RESUMO

Although several studies have been conducted to elucidate the relationship between psychedelic consumption and cognition, few have focused on understanding the long-term use influence of these substances on these variables, especially in ritualistic contexts.  To verify the influence of ritualistic ayahuasca consumption on the cognition of experienced ayahuasca religious users (> 20 years) and beginners (< 3 years), which participated in rituals of the Centro Luz Divina (CLD), a Santo Daime church in Brazil. Observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was carried out in which 48 people participated divided into three groups: (a) experienced ayahuasca users (n = 16), (b) beginner ayahuasca users (n = 16) and (c) control group (n = 16). All groups were matched by sex, age, and education and contained 8 women and 8 men. Cognition was assessed with the WASI (intelligence quotient), Digit Span (verbal working memory), Corsi Block-Tapping Task (visuospatial-related and working memory), Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure test (visual perception, immediate memory), and Wisconsin Card Sorting and Five Digit Test (executive functions). Groups were homogenous in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, with participants presenting average intellectual performance. There was no evidence of cognitive decline amongst ayahuasca users. The experienced group showed higher scores compared to the less experienced group in the Digit Span and Corsi Block-Tapping tasks, which assess working verbal and visuospatial memories respectively. We confirmed the botanical identities of Psychotria viridis and Banisteriopsis caapi and the presence of the alkaloids both in the plants and in the brew. Short and long-term ayahuasca consumption does not seem to alter human cognition, while long-term use seems to be associated with improvements in aspects of working memory when compared with short-term use.

RESUMO

Introducción: La ayahuasca (también llamada huasca, oasca, caapi o yagé) es un brebaje de uso tradicional, con efectos psicoactivos de interés en la salud humana. Esta situación crea la necesidad de generar conocimiento científico para identificar vacíos en el conocimiento y prioridades en investigación. Objetivo: Describir la producción científica sobre el uso de ayahuasca en seres humanos publicada en revistas indizadas en Scopus hasta octubre del 2021. Métodos: Estudio bibliométrico de bases de datos secundarias. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de información en Scopus de publicaciones científicas sobre el uso de Ayahuasca en problemas de salud. Se recolectó información sobre el año de publicación, idioma de publicación, áreas de conocimiento estudiadas, diseños de investigación involucrados, revista de publicación, proporciones de colaboración internacional, redes de colaboración interinstitucional, redes de coautoría, citas por documento y se describieron a los autores más productivos. Resultados: La tendencia de publicaciones fue creciente desde el 2012. El 36,8% de investigaciones se basaron en diseños observacionales. El promedio de citas por artículo fue 6,1 y el promedio de citas por año fue 3,9. Todas las publicaciones de Suiza, China, Nueva Zelanda y Perú tuvieron colaboración internacional; con cuatro conglomerados de cooperación. Conclusión: La producción científica sobre el uso de ayahuasca en la salud tiene una tendencia creciente, con preferencia en diseños observacionales, con una alta presencia de colaboración internacional y redes de colaboración institucional y de autores.

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Introduction: Ayahuasca (also called huasca, oasca, caapi or yagé) is a concoction of traditional use, with psychoactive effects of interest in human health. This situation creates the need to generate scientific knowledge to identify gaps in knowledge and research priorities. Objective: To describe the impact of scientific production on the use of Ayahuasca in human health published in journals indexed in Scopus until October 2021. Methods: Bibliometric study of secondary databases. A systematic search of information was carried out in Scopus, in order to identify original articles that investigated the use of Ayahuasca in health problems. Information was collected on the year of publication, language of publication, areas of knowledge studied, research designs involved, journal of publication, proportions of international collaboration, inter-institutional collaboration networks, co-authorship networks, citations per document and the authors were described. more productive. Results: The trend of publications has been increasing since 2012. 36.8% of investigations were based on observational designs; with an average number of citations per article of 6.1 and an average number of citations per year of 3.9. All publications from Switzerland, China, New Zealand and Peru had international collaboration; with four cooperation conglomerates. Conclusion: The scientific production on the use of Ayahuasca in health has a growing trend, preferably in observational designs, with high international collaboration and institutional collaboration networks and authors.

