(6) NMP.g-1, e TTC variando de > 2,4 × 10³ a 2,9 × 10(5) NMP.g-1. Os cirrípedes acumularam TC Ewingella americana e TTC Escherichia coli, Enterobacter gergoviae, Enterobacter aerogenes e Enterobacter sakazakii. Os resultados proveram uma indicação de que há contaminação orgânica nas localidades de amostras e que esta espécie pode ser um bioindicador bom de poluição orgânica.(AU)

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Los cirrípedos son animales característicos y abundantes en la región intermareal de los ambientes marinos y estuarinos de todo el mundo, pero son poco conocidos en las áreas de manglares tropicales. El presente estudio fue realizado con el objetivo de conocer las especies de cirrípedos en el estuario del Río Paripe (Pernambuco - Brasil), señalando algunas características de su distribución a lo largo del estuario. En la estación de estiaje de 2006, los animales fueron colectados en tres estaciones del estuario, en todos los substratos duros disponibles, observando su distribución vertical en los mismos. En la estación polihalina (salinidades variando de 28,7 hasta 36,1), se encontraron ocho especies: Amphibalanus amphitrite, A. improvisus, A. reticulatus, A. venustus, Chthamalus proteus, C. bisinuatus, Microeuraphia rhizophorae y Striatobalanus amaryllis. Las especies clasificadas como eurihalinas, encontradas hasta la región mesohalina del estuario (salinidades variando de 10,8 hasta 19,6) fueran: Amphibalanus amphitrite, A. improvisus, A. reticulatus, Chthamalus proteus y Microeuraphia rhizophorae, mientras que en la región oligohalina (salinidades variando de 0,2 hasta 5,2), solamente M. rhizophorae estuvo presente, sendo por tanto, clasificada como componente estuarino. Una zonación horizontal de especies de cirrípedos fue claramente observada a partir de la desembocadura hasta al montante del río, con disminución gradual del número de especies y fue confirmado su padrón de distribución vertical en relación a las alturas de mareas, observadas las respectivas valencias ecológicas. Las especies exóticas introducidas en Brasil, Amphibalanus reticulatus y Striatobalanus amaryllis, estaban bien adaptadas en los substratos naturales y artificiales del estuario.

Barnacles are animals characteristic and abundant of intertidal region on marine and estuarine environments worldwide, but they are little known in the areas of tropical mangroves. This study was done with the aim to know the barnacles' species of the estuary of the Paripe River (Pernambuco, Brazil), indicating some characteristics of its distribution throughout the estuary. In dry season of 2006, the animals were collected in three stations of the estuary, in all hard substrata available, observing their vertical distribution. In polihaline station (salinities varying from 28.7 to 36.1), it was found eight species: Amphibalanus amphitrite, A. improvisus, A. reticulatus, A. venustus, Chthamalus proteus, C. bisinuatus, Microeuraphia rhizophorae and Striatobalanus amaryllis. The species classified as euryhaline, found until the mesohaline region of the estuary (salinities varying from 10.8 to 19.6) were: Amphibalanus amphitrite, A. improvisus, A. reticulatus, Chthamalus proteus and Microeuraphia rhizophorae, whereas in the oligohaline region (salinities varying from 0.2 to 5.2), only M. rhizophorae was present, being classified as estuarine component. A horizontal zonation of species of barnacles was clearly observed from the mouth until the upstream, with gradual decrease of number of species and it was confirmed their pattern of vertical distribution in relation to the height of tides, according with its respective ecological valences. The introduced exotic species in Brazil, Amphibalanus reticulatus and Striatobalanus amaryllis, were well adapted on natural and artificial substrata of the estuary.

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