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Background and Objectives: To analyze the influence of parental presence and use of risperidone on social interaction and apathy among patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study in a reference center for patients with ASD in a city in northeastern Brazil. The research was carried out using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Dimensional Apathy Scale, and the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) with the domains of social interaction, language, stereotypy, and communication. The referred questionnaire was answered by the parents or guardians of the children with ASD according to the DSM V criteria. Data were analyzed via independent t-test using the SPSS software version 20. Results: Interviews were conducted with 51 parents/guardians of autistic children with a mean age of 8.8 years (±2.95) and a predominance of males, 34 (66.7%). Of this total, 49 (96.1%) of the children attended school; 40 (78.4%) children were on medication, of which 38 (74.5%) were on risperidone. Those children on risperidone had a higher score on the SCQ scale (p = 0.049) and on the domain of stereotyped behaviors (p = 0.033), which indicated greater impairment. Another statistically relevant variable was the presence of married parents, whereby children who did not have the presence of married parents had a higher average of stereotyped behaviors compared to those who had married parents. Conclusions: The results showed differences in the means of social interactions for children on risperidone, especially regarding stereotyped behaviors. However, it is not possible to state whether this difference was due to the use of risperidone or whether they used risperidone precisely because of these behaviors. Also important was that children who had the presence of married parents showed fewer stereotyped behaviors. There was no difference in apathetic behavior between children.

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RESUMO

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), characterized by communication and social interaction difficulties, might be positively influenced by animal-assisted activity (AAA). The aim of this study was to investigate the parents' and therapists' perception to behavior in children with ASD after they underwent AAA. The study was performed in a specialized therapeutic center in Curitiba, South of Brazil. A total of 15 children (14 boys and 1 girl), aged 5.6 ± 1.6 years, diagnosed with ASD, underwent at least 10 weekly 30-min AAA sessions. Three trained dogs were used in total, and there were two dogs in each session. Children were free to interact with dogs and among themselves, in groups of 11.2 ± 2.2 children per session, in the presence of therapists, the researcher, and a veterinarian observing the dogs and ensuring safety. The parents and therapists completed two questionnaires on their perception of the children's behavior before and after AAA. A total of 18 visits were necessary to complete the 10 sessions for each of the 15 children. According to the therapists' perception, AAA increased positive gestures and facial expression in children (p = 0.010) and improved peer interaction. Even though there was a 50% reduction in the parents' feedback at the end of the study, according to their perception there was a reduction in self-aggression and repetitive stereotyped movements, as well as an improvement in speech communication and creativity. This study demonstrated the positive effects of the AAA on the social behavior of children with ASD.

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Trata-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, na qual foi utilizada a História Oral Temática para obtenção das principais fontes. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: Conhecer a história de vida de mulheres, mães de autistas, suas experiências de cuidado, destacando os obstáculos/ dificuldades, e possíveis transformações ao participarem das rodas de Terapia Comunitária Integrativa; Descrever os principais obstáculos vivenciados por estas mulheres no cuidado aos filhos, e no cuidar de si; Destacar as transformações ocorridas na vida destas mulheres após se tornarem participantes das rodas de TCI; Identificar se as mulheres, mães de filhos autistas, se sentem incluídas e contempladas na rede de cuidados em saúde mental do Estado da Paraíba. O local do estudo foi o coreto público da cidade de Cabedelo ­Paraíba, onde aconteceram as rodas de terapia comunitária integrativa com as mulheres, mães de filhos autistas. O material empírico foi produzido a partir da realização de uma entrevista semiestruturada com participantes de pelo menos 24 rodas de terapia. Ao todo foram escolhidas cinco colaboradoras, e o produto do material foi discutido a partir da metodologia de análise temática de Minayo, de onde emergiram quatro grandes eixos temáticos: A perda do filho idealizado e a Síndrome de Maria; Elas, mães de autistas, suas dores e seus amores; A Terapia das Mulheres; A rede de cuidados: Onde estão as mulheres mães de filhos autistas? Esta pesquisa obedeceu aos aspectos éticos e legais das normas e diretrizes previstas na resolução 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde, que regulamenta as pesquisas com seres humanos, atribuídas e conferidas pela Lei no8,080, de 19 de setembro de 1990, e pela Lei no8.142, de 28 de dezembro de 1990. O arquivamento do material coletado ficará sob a tutela do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (PPGEnf/UFPB). O discurso das colaboradoras revelou que as mães que cuidam de seus filhos autistas, embora afetuosas, trazem em seus discursos e atitudes altruístas, o apelo de quem sofre. Este sofrimento tem uma dimensão social, na medida em que nesta teia estão colocadas questões políticas, culturais, de gênero e comunitária e reverbera no campo físico e psicológico. Revelaram ainda que as terapias comunitárias integrativas lhes suscitaram mudanças, sendo a principal delas o disparo de um processo autoreflexivo acerca de seus papéis. Embora não se sentindo contempladas pela rede de cuidados em saúde mental do estado, estas mulheres conseguiram se reerguer e retomar o cuidado a elas mesmas. Neste contexto, pode-se perceber que a TCI, acolheu estas mães e histórias de sofrimento e luta permitindo uma contemplação dos seus verdadeiros papéis, Mulheres.(AU)

