RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the anesthetic efficacy of articaine with the needle-free/Comfort-in™ method compared to the conventional needle method. To assess pain during anesthesia application, onset of anesthesia and patient`s self-reported quality of life-related to oral health after the dental emergency appointment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This parallel, randomized clinical trial was conducted by a single operator/dentist in the state of Maranhao, northeast of Brazil. Included participants were adult dental patients with one molar (maxillary) or premolar (maxillary or mandibular) tooth diagnosed with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. The primary outcome was the anesthetic efficacy, measured using a combination of electrical and cold pulp tests (cold + EPT) and the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). Secondary outcomes were pain during anesthesia application, onset of anesthesia, and patient`s quality-of-life (measured with the OHIP-14). RESULTS: 62 patients were randomized in the anesthesia needle-free group and Comfort-in group (34.26 ± 10.786 × 33.29 ± 8.399 years old, respectively). The group of patients in the Comfort-in group had 71.0% success. Patients from the Comfort-in group reported statistically lower pain during the anesthesia application than patients from the conventional group (2.13 ± 2.172 × 6.03 ± 3.146 NRS scores, respectively) as well as immediately after the anesthetic procedure. Patients self-reported negative impact in quality of life was similar between groups before (p > 0.05) and after (p > 0.05) the dental emergency. CONCLUSIONS: Comfort-in™ had similar efficacy to the conventional needle method. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This trial showed that it is possible to anesthetize patients with tooth pulpits without using needles to provide comfort mainly to anxious patients.
Assuntos
Anestesia Dentária , Bloqueio Nervoso , Pulpite , Adulto , Humanos , Adulto Jovem , Carticaína , Pulpite/cirurgia , Anestésicos Locais , Qualidade de Vida , Bloqueio Nervoso/métodos , Anestesia Dentária/métodos , Dor , Método Duplo-Cego , Nervo Mandibular , LidocaínaRESUMO
La exodoncia de los terceros molares inferiores es uno de los procedimientos clínicos más comunes en el cual el control del dolor mediante el bloqueo anestésico del nervio alveolar inferior, bucal y lingual resulta ser fundament al y la manera más común de hacerlo es mediante la infiltración de soluciones de anestesia local. Entre ellos la lidocaína y articaína son algunos de los más comunes y pueden estar asociado a vasoconstrictores como la epinefrina que puede provocar aumento de la presión arterial y frecuencia cardíaca razón por la cual se hace necesario la monitorización de cambios hemodinámicos durante la cirugía. Describir los cambios hemodinámicos asociados al uso de lidocaína al 2 % y/ o articaína al 4 % en la presión sistólica y diastólica, frecuencia cardiaca y saturación parcial de oxígeno en relación a distintos tiempos operatorios. Se realizó una revisión sistemática en las bases de datos de PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science y Sciencedirect. Se analizaron 7 ensayos clínicos controlados en los que utilizaron articaína al 4 % y/o lidocaína al 2 % con epinefrina al 1:100,000 y/o 1:200,000 en volúmenes de 1,8 a 5,4 mL, en los cuales evaluaron la presión sistólica y diastólica, frecuencia cardiaca y saturación parcial de oxígeno en distintos tiempos de la cirugía. Si bien hubo cambios en PAS, PAD, FC y SPO2, todas se mantuvieron dentro de rangos normales bajo el uso de articaína al 4 % y lidocaína al 2 % con epinefrina 1:100,000 y/o 1:200,000 a volúmenes de 1,8 a 5,4mL medidas a distintos tiempos operatorios.
The extraction of lower third molars is one of the most common clinical procedures in which pain control through anesthetic blockade of the lower alveolar, buccal and lingual nerves turns out to be essential and the most common way to do it is through the infiltration of solutions of local anesthesia. Among them, lidocaine and articaine are some of the most common and may be associated with vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine, which can cause an increase in blood pressure and heart rate, which is why it is necessary to monitor hemodynamic changes during surgery. To describe the hemodynamic changes associated with the use of 2 % lidocaine and/or 4 % articaine in systolic and diastolic pressure, heart rate and partial oxygen saturation in relation to different operative times. A systematic review was carried out in the PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Sciencedirect databases. Seven controlled clinical trials were analyzed in which 4 % articaine and/or 2 % lidocaine were used with epinephrine at 1:100,000 and/or 1:200,000 in volumes of 1,8 to 5,4 mL, in which systolic pressure was evaluated. and diastolic, heart rate and partial oxygen saturation at different times of surgery. Although there were changes in SBP, DBP, HR and SPO2, all remained within normal ranges under the use of 4 % articaine and 2 % lidocaine with epinephrine 1:100,000 and/or 1:200,000 at volumes of 1,8 to 5 .4mL measured at different operative times.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Carticaína/uso terapêutico , Monitorização Hemodinâmica/métodos , Anestésicos Locais/uso terapêutico , Lidocaína/uso terapêutico , Dente Serotino/cirurgia , Cirurgia Bucal , Hemodinâmica/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Unsuccessful anesthesia often occurs under an inflammatory tissue environment, making dentistry treatment extremely painful and challenging. Articaine (ATC) is a local anesthetic used at high (4%) concentrations. Since nanopharmaceutical formulations may improve the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs, we encapsulated ATC in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) aiming to increase the anesthetic effect on the inflamed tissue. Moreover, the lipid nanoparticles were prepared with natural lipids (copaiba (Copaifera langsdorffii) oil and avocado (Persia gratissima) butter) that added functional activity to the nanosystem. NLC-CO-A particles (~217 nm) showed an amorphous lipid core structure according to DSC and XDR. In an inflammatory pain model induced by λ-carrageenan in rats, NLC-CO-A improved (30%) the anesthetic efficacy and prolonged anesthesia (3 h) in relation to free ATC. In a PGE2-induced pain model, the natural lipid formulation significantly reduced (~20%) the mechanical pain when compared to synthetic lipid NLC. Opioid receptors were involved in the detected analgesia effect since their blockage resulted in pain restoration. The pharmacokinetic evaluation of the inflamed tissue showed that NLC-CO-A decreased tissue ATC elimination rate (ke) by half and doubled ATC's half-life. These results present NLC-CO-A as an innovative system to break the impasse of anesthesia failure in inflamed tissue by preventing ATC accelerated systemic removal by the inflammatory process and improving anesthesia by its association with copaiba oil.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: This randomized, triple-blind, crossover clinical trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy, onset, length of pulp and soft tissue anesthesia, and pain during injection of 2% buffered articaine and 4% non-buffered articaine solutions. METHODS: Each volunteer received two maxillary supraperiosteal anesthesia infiltrations in canine area. The infiltrations were performed at two different sessions using a different local anesthetic solution for each session, and the anesthetic injection speed was always 1 mL/min. The assessment of the onset and length of pulpal and soft tissue anesthesia was performed with the pulp electrical test "pulp tester" and the esthesiometer kit, respectively. Volunteers marked pain during injection on a visual analog scale (VAS). The anesthetics solutions pH was evaluated through the pH meter equipment. RESULTS: There was no difference between the two anesthetic solutions (onset of soft tissue anesthesia, p = 0.5386; length of soft tissue anesthesia, p = 0.718; onset of pulpal anesthesia, p = 0.747; length of pulpal anesthesia, p = 0.375), except for pain during the injection which was lower when buffered 2% articaine was used (p = 0.001) and the pH. The pH analysis revealed that the solutions differed from one another (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The 2% buffered articaine solution provided the same anesthetic properties then 4% unbuffered articaine with a great reduction in pain during injection. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The possibility of use 2% buffered articaine solution instead of 4% articaine maintaining the same anesthetic properties with a great reduction in pain during injection and half of the anesthetic salt concentration.