RESUMO

Ayahuasca is a psychoactive and psychedelic decoct composed mainly of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis plant species. The beverage is rich in alkaloids and it is ritualistically used by several indigenous communities of South America as a natural medicine. There are also reports in the literature indicating the prophylaxis potential of Ayahuasca alkaloids against internal parasites. In the present study, Ayahuasca exhibited moderate in vitro activity against Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes (IC50 95.78 µg/mL) compared to the reference drug benznidazole (IC50 2.03 µg/mL). The ß-carboline alkaloid harmine (HRE), isolated from B. caapi, was considered active against the trypomastigotes forms (IC50 6.37), and the tryptamine N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), isolated from P. viridis was also moderately active with IC50 of 21.02 µg/mL. Regarding the in vivo evaluations, no collateral effects were observed. The HRE alone demonstrated the highest trypanocidal activity in a dose-responsive manner (10 and 100 mg/kg). The Ayahuasca and the association between HRE and DMT worsened the parasitaemia, suggesting a modulation of the immunological response during the T. cruzi infection, especially by increasing total Immunoglobulin (IgG) and IgG1 antibody levels. The in silico molecular docking revealed HRE binding with low energy at two sites of the Trypanothione reductase enzyme (TR), which are absent in humans, and thus considered a promissory target for drug discovery. In conclusion, Ayahuasca compounds seem to not be toxic at the concentrations of the in vivo evaluations and can promote trypanocidal effect in multi targets, including control of parasitaemia, immunological modulation and TR enzymatic inhibition, which might benefit the treatments of patients with Chagas' disease. Moreover, the present study also provides scientific information to support the prophylactic potential of Ayahuasca against internal parasites.

Assuntos

Alcaloides , Banisteriopsis , Doença de Chagas , Alucinógenos , Humanos , Banisteriopsis/química , Alucinógenos/farmacologia , Harmina/farmacologia , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , N,N-Dimetiltriptamina/farmacologia , Carbolinas , Triptaminas , Doença de Chagas/tratamento farmacológico , Imunoglobulina G , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico

RESUMO

RESUMEN La ayahuasca pertenece al grupo de alucinógenos de origen vegetal con los que comparte su capacidad de alterar el estado de conciencia y provocar alteraciones perceptivas. Empleada tradicionalmente en forma de brebaje en ritos ceremoniales con el propósito de alcanzar experiencias de contenido espiritual o sanatorio, su uso se ha extendido a lo largo de centurias hasta nuestro actual contexto cultural dentro del cual es empleada por pequeños grupos guiados por fines de crecimiento personal. La experiencia suele durar unas horas y los efectos suelen ser autolimitados. Se describe el caso clínico de una paciente que, tras el consumo experimental de ayahuasca, desarrolla un episodio maníaco con síntomas psicóticos. Se realiza asimismo una búsqueda sistemática de casos publicados de sintomatología psicótica relacionada con el consumo de ayahuasca. A nivel experimental, la relación entre ayahuasca y experiencias psicóticas es poco conocida, si bien se ha determinado un buen perfil de seguridad de la sustancia en administraciones puntuales en sujetos sanos. En el presente estudio, los resultados sugieren que la aparición de episodios psicóticos asociados con consumo de ayahuasca es un fenómeno infrecuente que parece estar relacionado con características de vulnerabilidad tales como historia personal o familiar de trastorno mental grave o el uso concomitante de otros compuestos tóxicos o drogas, especialmente cannabis.

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SUMMARY Ayahuasca belongs to the group of plant-based or vegetal hallucinogens sharing their alterating effects on the state of consciousness and causing perceptual alterations. Traditionally used as a concoction in ceremonial rites aimed to achieve experiences of spiritual or curative content, its use has expanded throughout centuries, reaching our current cultural context, where it is used by small groups guided by purposes of personal growth. The experience usually lasts a few hours and the effects are usually self-limited. We describe the case of a patient who developed a manic episode with psychotic symptoms after experimental consumption of ayahuasca. In addition, a systematic review of published cases of sustained psychotic symptoms after the consumption of ayahuasca is carried out. There are few experimental studies of the relationship between ayahuasca and psychotic experiences, although a good safety profile has been determined in single administrations to healthy subjects. In the present study, the results suggest that the appearance of psychotic episodes associated with ayahuasca consumption is an infrequent phenomenon and seem to be related to vulnerability characteristics such as personal or family history of severe mental disorder or the concomitant use of other drugs, particularly cannabis.

