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RESUMEN Los insectos acuáticos tienen gran importancia en los ecosistemas fluviales, debido a su alta abundancia y diversidad e indicadores de calidad de agua. En este trabajo, se caracterizaron las comunidades de insectos acuáticos en La Macuira, norte de La Guajira colombiana. Se seleccionaron cinco arroyos intermitentes, como sitios de muestreo: Mekijanoü, Chaamaalüü, Kanewerü, Mmalaüü y Kajashiwoü. Para la colecta de los organismos, se empleó una red Surber, durante cinco minutos. Además, se tomaron muestras de hojarasca (cerca de 500g) del fondo del río. Las muestras recolectadas en los diferentes microhábitats en cada sitio, se integraron para conformar una muestra compuesta y posterior análisis de la diversidad; además, se calculó el índice de calidad de agua BMWP/Col en cada uno de los arroyos, para conocer la calidad de sus aguas. Se colectaron en total 545 individuos, distribuidos en 25 géneros, 19 familias y 7 órdenes. Se registran, por primera vez, para la Serranía de la Macuira, los géneros Heterelmis, Corydalus, Rhagovelia, Mayobaetis, Tholymis y Mecistogaster. El arroyo Mekijanoü presentó la mayor abundancia (411 individuos) y riqueza de géneros, en la que predominó la presencia de Heterelmis y Kajashiwoü, la menor abundancia (20 individuos), fluctuada por la formación de pozos y la poca conectividad. Los valores del índice BMWP/Col oscilaron entre 41 y 87, lo cual, indica que cuatro arroyos presentaron una moderada contaminación y uno se encontraba ligeramente contaminado.

ABSTRACT Aquatic insects are high importance in aquatic ecosystems due to their high abundance and diversity and water quality indicators. In this work, assemblages of aquatic insects were studied in La Macuira, northern La Guajira, Colombia. Five intermittent streams were selected as sampling sites such as Mekijanoü, Chaamaalüü, Kanewerü, Mmalaüü and Kajashiwoü. Surber net was used for collecting of organisms for five minutes; also, samples of leaf litter were taken manually of the streambed. The samples collected were integrated to form a sample composed on each site, and then analyze this diversity; also, the water quality index BMWP/Col was estimated for each site. A total of 545 individuals were collected, grouped in 25 genus, 19 families and 7 orders. The genus Heterelmis, Corydalus, Rhagovelia and Mayobaetis, Tholymis and Mecistogaster are recorded for the first time for the Serranía de la Macuira. The Mekijanoü stream presented the high abundance (411 individuals) and genera, in which Heterelmis predominated. In contrast, Kajashiwoü presented the lowest abundance (20 individuals) fluctuated by the formation of wells and poor connectivity between them. The BMWP/Col index whose ranged from 41 to 87, indicating that four streams showed a moderate contamination and one was slightly contaminated.

RESUMO

Bioindication is a method to assess environmental conditions using indicator organisms. In Colombia, water quality evaluation is mostly performed following the Biological Monitoring Working Party/Colombia method (BMWP/Col), which uses aquatic macroinvertebrates at the taxonomic family level. Studies on potential bioindicators are important to produce comprehensive information on the requirements of macroinvertebrates and their value for water quality bioindication. We studied the larval ecology of several common genera of Odonata from Colombian freshwater ecosystems and assigned an indicator value to each genus. The physical and chemical water characteristics of 1,022 sites surveyed in Colombia from 2005 to 2016 were analyzed using a principal component analysis (PCA). The relationship between environmental conditions and Odonata genera found was studied using multiple logistic regressions between sample coordinates of the first three axes of the PCA and occurrence of the respective genus. We assigned an indicator value for each genus using the logistic regression and the water quality of samples. The highest indicator values were assigned to genera, which were mainly explained by the PCA axis associated with water quality, showed a high odds ratio to this axis, and were found in ecosystems with excellent water quality. The indicator values suggested for each taxon are, Brechmorhoga Kirby, 1894, 8; Macrothemis Hagen, 1868, 4; Micrathyria Kirby, 1889, 4 (Libellulidae); Progomphus Selys, 1854, 7 (Gomphidae); Acanthagrion Selys, 1876, 4; and Argia Rambur, 1842, 7 (Coenagrionidae). Differences in water quality preferences in genera of the same family suggest that higher taxonomic resolution may allow more detailed environmental assessments.

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RESUMO

Aquatic Ecological Index based on freshwater (ICE RN-MAE) for the Río Negro watershed, Colombia. Available indices to assess the ecological status of rivers in Colombia are mostly based on subjective hypotheses about macroinvertebrate tolerance to pollution, which have important limitations. Here we present the application of a method to establish an index of ecological quality for lotic systems in Colombia. The index, based on macroinvertebrate abundance and physicochemical variables, was developed as an alternative to the BMWP-Col index. The method consists on determining an environmental gradient from correlations between physicochemical variables and abundance. The scores obtained in each sampling point are used in a standardized correlation for a model of weighted averages (WA). In the WA model abundances are also weighted to estimate the optimum and tolerance values of each taxon; using this information we estimated the index of ecological quality based also on macroinvertebrate (ICE RN-MAE) abundance in each sampling site. Subsequently, we classified all sites using the index and concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) in a cluster analysis. Using TP and ICE RN-MAE, mean, maximum, minimum and standard deviation, we defined threshold values corresponding to three categories of ecological status: good, fair and critical. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 2): 233-247. Epub 2014 April 01.

Los índices disponibles para la evaluación del estado ecológico de los ríos en Colombia están basados principalmente en hipótesis subjetivas generalizadas acerca de la toleración de los macroinvertebrados, un proceso que presenta limitaciones. En este estudio se presenta la aplicación de un método para establecer un índice de calidad ecológica para sistemas lóticos, basado en abundancia de macroinvertebrados y variables fisicoquímicas. Se tomó como caso de estudio la cuenca del rio Negro (Colombia). Este nuevo índice se ha formulado como alternativa al BMWP-Col y consiste en la determinación de un gradiente ambiental a partir de un Análisis de Correspondencia Canónica de correlaciones entre abundancias y registros fisicoquímicos. Los puntajes de las estaciones -obtenidos en las correlaciones- son estandarizados y usados en un modelo de Promedios Ponderados (WA); en el modelo se ponderan también las abundancias para estimar los valores óptimos y de tolerancia de cada taxón. Con ellos y la abundancia se calcula los valores del Índice de Calidad Ecológica con base en macroinvertebrados acuáticos para la cuenca del rio Negro (ICE RN-MAE). Se utilizan los valores del índice junto con las concentraciones de fósforo total (FT) en un análisis de agrupamiento, para así clasificar los sitios de estudio. De ahí se obtienen finalmente los valores medios, máximos, mínimos y de desviación estándar del ICE RN-MAE y FT. Con ellos se definen los umbrales que corresponden a diferentes categorías de calidad ecológica (buena, regular y crítica).

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