Assuntos
Anestesia Dentária , Carticaína , Anestesia Local , Anestésicos Locais , Método Duplo-Cego , Epinefrina , Humanos , Lidocaína , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
Los investigadores realizaron un estudio con enfoque mixto, de tipo no experimental descriptivo; cuya población estuvo constituida por la totalidad de historias clínicas de pacientes que asistieron a la Clínica de Atención Odontológica de la Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes, durante la campaña de atención gratuita ejecutada en el periodo abril-agosto 2019, de los que se seleccionaron 30 historias clínicas mediante un muestreo no probabilístico en base a criterios. La misma tuvo el objetivo de caracterizar el uso anestésico de las infiltraciones vestibulares e intraligamentarias utilizando articaína al 4% con epinefrina 1: 100 000, en molares y premolares inferiores diagnosticados con PI, después de un bloqueo fallido del nervio alveolar inferior en el contexto investigado. Sin un margen estadísticamente no significativo, en el caso de las mujeres, la inyección intraligamentaria mostró mejores resultados por (p= 0,109). La inyección intraligamentaria resultó más efectiva en los premolares (p=0,847). La inyección intraligamentaria obtuvo un 86,7% de éxito anestésico, mientras la infiltración vestibular lo fue en un 80% con respecto a la totalidad de la muestra donde se aplicaron (p=0,624).
The researchers carried out a study with a mixed approach, of a descriptive non-experimental type. The population was made up of all the medical records of patients who were attended at the Dental Care Clinic of the Autonomous Regional University of the Andes, during the free care campaign carried out in the period April-August 2019. 30 medical records were selected through non-probability sampling based on criteria. The objective of this study was to characterize the anesthetic use of vestibular and intraligamentary infiltrations using 4% articaine with epinephri- ne 1: 100,000, in lower molars and premolars diagnosed with IP after a failed block of inferior alveolar nerve in the investigated context. There was no a statistically insignificant margin, in the case of women, the intraligamentary injection showed better results by (p = 0.109). The intraligamentary injection was more effective in the premolars (p = 0.847). Intra-league injec- tion obtained 86.7% anesthetic success, while vestibular infiltration was 80% with respect to the entire sample where they were applied (p = 0.624).
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Assistência Odontológica , Anestesia , Atenção , Carticaína , Dente MolarRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There is no consensus regarding the most effective anaesthetic solution for children; nerve block, especially mandibular, can be difficult for general dentists. Therefore, the study aims to compare the efficacy and the adverse events of articaine 4% with epinephrine 1:100 000 with lidocaine 2% with epinephrine 1:100 000 for primary molar extraction using buccal infiltration. METHODS: These are data from a parallel triple-blind randomised controlled trial with a computer-generated allocation treatment. Forty-three children aged 6-10 years with a clinical and radiographic indication of primary molar extraction were enrolled. The intervention was local buccal infiltration with articaine 4% compared with lidocaine 2%. The main outcome was pain during anaesthetic injection and tooth extraction. Adverse events were examined as secondary outcomes. Children were treated in a University setting from April to June 2019. RESULTS: Both solutions had similar anaesthetic efficacy in primary molar extraction when applied by the infiltrative technique (ß -0.47; 95% CI -3.19 to 2.24; P = .76); however, children reported higher mean pain during articaine deposition (ß 2.43; 95% CI 0.28-4.57; P = .02). The measured lidocaine pH was 3.19 (0.15) and articaine was 2.43 (0.00) (P = .04). Post-operative pain, oedema and nausea were observed without differences between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in the efficacy of articaine compared to lidocaine for primary molar extraction. Articaine was more painful during the injection. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Primary molar extractions can be performed with both articaine and lidocaine buccal infiltration.
Assuntos
Anestesia Dentária , Carticaína , Anestésicos Locais , Criança , Método Duplo-Cego , Humanos , Lidocaína , Dente MolarRESUMO
Articaine (ATC) is one of the most widely used local anesthetics in dentistry. Despite its safety, local toxicity has been reported. This study aimed to develop an ATC-2- hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin inclusion complex (ATC HPßCD) and to assess its toxicity in vitro. The inclusion complex was performed by solubilization, followed by a fluorimetric and job plot assay to determine the complex stoichiometry. Scanning electron microscopy, DOSY- 1 H-NMR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and sustained release kinetics were used to confirm the inclusion complex formation. In vitro cytotoxicity was analyzed by MTT assay and immunofluorescence in HGF cells. Fluorimetric and job plot assay determined the inclusion complex stoichiometry (ATC:HPßCD = 1:1) and complex formation time (400 min), as indicated by a strong host/guest interaction (Ka = 117.8 M - 1), complexed fraction (f = 41.4%), and different ATC and ATC HPßCD melting points (172 °C e 235 °C, respectively). The mean of cell viability was 31.87% and 63.17% for 20-mM ATC and 20-mM ATC HPßCD, respectively. Moreover, remarkable cell toxicity was observed with free ATC by immunofluorescence. These results indicate the ATC HPßCD complex could be used to improve the safety of ATC. Further research are needed to establish the anesthetic safety and effectiveness in vivo .