RESUMO

Banisteriopsis caapi is used to prepare the psychoactive beverage ayahuasca, and both have therapeutic potential for the treatment of many central nervous system (CNS) conditions. This study aimed to isolate new bioactive compounds from B. caapi extract and evaluate their biological activity, and that of the known ß-carboline components of the plant (harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine), in BV-2 microglial cells, the in vivo activation of which is implicated in the physiopathology of CNS disorders. B. caapi extract was fractionated using semipreparative liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) and the exact masses ([M + H]+m/z) of the compounds in the 5 isolated fractions were determined by high-resolution LC-MS/MS: F1 (174.0918 and 233.1289), F2 (353.1722), F3 (304.3001), F4 (188.1081), and F5 (205.0785). Harmine (75.5-302 µM) significantly decreased cell viability after 2 h of treatment and increased the number of necrotic cells and production of reactive oxygen species at equal or lower concentrations after 24 h. F4 did not impact viability but was also cytotoxic after 24 h. Most treatments reduced proinflammatory cytokine production (IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, and/or TNF), especially harmaline and F5 at 2.5 µM and higher concentrations, tetrahydroharmine (9.3 µM and higher), and F5 (10.7 µM and higher). The results suggest that the compounds found in B. caapi extract have anti-inflammatory potential that could be explored for the development of treatments for neurodegenerative diseases.

Assuntos

Banisteriopsis , Banisteriopsis/química , Cromatografia Líquida , Harmalina , Harmina/farmacologia , Microglia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Plantas , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem

RESUMO

Takiwasi is a therapeutic community for the treatment of Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) that combines traditional Amazonian medicine (TAM) with modern psychotherapy. One of the plant medicines from TAM used in this protocol is purgahuasca. It is a decoction of the vine Banisteriopsis caapi alone, whose use is traditional among the Awajún and other ethnic groups in Peru. The research began with a field trip to Awajún territory to explore the indigenous use of purgahuasca as an initiation rite. Then, analysis of its application was conducted in the clinical context of Takiwasi. Open-ended and semi-structured interviews with Awajún informants and Takiwasi's therapeutic staff were performed and analyzed following the narrative methodological approach. Further clinical data on the ingestion of purgahuasca by Takiwasi's SUD patients were obtained from the internal repository. These indicate that 359 (92.1%) patients reported having had the so-called mareación (dizziness), 299 (76.7%) experienced physical sensations, and 208 (53.3%) had visions. These effects can be related to the psychoactivity of ß-Carbolines alkaloids from B. caapi, a medicinal plant that seems to have potential benefits also for SUD, especially giving a key contribution to the patients' therapeutic process of becoming aware of the personal reasons behind addictive behaviors.

Assuntos

Alcaloides , Banisteriopsis , Plantas Medicinais , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Humanos , Medicina Tradicional , Extratos Vegetais , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/terapia

RESUMO

Banisteriopsis argyrophylla belongs to the Malpighiaceae family, which is a species from Cerrado, also known as "cipó-prata" or "cipó-folha-de-prata." Several species of this family present biological potential. This work reports the chemical identification of the ethanol extract (EE) and its fractions from B. argyrophylla leaves and shows the analysis of the antioxidant activity and inhibitory effects on activities of α-amylase, α-glucosidase and lipase, and non-enzymatic glycation. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) and n-butanol fraction (BF) showed antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 4.1 ± 0.1 and 4.8 ± 0.1 µg mL-1, respectively, by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, and IC50 values of 6046.3 ± 174.2 and 6264.2 ± 32.2 µmol Trolox eq g-1 by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method. Furthermore, the DPPH method with these fractions presented electroactive species with antioxidant potential, as shown by the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method. The inhibitory effects of the EAF and BF were demonstrated by the following results: IC50 of 5.1 ± 0.3 and 2.5 ± 0.2 µg mL-1 for α-amylase, IC50 of 1093.5 ± 26.0 and 1250.8 ± 21.9 µg mL-1 for α-glucosidase, IC50 of 8.3 ± 4.1 and 4.4 ± 1.0 µg mL-1 for lipase, and IC50 of 1.3 ± 0.1 and 0.9 ± 0.1 µg mL-1 for glycation. Some bioactive compounds were identified by (-)-ESI-MS/MS, such as catechin, procyanidins, glycosylated flavonoids, kaempferol, and megastigmane glucosides. The antidiabetic activity of B.argyrophylla has been reported for the first time.