It is aqualitative research, in which the Thematic Oral History was used to obtain the main sources. The present study had the following objectives: To know the life history of women, mothers of autistics, their experiences of care, highlighting the obstacles / difficulties, and possible transformations when participating in the wheels of Integrative Community Therapy; Describe the main obstacles experienced by these women in caring for their children, and not caring for oneself; To highlight the transformations that occurred in the lives of these women after becoming participants of the TCI wheels; To identify whether women, mothers of autistic children, feel included and contemplated in the network of mental health care in the State of Paraíba. The study site was the public bandstand of the city of Cabedelo -Paraíba, where the wheels of integrative community therapy took place with women, mothers of autistic children. The empirical material was produced from a semi-structured interview with participants of at least 24 therapy wheels. In all, five collaborators were chosen, and the product of the material was discussed based on Minayo's thematic analysis methodology, from which four major thematic axes emerged: The loss of the idealized child and the Maria Syndrome; They are autistic mothers, their pains and their loves; Women's Therapy; The care network: Where are the mothers of autistic children? This research obeyed the ethical and legal aspects of the norms and guidelines set forth in resolution 466/2012 of theNational Health Council, which regulates researches with human beings, attributed and conferred by Law No. 8,080, dated September 19, 1990, and by Law No. 8,142 of December 28, 1990. The archiving of collected material will be under the tutelage of the Graduate Program in Nursing of the Federal University of Paraíba (PPGEnf / UFPB). The discourse of the collaborators revealed that the mothers who care for their autistic children, although affectionate, bring in their speeches and altruistic attitudes, the appeal of those who suffer. This suffering has a social dimension, in that in this web are placed political, cultural, gender and community issues and reverberates in the physical and psychological field. They also revealed that community-based integrativetherapies brought about changes, the main one being the triggering of a self-reflexive process about their roles. Although they did not feel they were covered by the state's mental health care network, these women were able to rebuild and take care of themselves. In this context, it can be seen that the TCI welcomed these mothers and stories of suffering and struggle allowing a contemplation of their true roles, Women.

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Este artigo aborda a discussão em torno do diagnóstico diferencial da psicose e do autismo infantis, com base em um modelo clínico fundamentalmente centrado na produção das inscrições constituintes do psiquismo a partir do laço mãe-bebê. Para tanto, realiza-se uma breve revisão dos conceitos relacionados à constituição subjetiva, aos riscos ao desenvolvimento a partir da constatação de problemas orgânicos, às funções parentais e aos princípios que norteiam a prática dessa especificidade clínica(AU)

This paper discusses the differences between the diagnosis of the infantile autism and the one of psychosis in infancy, based on a clinical model primarily focused on the production of the psyche constituent inscriptions from the mother-infant bond. This study presents a brief review of the concepts related to the subjective constitution, risks to the baby development from the finding of organic problems, parental functions and the principles that guide the practice of this clinical specificity(AU)