Assuntos
2-Hidroxipropil-beta-Ciclodextrina/química , Anestésicos Locais/administração & dosagem , Carticaína/administração & dosagem , Gengiva/efeitos dos fármacos , Anestésicos Locais/química , Anestésicos Locais/toxicidade , Carticaína/química , Carticaína/toxicidade , Linhagem Celular , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Preparações de Ação Retardada , Fibroblastos/citologia , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunofluorescência , Gengiva/citologia , Humanos , Testes de Toxicidade , Temperatura de TransiçãoRESUMO
ABSTRACT. Introduction: the inferior alveolar dental nerve block is the method most commonly used by endodontists to achieve local anesthesia during treatments. This study compared the efficacy of two anesthetic solutions: 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine and 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine in patients with different pulp diagnoses requiring endodontic treatment. Method: an interventional, randomized clinical trial. The sample included 36 patients who were treated at the postgraduate endodontics service at the Universidad de Cartagena in the year 2016. Descriptive statistics and the X 2 test were used for data analysis, using a limit of 0.05. Results: articaine showed a greater anesthetic effect in vestibular mucosa (88.9%) and tip of tongue (55.6%), compared with lidocaine. The rates of anesthetic success in the lidocaine and articaine groups were 5.6% and 22.2% respectively, but this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.633). In teeth with normal pulp, the efficacy was 27.3%, and this value considerably decreased in teeth with asymptomatic and symptomatic irreversible pulpitis, with percentages of 5.8% and 12.5% respectively, although this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.276). Conclusions: no statistically significant differences were found in the anesthetic efficacy of 2% lidocaine and 4% articaine in lower molars with vital pulp. However, articaine showed a better anesthetic success rate. No statistically significant differences were found when comparing the anesthetic efficacy in molars with normal pulp and molars with inflamed pulp-although the percentage of success in normal pulp was greater than in teeth with irreversible pulpitis.
RESUMEN Introducción: el bloqueo del nervio dentario inferior es el método más usado por los endodoncistas para obtener anestesia local en sus tratamientos. En este trabajo se comparó la eficacia de dos soluciones anestésicas: lidocaína al 2% con epinefrina 1:80.000 y articaína al 4% con epinefrina 1:100.000, en pacientes con diferentes diagnósticos pulpares que requirieron tratamiento de endodoncia. Método: estudio de intervención tipo ensayo clínico aleatorizado. La muestra estuvo conformada por 36 pacientes que asistieron al servicio del posgrado de endodoncia de la Universidad de Cartagena en el año 2016. Para el análisis de la información se utilizaron pruebas de estadística descriptiva y el test Chi2. Se asumió un límite de decisión de 0,05. Resultados: la articaína mostró mayor efecto anestésico en mucosa vestibular (88,9%) y punta de lengua (55,6%), en comparación con la lidocaína. Las tasas de éxito anestésico en los grupos de lidocaína y articaína fueron 5,6% y 22,2%, respectivamente, y la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,633). En dientes con pulpa normal, la eficacia fue de 27,3% y esta disminuyó considerablemente en dientes con pulpitis irreversible tanto asintomática como sintomática, con porcentajes de 5,8% y 12,5% respectivamente, aunque esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,276). Conclusiones: no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la eficacia anestésica entre la lidocaína al 2% y la articaína al 4% en molares inferiores con pulpa vital. Sin embargo, la articaína demostró tener una mejor tasa de éxito anestésico. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas al comparar la eficacia anestésica en molares con pulpa normal y molares con pulpa inflamada (aunque el porcentaje de éxito en pulpa normal fue mayor que en dientes con pulpitis irreversible).
Assuntos
Pulpite , Polpa Dentária , Lidocaína , MandíbulaRESUMO
SUMMARY: The aim of this research was to assess the hemodynamic variations during the extraction of impacted lower third molars using lidocaine 2 % or articaine 4 %, as local anesthetics. Fourteen patients with a mean age of 22.4 (SD=3.25), were submitted to the bilateral extraction of lower third molars, with an interval of three to four weeks between the two extractions. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, heart rate and oxygen saturation in the blood were assessed at seven specific time points: baseline; anesthetic puncture; two minutes after anesthesia; osteotomy; suture and five minutes after the procedure had been completed. The statistical analysis involved descriptive analysis, the Shapiro-Wilk test, the Mann-Whitney test, the t-test and the repeated measurements test. No significant differences were found for any of the hemodynamic behavior variables when comparing lidocaine 2 % and articaine 4 %. Significant differences were found between the time points assessed within each group, particularly in relation to the variable heart rate. In the articaine group, systolic blood pressure exhibited a significant decrease five minutes after the procedure. There were no significant variations in hemodynamic behavior between the two different anesthetic groups (articaine 4 % and lidocaine 2 %).
RESUMEN: El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar las variaciones hemodinámicas durante la extracción de terceros molares inferiores impactados utilizando lidocaína al 2 % o articaína al 4 %, como anestésicos locales. Catorce pacientes con una edad promedio de 22,4 (SD = 3,25), fueron sometidos a la extracción bilateral de terceros molares inferiores, con un intervalo de tres a cuatro semanas entre las dos extracciones. Se evaluaron la presión arterial sistólica, la presión arterial diastólica, la presión arterial media, la frecuencia cardíaca y la saturación de oxígeno en la sangre, en siete momentos específicos: línea base; punción anestésica; dos minutos después de la anestesia; osteotomía; sutura y cinco minutos después de que el procedimiento fue completado. El análisis estadístico involucró el análisis descriptivo, la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk, la prueba de Mann-Whitney, la prueba t y la prueba de mediciones repetidas. No se encontraron diferencias significativas para ninguna de las variables de comportamiento hemodinámico al comparar lidocaína 2 % y articaína 4 %. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los puntos de tiempo evaluados dentro de cada grupo, particularmente en relación con la frecuencia cardíaca variable. En el grupo de articaína, la presión arterial sistólica exhibió una disminución significativa cinco minutos después del procedimiento. No se observaron variaciones significativas en el comportamiento hemodinámico entre los dos grupos anestésicos diferentes (articaína 4 % y lidocaína 2 %).