Assuntos

Antioxidantes/química , Banisteriopsis/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Folhas de Planta/química , alfa-Amilases/antagonistas & inibidores , alfa-Glucosidases/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Catequina/química , Catequina/farmacologia , Cicloexanonas/química , Cicloexanonas/farmacologia , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Glucosídeos/química , Glucosídeos/farmacologia , Glicosilação , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/química , Quempferóis/química , Quempferóis/farmacologia , Lipase/metabolismo , Norisoprenoides/química , Norisoprenoides/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Proantocianidinas/química , Proantocianidinas/farmacologia

RESUMO

Ayahuasca is a psychoactive infusion with a large pharmacological application normally prepared with Banisteriopsis caapi, which contains the monoamine oxidase inhibitors ß-carbolines, and Psichotria virids, which contains the serotonin receptor agonist N,N dimethyltryptamine (DMT). The objectives of this study were to investigate the chemical profile of B. caapi and of ayahuasca collected in various Brazilian regions. In total, 176 plant lianas, of which 159 B. caapi and 33 ayahuasca samples were analyzed. Dried liana samples were powdered, extracted with methanol, diluted, and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Ayahuasca samples were diluted and analyzed. Mean concentrations in B. caapi were 4.79 mg/g harmine, 0.451 mg/g harmaline, and 2.18 mg/g tetrahydroharmine (THH), with a high variability among the samples (RSD from 78.9 to 170%). Native B. caapi samples showed significantly higher harmine concentrations than cultivated ones, and samples from the Federal District/Goiás had higher THH content than those collected in the State of Acre. The other Malpighiaceae samples did not contain ß-carbolines, except for one D. pubipetala sample. Concentrations in ayahuasca samples ranged from 0.109 to 7.11 mg/mL harmine, 0.012 to 0.945 mg/mL harmaline, 0.09 to 3.05 mg/mL THH, and 0.10 to 3.12 mg/mL DMT. The analysis of paired ayahuasca/B. caapi confirmed that harmine is reduced to harmaline and to THH during the brew preparation. This is the largest study conducted with Malpighiaceae samples and showed a large variability in the main ß-carbolines present in B. caapi. This biodiversity is a challenge for standardization of the material used in ethnopharmacological studies of B. caapi and ayahuasca.

RESUMO

Phyllomedusa bicolor or Kambo is a frog that lives in the Amazon rainforest. It can release through its skin a substance used in healing rituals that are common among South-American tribes, as well as in urban people of America and Europe. We report a 41-year-old female patient who, during a healing ritual consumed ayahuasca (a drink obtained from the mixture of Banisteriopsis caapi, Psychotria viridis and Mimosa hostilis) and 12 hours later received the poison of Kambo Frog (Phyllomedusa bicolor) on superficial right shoulder skin burns. The ritual included a minimum of six-liter water intake over a few hours period. She evolved with clouding of sensorium, motor agitation, frequent vomiting, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. She presented lethargic to the emergency room, with a weak pupillary light reflex, generalized stiffness, moving all four limbs. Laboratory showed severe hyponatremia (120 mEq/L) and a creatine kinase level of 8,479 UI/L, that increased 107,216 IU/L within few days. An admission CT Brain scan was normal. The toxicological screening did not identify the presence of other substances. During hospitalization the patient developed severe psychomotor agitation controlled by a dexmedetomidine infusion, hyponatremia, low plasma osmolality (248 mOsm/kg), and disproportionately high urinary osmolality (448 mOsm/kg), suggestive of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion syndrome (SIADH). With correction of hyponatremia, the patient gradually recovered consciousness. Rhabdomyolysis was assumed to be secondary to seizure and managed by volume and bicarbonate infusions with a positive response.

Assuntos

Humanos , Animais , Feminino , Adulto , Anuros , Peçonhas/toxicidade , Hiponatremia/induzido quimicamente , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Comportamento Ritualístico

RESUMO

Ayahuasca (caapi, yajé), is a psychoactive brew from the Amazon Basin region of South America traditionally considered a "master plant." It is prepared as a decoction from Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis, which it is thought that it stimulates creative thinking and visual creativity. Native healers of the Orinoco and Amazon basins have used traditionally ayahuasca as a healing tool for multiple purposes, particularly to treat psychological disorders in the patients, with some beneficial effects experimentally and clinically validated. Recently, several syncretic religions, as the "União de Vegetal" (UDV) group in Brazil, have been spread around the world. The use of ayahuasca has been popularized by internet and smart-shops, bringing the psychoactive substance to new highs, emerging new "ayahuasqueros." Ayahuasca has alkaloids as ß-carbolines and dimethyltryptamines, which inhibit the monoamine oxidase and active the 5-HT2A (5-hydroxytryptamine) receptor, respectively, resulting in hallucinations in the users. Ayahuasca induces a psychedelic change in the anteroposterior coupling of the electrophysiological brain oscillations in humans. Traditional ayahuasca beverage is generating pharmacological, commercial and spiritual interest among the scientific community, government people, and different populations worldwide. The goal of this article is to report about the uses, chemistry and biological activities of ayahuasca.