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O brincar de crianças autistas é descrito como muito restrito e peculiar. Com a preocupação pela busca de práticas educativas promissoras, a presente pesquisa tomou como referência a teoria histórico-cultural e teve o objetivo de analisar os modos como crianças autistas se orientam para o outro e para o objeto durante a atividade lúdica. O estudo focalizou três sujeitos, com idade de seis a doze anos, durante sessões de brincadeira coordenadas pela primeira autora, que interagia com as crianças atribuindo significado às suas ações e ao uso de brinquedos, e encorajava a emergência de jogos imaginativos. Os dados foram organizados sob dois temas: modos de brincar das crianças e modos de atuação do adulto. Os achados indicam que a mediação da pesquisadora propiciou a ocorrência de muitos momentos de orientação para o outro e de uso contextualizado de objetos, incluindo ações do jogo de papéis.(AU)

Play behavior of autistic children is described as very restricted and peculiar. Concerned with the search for promising educational practices, we use historical-cultural theory to analyze the ways through which autistic children orient themselves towards others and objects in situations of play. The study focuses on three subjects, aged between six and twelve years, during play sessions. These sessions were coordinated by the first author, who ascribed meaning to the children's actions and use of toys, and encouraged the emergence of imaginative play. Data were organized under two topics: children's modes of playing and adult's modes of participation. The findings suggest that the researcher's mediation allowed for the occurrence of many instances of orientation towards the other as well as moments of contextualized use of objects, including actions of role play.(AU)

La actividad de jugar de niños autistas se describe como muy restricta y peculiar. A partir de la preocupación con la busca de prácticas educativas promisoras la presente investigación tomó como referencia la teoría histórico-cultural y tuvo el objetivo de analizar los modos como niños autistas se orientan para el otro y para el objeto durante la actividad lúdica. El estudio se realizó con tres sujetos con edades entre seis a doce años, durante sesiones de juego coordinadas por la primera autora que interactuaba con los niños atribuyendo significado a sus acciones y al uso de juguetes, incentivando juegos imaginativos. Se organizaron los datos en dos temas: modos de jugar de los niños y modos de actuar del adulto. Los resultados indican que la mediación de la investigadora permitió acontecer muchos momentos de orientación para el otro y el uso contextualizado de objetos, incluyendo acciones del juego de roles.(AU)

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RESUMO

O brincar de crianças autistas é descrito como muito restrito e peculiar. Com a preocupação pela busca de práticas educativas promissoras, a presente pesquisa tomou como referência a teoria histórico-cultural e teve o objetivo de analisar os modos como crianças autistas se orientam para o outro e para o objeto durante a atividade lúdica. O estudo focalizou três sujeitos, com idade de seis a doze anos, durante sessões de brincadeira coordenadas pela primeira autora, que interagia com as crianças atribuindo significado às suas ações e ao uso de brinquedos, e encorajava a emergência de jogos imaginativos. Os dados foram organizados sob dois temas: modos de brincar das crianças e modos de atuação do adulto. Os achados indicam que a mediação da pesquisadora propiciou a ocorrência de muitos momentos de orientação para o outro e de uso contextualizado de objetos, incluindo ações do jogo de papéis.

Play behavior of autistic children is described as very restricted and peculiar. Concerned with the search for promising educational practices, we use historical-cultural theory to analyze the ways through which autistic children orient themselves towards others and objects in situations of play. The study focuses on three subjects, aged between six and twelve years, during play sessions. These sessions were coordinated by the first author, who ascribed meaning to the children's actions and use of toys, and encouraged the emergence of imaginative play. Data were organized under two topics: children's modes of playing and adult's modes of participation. The findings suggest that the researcher's mediation allowed for the occurrence of many instances of orientation towards the other as well as moments of contextualized use of objects, including actions of role play.

La actividad de jugar de niños autistas se describe como muy restricta y peculiar. A partir de la preocupación con la busca de prácticas educativas promisoras la presente investigación tomó como referencia la teoría histórico-cultural y tuvo el objetivo de analizar los modos como niños autistas se orientan para el otro y para el objeto durante la actividad lúdica. El estudio se realizó con tres sujetos con edades entre seis a doce años, durante sesiones de juego coordinadas por la primera autora que interactuaba con los niños atribuyendo significado a sus acciones y al uso de juguetes, incentivando juegos imaginativos. Se organizaron los datos en dos temas: modos de jugar de los niños y modos de actuar del adulto. Los resultados indican que la mediación de la investigadora permitió acontecer muchos momentos de orientación para el otro y el uso contextualizado de objetos, incluyendo acciones del juego de roles.

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