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Extração Dentária , Anestésicos Locais/uso terapêutico , Dente Serotino/cirurgia , Oxigênio/sangue , Pressão Sanguínea , Carticaína/uso terapêutico , Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa , Monitorização Hemodinâmica , Frequência Cardíaca , Lidocaína/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Se realizó un ensayo clínico, aleatorizado, en el cual se determinó la eficacia de la técnica infraorbitaria modificada al usar de Lidocaína 2 % y Articaína 4 %, para lograr anestesia pulpar exitosa en incisivos y premolares maxilares. Se realizó un estudio experimental, controlado doble ciego. 20 sujetos voluntarios recibieron 1,8 ml de Lidocaína 2 % y Articaína 4 % con epinefrina, en la técnica infraorbitaria modificada. Se utilizó un vitálometro para medir la anestesia pulpar exitosa en incisivos y premolares maxilares. El grado de anestesia pulpar fue considerada cuando el vitálometro alcanzó dos lecturas consecutivas a 80. Los participantes informaron además sobre anestesia de tejidos blandos y percepción de comodidad de dicha anestesia. Los datos se analizaron usando la prueba de Shapiro Wilk, Mann-Whitney y McNemar. Resultados: Se observó que en el 100 y 95 % de los incisivos centrales, no hubo anestesia pulpar exitosa para el grupo de Articaína y Lidocaína respectivamente (p=0,50). En el incisivo lateral, el 85 % y 90 % de los dientes presentaron igual comportamiento (p=0,698). El canino presentó anestesia pulpar exitosa en el 70 % de los casos para el grupo de Articaína y en el 40 % para Lidocaína, datos estadísticamente significativos (p=0,027). La anestesia de tejidos blandos fue del 100 % y el 60 % de los pacientes del grupo de articaína la refirieron como incomoda. Conclusiones. La técnica infraorbitaria modificada usando Articaína 4 % o Lidocaína al 2 % no es eficaz para lograr la anestesia pulpar en los incisivos centrales y laterales, demostrando tener una mejor tasa de éxito en caninos cuando se utiliza articaína. Los autores recomiendan anestesiar las ramas alveolares antero y medias superiores para lograr anestesia pulpar profunda en incisivos y premolares.
The aim of this study was to compare de degree of successful pulpal anesthesia in maxillary incisors and premolars applying the modified infraorbital anesthetic technique using 2 % lidocaine and 4 % articaine with epinephrine. An experimental study, controlled, double-blind was conducted. 20 volunteer subjects received 1.8 ml of 2 % lidocaine and 4 % articaine with epinephrine, in the modified infraorbital technique. An electric pulpal tester was used to measure the pulpal anesthesia in maxillary incisors and premolars. The participants informed the degree of pulpal anesthesia, soft tissue anesthesia and comfort. The data was analyzed using the Shapiro Wilk, Mann-Whitney and McNemar tests. The 100-85 % of non-anesthetized cases was observed in the central incisors (p=0.500) and 95 -90 % in the lateral incisors (p=0.500) for articaine and lidocaine respectively. At a level of canines the degree of successful pulpal anesthesia for the 4 % articaine group was 70 % and for 2 % lidocaine was 40 % (p=0.027), differences were statistically significant. At a level of first and second premolars, the degree of successful pulpal anesthesia for the 4 % articaine group was 85 % and for 2 % lidocaine was 75 %(p=0.347) The subjective incidence of the soft tissue anesthesia was 100 % and 60 % of the patients of the articaine group referred to it as uncomfortable. The modified infraorbital technique using 2 % lidocaine or 4% articaine is not effective to achieve pulpal anesthesia in central and lateral incisors, showing a better success rate in canines when using 4 % articaine. The authors recommend anesthetizing the anterior and middle superior alveolar branches to achieve successful anesthesia in incisors and premolars procedures.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Anestésicos Locais/administração & dosagem , Carticaína/administração & dosagem , Lidocaína/administração & dosagem , Bloqueio Nervoso/métodos , Órbita/inervação , Dente Pré-Molar/inervação , Método Duplo-Cego , Incisivo/inervaçãoRESUMO
The authors conducted an experimental study to determine patient perception of discomfort during injection and the need for supplemental anesthesia using the intraosseous technique with 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine in patients with symptomatic pulpitis in mandibular molars. At different clinical sessions, researchers used 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine to apply intraosseous injection (Group 1) or inferior alveolar nerve block (Group 2). Each technique was applied in 35 patients. In each group, the need for additional anesthesia was determined and patient discomfort during injection was assessed with a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) test. In the intraosseous group, no supplemental technique was needed in 22 patients (62.85 %), and results were similar for the inferior alveolar technique (n: 23 65.71%). The intraosseous technique proved to be more comfortable than the mandibular technique (18 patients - 25.7%). This study found that the use of intraosseous technique with 4% articaine shows promising results regarding patient comfort and reducing the need for additional anesthesia.
Los autores condujeron un estudio experimental para deter minar la eficacia de la técnica anestésica intraósea usando articaína al 4% con epinefrina 1:100.000, en pacientes con pulpitis aguda en molares mandibulares. En diferentes sesiones clínicas, los miembros del equipo de investigadores usaron articaína al 4% con epinefrina 1:100.000 para inducir anestesia mandibular con la técnica intraósea (Grupo 1) o con el bloqueo del nervio alveolar inferior (Grupo 2), se aplicó cada técnica en 35 pacientes con diagnóstico de pulpitis aguda en molares inferiores. En cada grupo, se determinó la necesidad de hacer anestesia complementaria y la comodidad del paciente con un test Escala Visual Analoga. Un total de 70 pacientes fueron enrolados en este estudio (35 sujetos por grupo). En el grupo de intraósea no fue necesaria la aplicación de técnicas complementarias en 22 pacientes (31.4%), resultados similares en la técnica alveolar inferior (n: 23 32.8%). La técnica intraósea demostró ser más cómoda al compararla con técnica mandibular (18 pacientes 25.7%). Este estudio demostró que el uso de la técnica intraósea conarticaína al 4%, arrojó resultados prometedores en lo que a comodidad y reducción en la anestesia complementaria hace referencia.
Assuntos
Anestesia Dentária , Anestésicos Locais/uso terapêutico , Carticaína/uso terapêutico , Pulpite/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Anestesia Local , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Lidocaína , Masculino , Nervo Mandibular , Bloqueio NervosoRESUMO
The authors conducted an experimental study to determine patient perception of discomfort during injection and the need for supplemental anesthesia using the intraosseous technique with 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine in patients with symptomatic pulpitis in mandibular molars. At different clinical sessions, researchers used 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine to apply intraosseous injection (Group 1) or inferior alveolar nerve block (Group 2). Each technique was applied in 35 patients. In each group, the need for additional anesthesia was determined and patient discomfort during injection was assessed with a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) test. In the intraosseous group, no supplemental technique was needed in 22 patients (62.85 %), and results were similar for the inferior alveolar technique (n: 23 65.71%). The intraosseous technique proved to be more comfortable than the mandibular technique (18 patients - 25.7%). This study found that the use of intraosseous technique with 4% articaine shows promising results regarding patient comfort and reducing the need for additional anesthesia.