RESUMO

Ayahuasca is a beverage used in religious rituals of indigenous and nonindigenous groups, and its therapeutic potential has been investigated. Ayahuasca is obtained by decoction of the Banisteriopsis caapi that contains ß-carbolines (harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine) plus Psychotria viridis that contains N,N-dimethyltryptamine. Although plants used in folk medicine are recognized as safe, many of them have genotoxic potential. The Salmonella/microsome assay is usually the first line of the mutagenicity evaluation of products intended for therapeutic use. Our objective was to evaluate the mutagenicity of ayahuasca beverage and their constituents using the Salmonella/microsome assay with TA98 and TA100. We analyzed two ayahuasca samples, and also beverage samples prepared each individual plant P. viridis and B. caapi. Harmine and harmaline were also tested. All beverage samples were chemically characterized and both ayahuasca samples could be considered representative of the beverages consumed in religious rituals. Both ayahuasca samples were mutagenic for TA98 and TA100 with and without S9, with similar potencies. The beverage obtained from P. viridis was not mutagenic, and beverage obtained from B. caapi was mutagenic for TA98 with and without S9. Harmine was nonmutagenic and harmaline was mutagenic only for TA98 without S9. Harmaline fully explain the mutagenicity observed with TA98 without S9 of both ayahuasca samples and the B. caapi beverage samples. We conclude that the ayahuasca samples are mutagenic and this effect is partially explained by harmaline, one of the ß-carbolines present in the beverage. Other mutagenic compounds seem to be present and need to be further investigated. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:269-276, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Assuntos

Banisteriopsis/química , Harmina/análogos & derivados , Mutagênicos/farmacologia , N,N-Dimetiltriptamina/farmacologia , Preparações de Plantas/farmacologia , Psychotria/química , Bebidas , Harmina/farmacologia , Medicina Tradicional , Microssomos/efeitos dos fármacos , Monoaminoxidase/metabolismo , Testes de Mutagenicidade , Salmonella/efeitos dos fármacos

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: This work aimed to evaluate the antifungal and cytotoxic activity of the EtOH extract and fractions of Banisteriopsis argyrophylla leaves, and to perform the identification of these bioactive metabolites. METHODS: The EtOAc fraction (EAF) obtained from the ethanolic extract of B. argyrophylla leaves showed better antifungal potential against Candida spp. In this fraction, ten flavonoids have been identified by UHPLC-ESI-MSn . Then, EAF was submitted to column chromatography to give four new fractions (A1-A4). The cytotoxicity was determined against Vero cells. KEY FINDINGS: The EAF showed better antifungal potential against Candida spp. with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) between 31.25 and 93.75 µg/ml. The (-)-catechin (fraction A1) showed a MIC of 2.83 µg/ml against Candida glabrata. Fractions A2, A3 and A4 were rich in quercetins and kaempferols and showed good inhibitory concentrations (5.86-46.87 µg/ml) against C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. tropicalis. CONCLUSIONS: The EtOH extract, fractions and the isolated (-)-catechin showed lower toxicity to Vero cells than cisplatin, used as a positive control. Thus, the leaves of B. argyrophylla are a promising source of antifungal agents.

Assuntos

Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Banisteriopsis , Candida/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Folhas de Planta , Animais , Antifúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Antifúngicos/toxicidade , Banisteriopsis/química , Candida/classificação , Candida/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Chlorocebus aethiops , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Folhas de Planta/química , Células Vero

RESUMO

Rats were treated orally with ayahuasca (AYA) on gestation days (GD) 6-20 at doses corresponding to one-(1X) to eight-fold (8X) the average dose taken by a human adult in a religious ritual, and the pregnancy outcome evaluated on GD21. Rats treated with 4X and 8X doses died during the treatment period (44 and 52%), and those that survived showed kidney injury. Rats surviving the 8X dose showed neuronal loss in hippocampal regions and in the raphe nuclei, and those from the 2X dose neuronal loss in CA1. Delayed intrauterine growth, induced embryo deaths and increased occurrence of foetal anomalies were observed at the 8X dose. At non-lethal doses, AYA enhanced embryolethality and the incidence of foetal soft-tissue and skeleton anomalies. This study suggested that AYA is developmentally toxic and that its daily use by pregnant women may pose risks for the conceptus.

Assuntos

Banisteriopsis , Bebidas/toxicidade , Alucinógenos/toxicidade , Preparações de Plantas/toxicidade , Teratogênicos/toxicidade , Anormalidades Induzidas por Medicamentos , Anormalidades Múltiplas/induzido quimicamente , Animais , Encéfalo/anormalidades , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/patologia , Embrião de Mamíferos/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal , Rim/anormalidades , Rim/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/anormalidades , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Troca Materno-Fetal , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Gravidez , Ratos Wistar , Esqueleto/anormalidades , Esqueleto/efeitos dos fármacos , Testículo/anormalidades , Testículo/efeitos dos fármacos , Ureter/anormalidades , Ureter/efeitos dos fármacos , Útero/anormalidades , Útero/efeitos dos fármacos

RESUMO

La ayahuasca es una bebida alucinógena, producto de la decocción de las plantas Banisteriopsis caapi y Psychotria viridis y que cuenta con N,N-dimetiltriptamina y ß-carbolinas, como sus compuestos principales. Aunque produce alteraciones somáticas, cognitivas y subjetivas agudas, a menudo intensas, casi no se han reportado efectos adversos luego de un cuadro de intoxicación con este agente. En este artículo se presenta el caso de un varón de 40 años, procedente de la Amazonía peruana, que siguió un curso psicótico tras una sesión ritual de consumo; el episodio psicótico se resolvió favorablemente con tratamiento específico. Aun cuando infrecuentes, estos episodios pueden llegar a ser muy severos y asociarse a conductas violentas. Los usuarios con antecedentes de psicosis, manía o abuso de sustancias psicoactivas parecen estar en mayor riesgo. La literatura en relación al riesgo de reacciones adversas (incluidas conductas psicóticas) debidas al uso de ayahuasca, es escasa y poco concluyente por lo que casos similares al descrito deben evaluarse cuidadosamente y difundirse de manera apropiada. (AU)

Assuntos

Humanos , Transtornos Psicóticos/terapia , Banisteriopsis/efeitos dos fármacos , Peru , Plantas Medicinais , Medicina Tradicional

RESUMO

The Quechua term ayahuasca refers to a beverage obtained from decoctions of the liana Banisteriopsis caapi with leaves of Psychotria viridis. The ritualistic use of ayahuasca is becoming a global phenomenon, with some individuals using this beverage throughout life, including in old age. Cognitive impairment is a common manifestation during aging. There are conflicting reports on the ability of some ayahuasca compounds to exert neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects that could improve or impair learning and memory. Animal models provide a relevant and accessible means of investigating the behavioral effects of ayahuasca without the environmental conditions associated with the ritualistic use of the beverage. In this study, we investigated the influence of chronic ayahuasca exposure throughout aging on the spatial reference and habituation memories of mice. Twenty-eight male c57bl/6 mice (6 months old) received ayahuasca or water (1.5 mL/kg, orally) twice a week for 12 months and were tested in the Morris water maze (MWM), open field and elevated plus maze (EPM) tasks before and after treatment. During aging, there was significant impairment in the evocation (but not acquisition) of spatial reference memory and in habituation to the open field. There was also a decrease in locomotor activity in the open field and EPM tests, whereas the anxiety parameters were unaltered. Ayahuasca treatment did not alter any of these parameters associated with aging. These findings indicate that chronic exposure to ayahuasca during aging did not affect memory in mice.

Assuntos

Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Banisteriopsis/química , Bebidas , Locomoção/efeitos dos fármacos , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Memória/efeitos dos fármacos , Psychotria/química , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Ansiedade/induzido quimicamente , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Modelos Animais , Fatores de Tempo

RESUMO

Ayahuasca is a beverage obtained from decoctions of the Banisteriopsis caapi plus Psychotria viridis. In religious contexts, ayahuasca is used by different age groups. However, little is known of the effects of ayahuasca during ontogenic development, particularly with regard to the functional characteristics of the central nervous system. Animal models are useful for studying the ontogenic effects of ayahuasca because they allow exclusion of the behavioral influence associated with the ritualistic use. We investigated the effects of exposure to ayahuasca (1.5 mL/kg, orally, twice a week) on memory and anxiety in C57BL/6 mice, with the post-natal day (PND) being used as the ontogenic criterion for classification: childhood (PND21 to PND35), adolescence (PND35 to PND63), adulthood (PND90-PND118), childhood-adolescence (PND21 to PND63), childhood-adulthood (PND21 to PND118) and adolescence-adulthood (PND35 to PND118). One day after the last ayahuasca exposure, the mice were subjected to the Morris water maze (MWM), open field and elevated plus maze tasks (EPM). Ayahuasca did not affect locomotion in the open field or open arms exploration in the EPM, but increased the risk assessment behavior in the childhood group. Ayahuasca did not cause any change in acquisition of spatial reference memory in the MWM task, but decreased the time spent on the platform quadrant during the test session in the adolescence group. These results suggest that, in mice, exposure to ayahuasca in childhood and adolescence promoted anxiety and memory impairment, respectively. However, these behavioral changes were not long-lasting since they were not observed in the childhood-adulthood and adolescence-adulthood groups.