Los autores condujeron un estudio experimental para deter minar la eficacia de la técnica anestésica intraósea usando articaína al 4% con epinefrina 1:100.000, en pacientes con pulpitis aguda en molares mandibulares. En diferentes sesiones clínicas, los miembros del equipo de investigadores usaron articaína al 4% con epinefrina 1:100.000 para inducir anestesia mandibular con la técnica intraósea (Grupo 1) o con el bloqueo del nervio alveolar inferior (Grupo 2), se aplicó cada técnica en 35 pacientes con diagnóstico de pulpitis aguda en molares inferiores. En cada grupo, se determinó la necesidad de hacer anestesia complementaria y la comodidad del paciente con un test Escala Visual Analoga. Un total de 70 pacientes fueron enrolados en este estudio (35 sujetos por grupo). En el grupo de intraósea no fue necesaria la aplicación de técnicas complementarias en 22 pacientes (31.4%), resultados similares en la técnica alveolar inferior (n: 23 32.8%). La técnica intraósea demostró ser más cómoda al compararla con técnica mandibular (18 pacientes 25.7%). Este estudio demostró que el uso de la técnica intraósea conarticaína al 4%, arrojó resultados prometedores en lo que a comodidad y reducción en la anestesia complementaria hace referencia.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Anestesia Dentária/métodos , Bloqueio Nervoso/métodos , Carticaína/uso terapêutico , Pulpite/diagnóstico , Anestésicos Locais/administração & dosagem , Método Duplo-Cego , Medição da Dor/métodos , Pacientes/psicologia , Percepção da Dor/classificação , Interpretação Estatística de DadosRESUMO
AIM: To compare the anaesthetic efficacy of inferior alveolar nerve blocks (IANB) with 1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine (LI) to a buccal infiltration (BI) with 1.8 mL of 4% articaine (AR), both with 1 : 100 000 epinephrine, in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpits in a randomized controlled trial. METHODOLOGY: Volunteers presenting at the Emergency Centre (FOP-UNICAMP) were randomly divided into two groups (30 for AR and 20 for LI). Operator and patient were not blinded. Success was recorded when complete pain-free treatment was achieved after a single injection (IANB or BI) or when one supplemental injection was needed for emergency endodontic procedures. Success rate of supplemental injection was evaluated between and within groups using Fisher's exact test and chi-square test. RESULTS: A higher success rate (P = 0.03/Fisher's exact test) was observed with AR (40%) than with LI (10%). No significant difference was found when a single injection plus one supplemental injection was compared between groups (P = 1.0; AR = 70%; LI = 80%). However, supplemental injection increased the anaesthetic success rates (AR, P = 0.04; LI, P = 0.0001) within groups. CONCLUSIONS: Single anaesthesia techniques (IANB or BI) were not able to achieve pain-free emergency endodontic treatment. Supplemental anaesthetic techniques should be considered prior to treatment procedures in order to increase success rate (consort: registration number - NCT01912755/Fapesp: #2009/10834-4).
Assuntos
Anestesia Dentária/métodos , Anestésicos Locais/administração & dosagem , Carticaína/administração & dosagem , Lidocaína/administração & dosagem , Dente Molar/cirurgia , Bloqueio Nervoso/métodos , Pulpite/cirurgia , Tratamento do Canal Radicular/métodos , Adulto , Emergências , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Mandíbula , Nervo Mandibular , Medição da Dor , Estudos Prospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia anestésica da articaína 4%, da lidocaína 2%, ambas associadas à epinefrina 1:100.000, e da bupivacaína 0.5%, associada à epinefrina 1:200.000, durante pulpectomia em pacientes com pulpite irreversível em molares inferiores. Cento e cinco voluntários do Setor de Urgência da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo receberam, aleatoriamente, 3,6mL de um dos anestésicos locais para o convencional bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior (BNAI). No caso de falha do BNAI, foram administrados 3,6mL da mesma solução como injeção complementar no ligamento periodontal. O sinal subjetivo de anestesia do lábio, a presença de anestesia pulpar e ausência de dor durante a pulpectomia foram avaliados, respectivamente, por indagação ao paciente, por meio do aparelho estimulador pulpar elétrico (pulp tester) e por uma escala analógica verbal. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio dos testes Qui-quadrado, Kruskal Wallis e Razão de Verossimilhanças. Foi adotado nível de significância de 0,05 (P <= 0,05). Todos os pacientes reportaram anestesia no lábio após o BNAI. A lidocaína apresentou valores superiores (42,9%) para a anestesia pulpar após o BNAI e após a injeção no ligamento periodontal (61,5%). A bupivacaína apresentou valores superiores para a analgesia (80%) após o BNAI e a lidocaína (92,3%) após a injeção no ligamento periodontal. Após a falha do BNAI, a dor na câmara pulpar foi a mais frequente para articaína e lidocaína e na dentina para a bupivacaína e após a falha da injeção no ligamento periodontal, a dor foi similar para articaína nas diferentes regiões; câmara, canal e dentina; para a bupivacaína foi mais frequente na dentina e para a lidocaína no canal. No entanto, essas diferenças não foram estatisticamente significantes. Portanto as três soluções anestésicas locais se comportam de forma semelhante e não apresentam efetivo controle da dor no tratamento da pulpite irreversível em molares inferiores.
The aim of this study was to compare the anesthetic efficacy of 4% articaine and 2% lidocaine both associated with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 0.5% bupivacaine associated with 1:200,000 epinephrine in patients with irreversible pulpitis of the mandibular molars during a pulpectomy procedure. One hundred and five volunteers from the Emergency Center of the School of Dentistry at University of São Paulo randomly received 3.6 mL of local anesthetic as a conventional inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB). The subjective signal of lip numbness, pulpal anesthesia and the absence of pain during the pulpectomy procedure were, respectively, evaluated by questioning the patient, stimulation using an electric pulp tester and a verbal analogue scale. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test, Kruskal Wallis and likelihood rations. The level for significance of differences was P <= .05. All patients reported the subjective signal of lip numbness after the application of either IANB. Lidocaine showed higher values for pulpal anesthesia after the IANB (42.9%) and after injection in the periodontal ligament (61.5%). Bupivacaine presented higher values for analgesia after the IANB (80,0%) and lidocaine after injection in the periodontal ligament (92,3%). After the failure of the IANB, the pain in the pulp chamber was the most frequent to articaine and lidocaine and bupivacaine for dentin and after the failure of the periodontal ligament injection, the pain was equal to articaine in different regions, chamber, canal and dentin; for bupivacaine was greater in dentin and lidocaine was higher in the channel. However, these differences were not statistically significant. So the three local anesthetic solutions behave similarly and not present any effective pain control in the treatment of irreversible pulpitis in mandibular molars.