Assuntos

Animais , Masculino , Camundongos , Banisteriopsis/química , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Locomoção/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Aprendizagem em Labirinto , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Modelos Animais

RESUMO

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la ingestión de Banisteriopsis caapi y Psychotria viridis 'Binomio ayahuasca' en el hipocampo de cerebro de ratas. Diseño: Estudio experimental, descriptivo, analítico, transversal. Institución: Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Material biológico: Ratas. Intervenciones: Administración del binomio ayahuasca por vía orogástrica a ratas albinas adultas de la especie Rattus novergicus y de cepa Holtzman. A siete grupos de cinco con un peso promedio de 240 ± 30 g se les administró (GI) blanco, (GII) 2,5 mL diazepam, (GIII) 0,7 mL solución de Banisteriopsis caapi, (GIV) 0,7 mL Psychotria viridis, y a los grupos (GV), (GVI) y (GVII) se administró 0,7 mL, 3,5 mL y 7,0 mL de solución del binomio ayahuasca, respectivamente. Principales medidas de resultados: Macroscópicos: comportamiento de reflejos y actividad motora. Microscópicos: número de células piramidales y granulosas, y desorganización celular. Resultados: En el tamizaje fitoquímico del extracto se caracterizó presencia de alcaloides, antraquinonas, triterpenoides y esteroides, fenoles, flavonoides y saponinas. Los volúmenes de droga administradas a los grupos de intervención con el binomio en la dosis de 0,7 mL manifestaron significativo aumento en el número de células granulosas sobre las células piramidales; a dosis de 3,5 mL el número de células granulosas fue menor con presencia de células piramidales grandes y pequeñas; y a dosis de 7,0 mL se manifestó desorganización celular, presencia de células piramidales grandes y pequeñas, y aumento de células granulosas. Conclusiones: El extracto alcohólico del binomio ayahuasca presenta efecto neuropatológico en el hipocampo del cerebro de ratas. (AU)

Assuntos

Animais , Ratos , Banisteriopsis , Psychotria , Hipocampo/efeitos dos fármacos , Peru , Plantas Medicinais , Modelos Animais , Medicina Tradicional

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity in vitro of ethanolic extracts of Banisteriopsis anisandra. Tests were performed using the extracts overlay method in the culture medium for phytopathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum, and disk diffusion for the microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Ethanolic extracts from leaves were prepared by maceration (extract I) and decoction (extract II) at 430.0, 215.0 and 107.5 mg/mL. The growth inhibition of R. solani and F. oxysporum was determined by calculating the mycelia growth speed rate (MGSR) and, in relation C. albicans and S. aureus, it was determined by measuring the inhibition halos. Extracts that caused significant inhibition were also tested at 86.0, 64.5, 43.0 and 21.5 mg/mL for C. albicans and S. aureus. Both extracts showed inhibitory activity on the microorganisms studied. Rizoctonia solani showed lower MGSR in the presence of extract II (107.5 mg/mL) and Fusarium oxysporum showed slight MGSR reduction in the presence of extract I (107.5 mg/mL) and II (107.5 and 215 mg/mL). Ethanolic extracts I and II inhibited the growth of C. albicans, with the highest rates of inhibition observed in the presence of extract II (215.0 mg/mL). For S. aureus, the highest inhibitory activity was observed in the presence of ethanolic extract II, prepared by decoction at 430.0 mg/mL. Results showed a promising antimicrobial activity of extracts of B. anisandra, which may contribute to further studies leading to a future development of medicines to treat human and plant diseases caused by these organisms.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro de extratos etanólicos de Banisteriopsis anisandra. Os testes foram realizados utilizando o método de sobreposição de extratos em meio de cultura para fungos fitopatogênicos Rhizoctonia solani e Fusarium oxysporum e de difusão em disco para os microrganismos Staphylococcus aureus e Candida albicans. Foram testados de extratos etanólicos de folhas preparados por maceração (extrato I) e decocção (extrato II), nas concentrações de 430,0; 215,0 e 107,5 mg/mL. A inibição do crescimento de R. solani e F. oxysporum foi determinada pelo cálculo do índice de velocidade de crescimento micelial (IVCM) e de C. albicans e S. aureus, por meio da medida da halos de inibição. Os extratos que causaram inibição significativa também foram testados nas concentrações de 86,0; 64,5; 43,0 e 21,5 mg/mL para C. albicans e S. aureus. Ambos os extratos mostraram atividade inibitória sobre os microrganismos estudados. Rizoctonia solani apresentou menor IVCM na presença do extrato II (107,5 mg/mL) e Fusarium oxysporum apresentou discreta redução no IVCM na presença do extrato I (107,5 mg/mL) e II (107,5 e 215 mg/mL). Extratos etanólicos I e II inibiram o crescimento de C. albicans, com as maiores taxas de inibição observadas na presença do extrato II (215,0 mg/mL). Para S. aureus a maior atividade inibitória foi observada na presença do extrato II, na concentração de 430 mg/mL. Os resultados mostraram promissora atividade antimicrobiana de extratos de B. anisandra, o que pode contribuir para estudos futuros visando o desenvolvimento de medicamentos para doenças humanas e de plantas causadas por estes microrganismos.