Assuntos
Anestesia Dentária/métodos , Anestesia Dentária , Anestésicos Locais/farmacologia , Anestésicos Locais/uso terapêutico , Bloqueadores Neuromusculares/administração & dosagem , Bloqueadores Neuromusculares/efeitos adversos , Bloqueadores Neuromusculares/uso terapêutico , PulpectomiaRESUMO
One of the current challenges in drug encapsulation concerns the development of carrier systems for hydrophilic compounds. Potential carriers include nanocapsules prepared with amphiphilic polymers, which consist of a polymeric coating surrounding an aqueous nucleus, or dense matrices such as nanospheres of alginate/chitosan, where the drug may be dispersed in the matrix or adsorbed on the surface. The development of new formulations of nanocarriers, for example the poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(É-caprolactone) (PEG-PCL) nanocapsules and alginate/chitosan (AG/CS) nanospheres described in this work, is needed in the case of ionized drugs such as articaine. This amino amide local anesthetic is the drug of choice in dentistry for regional anesthesia as well as the relief of acute and chronic pain. Here, the physico-chemical properties of suspensions of the nanoparticles (considering diameter, polydispersion, and zeta potential) were determined as a function of time, in order to establish the stability of the systems. The formulations did not show any substantial changes in these parameters, and were stable for up to 120 days of storage at ambient temperature. Satisfactory encapsulation efficiencies were obtained for the PEG-PCL nanocapsules (60%) and the AG/CS nanospheres (45%). Cytotoxicity assays confirmed that the encapsulation of articaine reduced its toxicity, relative to the free drug. The most promising results were obtained using the vesicular system (PEG-PCL nanocapsules), which not only altered the release profile of the drug, but also resulted in the lowest toxicity. This carrier system therefore holds promise for use in future practical applications.
Assuntos
Anestésicos Locais/química , Anestésicos Locais/farmacologia , Carticaína/química , Carticaína/farmacologia , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Células 3T3 , Alginatos/química , Animais , Varredura Diferencial de Calorimetria , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Quitosana/química , Ácido Glucurônico/química , Ácidos Hexurônicos/química , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Camundongos , Nanopartículas/química , Nanopartículas/ultraestrutura , Tamanho da Partícula , Permeabilidade , Poliésteres/química , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Eletricidade EstáticaRESUMO
Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as alterações hemodinâmicas e do nível de glicemia decorrentes do uso do anestésico local articaína a 4% com epinefrina nas concentrações 1:100.000 (A100) e 1:200.000 (A200) em cirurgias periodontais na maxila, realizadas em diabéticos. Em relação aos anestésicos, foram avaliados: tempo de início de ação, duração da anestesia sobre os tecidos mole, analgesia pós-operatória, sangramento trans-operatório, qualidade da cicatrização, parâmetros hemodinâmicos e glicemia medidos durante as cirurgias. Para isso, 18 voluntários com idades entre 40 e 65 anos foram selecionados. Destes, 10 não apresentavam alterações sistêmicas (não diabéticos-não DM), enquanto 8 eram portadores de diabetes mellitus não insulinodependentes (DM), todos com condições periodontais semelhantes. Foram submetidos a cirurgias periodontais bilateralmente na região da maxila sob anestesia local com A100 e A200, de forma duplo-cega, randomizada e cruzada. O tempo cirúrgico foi semelhante para todos os grupos, e A100 e A200 mostraram-se igualmente eficazes para cirurgias periodontais. Foi utilizada quantidade idêntica de ambos anestésicos em todas as cirurgias (1 tubete; 1,8ml), o tempo cirúrgico foi semelhante em todos os procedimentos. O tempo de inicio de ação foi similar para todos, independentemente da concentração de epinefrina ou presença de diabetes. O tempo de duração da anestesia foi significativamente maior para os DM, sem haver correlação com a concentração de epinefrina. O sangramento trans-operatório foi significativamente maior nos pacientes diabéticos apenas na fase de incisão com A200. Nas demais fases, o sangramento foi muito semelhante entre DM e Não DM. A analgesia pós-operatória foi considerada excelente, refletindo na baixa ingestão de analgésicos (paracetamol), especialmente pelo grupo DM, independentemente da concentração de epinefrina. Quanto à cicatrização, não houve diferença entre os grupos. As mudanças transitórias nos parâmetros...
The present study compared the effect of articaine 4% associated with epinephrine in two different concentrations, 1:100.000(A100) and 1:200.000(A200), in periodontal surgeries performed in diabetic patients. We analyze hemodynamic parameters, blood glucose concentration, onset and duration of anesthetic action on soft tissues, intraoperative bleeding and wound healing. Eighteen volunteers, age range 40 to 65 years, with similar periodontal disease and conditions, were separate in two groups, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM, 8 volunteers) or with no diabetes mellitus (Non DM, 10 volunteers). They´re submitted to a matched bilateral periodontal surgery in maxilla, under local anesthesia with either A100 or A200, in a double blind, randomized, crossed manner. The duration of surgery was the same for all groups, with A100 and A200 being equally effective for periodontal surgeries. Identical volumes of both anesthetic solutions were used (1 cartridge:1,8ml) in all surgeries. The anesthetic latency was similar in diabetics or non-diabetics for both epinephrine concentration. In diabetic patients the anesthetic duration was increased regardless the epinephrine concentration. Intraoperative bleeding only increased in diabetic patients with A200 during incision phase. The duration of postoperative analgesia was excellent, reflecting by a low intake of postoperative medications (paracetamol). Wound healing was relatively normal for all volunteers regardless the local anesthetic employed or presence of diabetes. The transient changes in blood pressure or hart hate were not clinically significant but the diabetic patients have some tendency to increase their blood pressure in some surgical phases. In diabetic subjects, blood glucose have no increase throughout surgical phases, regardless the epinephrine concentration present in the anesthetic solution, but the Non DM presents a prolonged time for normalize their blood glucose after A100...
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Agonistas alfa-Adrenérgicos/administração & dosagem , Anestésicos Locais/administração & dosagem , Carticaína/administração & dosagem , Diabetes Mellitus/sangue , Epinefrina/administração & dosagem , Hemodinâmica , Índice Glicêmico , Cirurgia Bucal/métodos , Doenças Periodontais/cirurgia , Dor Pós-Operatória , Hemorragia Pós-Operatória , Pressão Arterial , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The purpose of this prospective, randomized, double blind study was to compare the onset and duration periods of pulpal anesthesia using 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine, 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 4% articaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine in inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB). Thirty subjects received 1.8 mL of each of the three local anesthetic solutions in IANB. Onset and duration periods of pulpal anesthesia were determined using electric pulp stimulation. The mean time of onset of pulpal anesthesia was 8.7, 7.4 and 7.7 min and the mean duration of pulpal anesthesia was 61.8, 106.6 and 88.0 min for 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine, 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 4% articaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine, respectively. For onset, there was only a significant difference between 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine (p=0.037). For duration, there was significant difference for all the local anesthetic solutions (p≤0.05). In conclusion, 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine exhibited faster onset and also had longest duration of pulpal anesthesia in IANB.
A proposta deste estudo prospectivo, randomizado e duplo cego foi comparar o período de latência e duração da anestesia pulpar utilizando lidocaina 2% com epinefrina 1:100.000, articaina 4% com epinefrina 1:100.000 e articaina 4% com epinefrina 1:200.000 no bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior (BNAI). Trinta pacientes receberam 1,8 mL de cada uma das soluções anestésicas no BNAI. Os períodos de latência e duração da anestesia pulpar foram determinados usando estimulação pulpar elétrica. O tempo médio da latência da anestesia pulpar foi 8,7, 7,4 e 7,7 min e da duração média da anestesia pulpar foi 61,8, 106,6 e 88,0 min para lidocaina 2% com epinefrina 1:100.000, articaina 4% com epinefrina 1:100.000 e articaina 4% com epinefrina 1:200.000, respectivamente. Para latência houve somente diferença significante entre lidocaina 2% com epinefrina 1:100.000 e articaina 4% com epinefrina 1:100.000 (p=0,037). Para a duração houve diferença significante para todas as soluções anestésicas locais (p≤0,05). Em conclusão, articaina 4% com epinefrina 1:100.000 exibiu mais rápida latência e também obteve mais longa duração da anestesia pulpar no BNAI.
Assuntos
Humanos , Anestesia Dentária , Carticaína/administração & dosagem , Polpa Dentária , Lidocaína/administração & dosagem , Bloqueio Nervoso/métodosRESUMO
Objetivo: Avaliar a latência anestésica da ropivacaína 7,5 mg/mL, comparada à lidocaína 2%, associada à epinefrina 1:100.000 e à articaína 4% com epinefrina 1:100.000 em anestesia de bloqueio do nervo alveolar superior posterior (BNASP). Método: Realizou-se um estudo duplo cego, cruzado e randomizado, em que foram selecionados 40 pacientes que necessitavam de tratamento odontológico e que se submeteriam a três sessães com bloqueio do nervo alveolar superior posterior. Foram realizados 120 bloqueios anestésicos em sessães distintas com intervalo de uma semana entre as sessães sendo: 40 bloqueios com ropivacaína 7,5 mg/mL, 40 bloqueios com articaína 4% com epinefrina 1:100.000 e 40 bloqueios com lidocaína 2% com epinefrina 1:100.000. A latência anestésica foi medida por meio de ôpulp testerõ em ciclos de 2 min, considerando a insensibilidade pulpar na ausência de resposta após dois testes consecutivos de 80muW. Os testes de Qui-quadrado, Wilcoxon, Friedman e teste t foram utilizados para comparar as latências anestésicas. Resultados: Na comparaçÆo da latência anestésica, que é o tempo entre o final da injeçÆo da soluçÆo anestésica e o bloqueio da conduçÆo nervosa, das três soluçães, verificaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significantes (teste de Friedman, p=0.0033) entre a lidocaína 2% com epinefrina 1:100.000, que apresentou menores (p<0,05) valores, e a ropivacaína 7,5 mg/mL, mas nÆo houve diferenças significantes (p>0,05) entre a articaína 4% com epinefrina 1:100.000 e as outras soluçães.ConclusÆo: A ropivacaína 7,5 mg/mL é uma boa alternativa para a anestesia local nos diversos procedimentos odontológicos. Apesar de apresentar maior tempo de latência em relaçÆo à lidocaína 2% com epinefrina 1:100.000, enquanto que a articaína 4% com epinefrina 1:100.000 apresenta tempo de latência intermediário em relaçÆo às outras duas soluçães anestésicas...
Objective: To evaluate the anesthetic latency of ropivacaine 7.5 mg/mL compared with 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine for posterior superior alveolar nerve (PSAN) block. Method: A randomized double-blind and crossover test was undertaken with 40 patients who required dental treatment sessions under PSAN blocks. A total of 120 PSAN blocks were performed in separate sessions with a 1-week interval between the appointments, being 40 with ropivacaine 7.5 mg/mL, 40 with 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine, and 40 with 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine. The anesthetic latency was measured using a pulp tester in 2-minute cycles. The pulp was considered as non-sensitive when noresponse was obtained after two consecutive 80muW tests. Theanesthetic latencies were compared using chi-square, Wilcoxon, Friedman and Student?s t-tests. Results: Comparisons among the three solutions regarding the anesthetic latency, which is the time between the end of injection and the blocking of nerve conduction, revealed statistically significant differences (Friedman test, p=0.0033). Lidocaine 2% with 1:100,000 epinephrine presented the lowest values (p<0.05) and differed significantly from ropivacaine 7.5 mg/mL. No statistically significant difference was found between 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and the other solutions. Conclusion: Ropivacaine 7.5 mg/mL is a good alternative for local anesthesia in the various dental procedures despite its longer anesthetic latency compared with lidocaine 2% with 1:100,000 epinephrine. Articaine 4% with 1:100,000 epinephrine presented an intermediate latency time relative to the other two anesthetic solutions...