Assuntos

Anti-Infecciosos/análise , Plantas Medicinais/classificação , Banisteriopsis/efeitos adversos , Etanol/análise

RESUMO

Introdução: o uso de plantas para fins medicinais vem crescendo a cada dia. A partir de métodos extrativos, podem-se obter extratos com diferentes atividades terapêuticas, dentre elas ação antifúngica, anticolinesterásica, antitussígena e antibacteriana, esta última, por sua vez, de grande importância comercial em vista do crescimento gradativo de casos de infecções por bactérias resistentes aos tratamentos convencionais. Objetivos: caracterizar químicamente os extratos foliares de B. anisandra, uma vez que não há relatos sobre a mesma na literatura e verificar as atividades anticolinesterásica e antibacteriana destes frente às bactérias patogênicas. Métodos: os extratos obtidos a partir de hexano, clorofórmio, acetato de etila e metanol tiveram as classes fitoquímicas presentes identificadas através de métodos de identificação clássica, testados frente a bactérias patogênicas Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e avaliados quanto à capacidade de degradação da enzima acetilcolinesterase. Resultados: os resultados encontrados revelaram a diversificação química encontrada em B. anisandra e o potencial farmacotecnológico de seus extratos, especialmente em relação a alcalóides presentes e à sua atividade anticolinesterásica. Conclusão: conclui-se que os extratos de B. anisandra podem ser utilizados para fins farmacotecnológico e que necessita-se de mais estudos fitoquímicos em relação a esta espécie.

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Introducción: el uso de plantas con fines medicinales está creciendo cada día. De los métodos de extracción, se pueden obtener extractos con diferentes actividades terapéuticas, entre ellas, antifúngicas, anticolinesterasa, antitusivas y antibacterianas; esta última, a su vez, de gran importancia comercial en vista al aumento gradual de los casos de infecciones por bacterias resistentes a los tratamientos convencionales. Objetivos: caracterizar químicamente los extractos de hojas de B. anisandra, porque no hay reportes en la literatura y verificar las actividades de la acetilcolinesterasa y la actividad antibacteriana frente a bacterias patógenas. Métodos: los extractos obtenidos a partir de la partición con hexano, cloroformo, acetato de etilo y metanol fueron identificados y las clases de fitoquímicos presentes en los extractos mediante métodos de identificación clásica, los cuales fueron probados contra bacterias patógenas de Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, y evaluados por la capacidad de degradación de la enzima acetilcolinesterasa. Resultados: se mostró la diversidad química encontrada en B. anisandra y el potencial farmacotecnológico, especialmente en relación con los alcaloides encontrados y su actividad anticolinesterasa. Conclusiones: los exctratos de B. anisandra se pueden utilizar para fines farmacotecnológicos y se necesitan más estudios fitoquímicos en relación con esta especie.

RESUMO

Ayahuasca é uma bebida psicoativa, alucinógena, utilizada por grupos indígenas e não-indígenas com objetivos mágicos, rituais, religiosos, terapêuticos e políticos. O objetivo desta revisão é o de descrever as principais propriedades farmacológicas da ayahuasca. Os potenciais benefícios e riscos do consumo da ayahuasca também serãoabordados.

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Ayahuasca is an Amazonian psychoactive, hallucinogenic brew used by indigenous and non-indigenous groups for magical, ritual, religious, therapeutic and political goals. The objective of this review is to describe the main pharmacological properties of ayahuasca. The potential benefits and risks of ayahuasca consumption will also be reviewed.