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Anestesia Local , Bloqueio Nervoso , Carticaína/uso terapêutico , Epinefrina/administração & dosagem , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
Objetivo: Avaliar a difusão do anestésico articaína a 4% com adrenalina 1:100.000 em dentes maxilares e mandibulares, injetado através do bloqueio do nervo alveolar superior posterior (NASP). Método: Foram realizados 50 procedimentos anestésicos do bloqueio do NASP em voluntários e avaliou-se a sensibilidade da mucosa através do teste pin-prick e a sensibilidade pulpar através do teste elétrico pulp tester. As estruturas avaliadas foram: mucosa palatal posterior (túber), mucosa palatal anterior, mucosa jugal, mucosa vestibular de molares, língua, lábio inferior, primeiro pré-molar inferior (1PMI), incisivo lateral inferior (ILI), primeiro molar inferior (1MI), primeiro pré-molar superior (1PMS), incisivo lateral superior (ILS), primeiro molar superior (1MS). Resultados: Foi observado que, ao analisar a insensibilidade mucosa, a efetividade da articaína em insensibilizar as estruturas testadas quando administrada através do bloqueio do NASP foi crescente com o decorrer do tempo e que os 1MS e 1PMS tiveram um tempo de latência inferior às demais unidades dentárias testadas. Observou-se que a insensibilidade pulpar foi crescente com o decorrer do tempo e que os 1MS e 1PMS tiveram um tempo de latência inferior às demais unidades dentárias testadas. O ILS e as unidades dentárias inferiores 1MI e 1PMI necessitaram de um tempo de latência de 4 minutos para começarem a apresentar insensibilidade pulpar. Os ILI apresentaram o maior índice de insucesso de anestesia pulpar (74%) e o insucesso da anestesia do 1MS foi de 6%, a menor entre os dentes testados. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem haver uma difusão da articaína no sentido ântero-posterior na maxila e a difusão vestíbulo-palatal da droga. A articaína quando administrada através do bloqueio do NASP suprime a necessidade da anestesia do palato.
Objective: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the diffusion of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 adrenaline injected through posterior superior alveolar (PSA) nerve block in maxillary and mandibular teeth. Method: Fifty PSA nerve block procedures were performed in volunteers. The sensitivity of the mucosa was evaluated by the pin-prick test and pulp sensitivity was assessed by electric pulp testing. The following structures were evaluated: posterior palatal mucosa (tuber), anterior palatal mucosa, cheek mucosa, molar buccal mucosa, tongue, lower lip, mandibular first premolar (MD1PM), mandibular lateral incisor (MDLI), mandibular first molar (MD1M), maxillary first premolar (MX1PM), maxillary lateral incisors (MXLI) and maxillary first molar (MX1M). Results: The analysis of mucosa numbness and pulp numbness revealed that the efficacy of PSA nerve block with articaine to desensitize the tested structures increased with time and that the MX1M and MX1PM had shorter latency periods than the other tooth groups. The MXLI and MD1M and MD1PM required 4 minutes to start pulp numbness. MDLI showed the highest failure rate of pulpal anesthesia (74%) and MX1M had the lowest failure rate among all test (around 6%). Conclusion: The results suggest an anterior-posterior diffusion of articaine in the maxilla and a bucco-palatal diffusion of the drug. PSA nerve block with articaine eliminates the need for anesthesia of the palate.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Anestesia Dentária/métodos , Anestesia Dentária , Carticaína/administração & dosagem , Carticaína/efeitos adversos , Nervo Maxilar/patologia , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Palato/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Objetivo: Comparar o efeito anestésico da infiltração vestibular maxilar (IVM) e do bloqueio do nervo alveolar superior posterior (BNASP) usando articaína 4% com adrenalina 1:100.000 no desconforto na mucosa palatal averiguado pelo teste pin-prick. Método: Neste estudo randomizado, duplo-cego e cruzado foram selecionados 30 voluntários saudáveis os quais foram submetidos a duas diferentes técnicas anestésicas no vestíbulo da maxila (IVM e BNASP) usando articaína 4% com adrenalina 1:100.000. As injeções foram administradas pelo mesmo operador em duas sessões distintas com intervalo de uma semana entre elas. A anestesia dos tecidos moles do palato foi avaliada pelo teste pin-pick com uma agulha 30G por um operador cego para o tipo de injeção. O desconforto da picada de agulha foi avaliado em quatro momentos utilizando uma escala visual analógica (EVA) de 100 mm. Os dados da EVA foram categorizados como: nenhuma dor a dor leve (0-30 mm) e dor moderada a grave (maior que 30 mm). Os dados foram analisados pelo teste Qui-quadrado e os resultados foram estatisticamente significativos quando p menor que 0,05. Resultados: Apesar de ambas as técnicas puderem insensibilizar o palato, a técnica IVM é menos funcional que a técnica BNASP na insensibilização palatal, não atingindo os mesmos objetivos num mesmo intervalo de tempo. O bloqueio do nervo alveolar superior posterior se mostrou mais efetivo na insensibilização do palato aos 5 minutos (p menor que 0,001) enquanto não houve diferença estatisticamente significante aos 10 minutos (p = 0,87). Conclusões: O BNASP com articaína 4% e adrenalina 1:100.000 foi mais eficaz que o IVM na redução do desconforto pin-prick do tecido mole do palato, aos cinco minutos pós-injeção. Ambas as técnicas foram igualmente eficazes em dez minutos.
Objective: To compare the effect of maxillary buccal infiltration (BI) and posterior superior alveolar nerve block (PSANB) using 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine on pin-prick discomfort on palatal mucosa. Methods: Thirty healthy subjects participated in this double-blind cross-over study. Each subject received two different maxillary buccal anesthetic techniques with 4% articaine with 1:100.000 epinephrine, namely BI and PSANB. Injections were given by the same operator in different sessions with 1-week interval between them. Anesthesia of palatal soft tissue was assessed by the pin-pick test with a 30G needle by an operator blinded to the type of injection. Discomfort of pin-prick was assessed at four time points using a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS). Data from the VAS were categorized as none to mild pain (0-30 mm) and moderate to severe pain (greater than 30 mm). Data were analyzed by Chi-square test and the results were statistically significant when p less than 0.05. Results: Although both techniques could numb the palate, the BI technique appeared less functional that the PSANB technique, not reaching the same goals in the same time interval. PSANB was more effective in stunning the palate at 5 minutes (p less than 0.001) while there was no statistically significant difference between the techniques at 10 minutes (p = 0.87). Conclusions: PSANB with 4% articaine and 1:100,000 epinephrine was more effective than BI in reducing pin-prick discomfort of palatal soft tissue at 5 minutes post-injection. Both techniques were equally effective at 10 minutes.