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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this double-blind, randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the 6- and 18-month clinical performances of a new universal adhesive applied in the "no-waiting" (NW) technique to non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) using two evaluation criteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and seventy-six restorations were assigned to four groups according to the adhesive system, adhesive strategy, and application mode: Prime&Bond Active (PB) applied using the etch-and-rinse (ER) and self-etch (SE) strategies with 20 s applications and Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (CQ) applied using the ER and SE strategies with the NW technique. The composite resin restorations were evaluated at baseline and after 6 and 18 months using the World Dental Federation (FDI) and US Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. The Friedman repeated measures analysis of variance and Wilcoxon test were used for statistical analyses (α = 0.05). RESULTS: No significant differences were observed among any of the groups or criteria after 6 months (p > 0.05). After 18 months, 10 restorations were lost (p > 0.05) (2 with PB-ER [95.5%; 95%CI: 92-100%], 4 with PB-SE [90.9%; 95%CI: 82-98%], 0 with CQ-ER [100%; 95%CI: 92-100%], and 4 with CQ-SE [90.9%; 82-98%]). The restorations performed with the SE strategy showed more marginal discrepancies than those performed with the ER strategy, mainly when the FDI criteria were used (p < 0.05). Those that used the PB-SE showed fewer marginal discrepancies than those that used the CQ-SE (FDI; p < 0.05). A few restorations showed marginal discrepancies after the USPHS analysis (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results when using the CQ-SE and -ER strategies with the NW technique were similar to those when using the PB-SE and -ER strategies in standard applications to non-carious cervical lesions after 6 and 18 months of clinical evaluation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: After 6 and 18 months, the application of Clearfil Universal Bond Quick with the "no-waiting" technique showed similar clinical performance compared to the standard application of Prime & Bond Active applied using the standard application time (20 s). TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier RBR-5f9gps.

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Abstract This study evaluated the effects of alternative self-etch application modes on resin-dentin microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of three commercially available "no wait" concept universal adhesives. In this study extracted impacted non-carious human third molars were used. The flat surfaces were prepared in mid-coronal dentin and prepared with a 600-grit SiC paper. The three universal adhesives that were used are as follows: Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (CUQ, Kuraray Noritake, Japan), G-Premio Bond (GPB, GC Corp, Japan), and a self-curing universal adhesive "Tokuyama Universal Bond" (TUB; Tokuyama Dental, Japan). The following three different application procedures were used for the dentin surfaces: the adhesives were applied and immediately subjected to air-dry; the adhesives were applied followed by a 10-second wait; or the adhesives were rubbed for 10 seconds. Then composite resin was applied to the dentin surface and light cured. After storage in 37°C distilled water for 24 h, all the bonded teeth were cut into 1mm² sections using a low-speed diamond saw (Micracut 125 Low Speed Precision Cutter, Metkon, Bursa, Turkey) under running water (n=15). The sections were subjected to a tensile force at a crosshead speed of 1mm/min in a testing apparatus (Microtensile Tester, Bisco, IL, USA) and µTBS values were measured. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test. Failure modes were analyzed under a stereomicroscope. Prolonged application time significantly affected the µTBS (p<0.005). A significant increase of µTBS on active application was observed for CUQ and GPB. The TUB with an active application had a significantly lower µTBS value compared with the other adhesives. Prolonged application time caused significant improvement of bond strength in all adhesives. The active application is effective at increasing the dentin bond strength except for TUB.

Resumen Este estudio evaluó los efectos de los modos alternativos de aplicación de adhesivos de autograbado en la resistencia de la unión microtensil entre resina y dentina (µTBS) de tres adhesivos universales de concepto "no espera" disponibles en el mercado. En este estudio se utilizaron terceros molares humanos impactados que fueron extraídos. Las superficies planas se prepararon en la dentina coronal media y se prepararon con un papel SiC de 600 granos. Los tres adhesivos universales que se utilizaron son los siguientes: Clearfil Universal Quick Bond (CUQ, Kuraray Noritake, Japón), G-Premio Bond (GPB, GC Corp, Japón), y un adhesivo universal autopolimerizable "Tokuyama Universal Bond" (TUB; Tokuyama Dental, Japón). Se utilizaron los tres procedimientos de aplicación siguientes para las superficies dentinarias: se aplicaron los adhesivos y se sometieron inmediatamente a un secado al aire; se aplicaron los adhesivos y se esperó 10 segundos; o se frotaron los adhesivos durante 10 segundos. Luego se aplicó resina compuesta a la superficie dentinaria y se fotopolimerizó. Después de su almacenamiento en agua destilada a 37°C durante 24 h, todos los dientes unidos se cortaron en secciones de 1mm² utilizando una sierra de diamante de baja velocidad (Micracut 125 Low Speed Precision Cutter, Metkon, Bursa, Turquía) bajo agua corriente (n=15). Las secciones fueron sometidas a una fuerza de tracción a una velocidad de cruceta de 1mm/min en una máquina de prueba universal (Microtensile Tester, Bisco, IL, USA) y se midieron los valores de µTBS. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y la prueba U de Mann-Whitney. Los modos de falla fueron analizados bajo un estereomicroscopio. El prolongado tiempo de aplicación afectó significativamente a los µTBS (p<0,005). Se observó un aumento significativo de µTBS en la aplicación activa para el CUQ y el GPB. El TUB con una aplicación activa tuvo un valor de µTBS significativamente más bajo comparado con los otros adhesivos. El tiempo de aplicación prolongado causó una mejora significativa de la fuerza de adhesión en todos los adhesivos. La aplicación activa es efectiva para aumentar la fuerza de adhesión de la dentina, excepto para el TUB.

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Photosystem-inhibiting herbicides, such as diquat, act by inducing oxidative stress. However, oxidative damage impairs translocation, resulting in regrowth of the plants. The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of diquat in controlling the growth of sourgrass exposed to different periods of darkness after application of the herbicide, as well as to evaluate the photosynthetic activity and the production of reactive oxygen species. Two experiments (field and greenhouse) were conducted by applying diquat (200 g a.i. ha-1) on sourgrass plants at the 3 to 4 tiller stage. The treated plants were subjected to different periods of darkness after diquat application (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h), in addition to the control treatment without any application. Growth inhibition and mass evaluations of the sourgrass plants were performed in both experiments, whereas photosynthetic activity and H2O2 accumulation in the leaves were evaluated in the greenhouse experiment. The results showed an increase in the sourgrass growth inhibition with an increase in the period of darkness after application. There was a need for a minimum of 6 h of darkness after diquat application to fully inhibit growth (100%) of the sourgrass, whereas plants that remained in the sun since application exhibited less than 50% inhibition. The increase in the period of darkness after diquat application resulted in a reduction in photosynthetic activity and, consequently, lower accumulation of H2O2. Thus, the maintenance of sourgrass in the dark for at least 6 h enables total control of the growth of the plants, preventing regrowth.

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OBJECTIVES: This study determined the effect of the air-stream application time and the bonding technique on the dentin bond strength of adhesives with different solvents. Furthermore, the content and volatilization rate of the solvents contained in the adhesives were also evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three adhesive systems with different solvents (Stae, SDI, acetone; XP Bond, Dentsply De Trey, butanol; Ambar, FGM, ethanol) were evaluated. The concentrations and evaporation rates of each adhesive were measured using an analytical balance. After acid-etching and rinsing, medium occlusal dentin surfaces of human molars were kept moist (conventional) or were treated with 10% sodium hypochlorite for deproteinization. After applying adhesives over the dentin, slight air-stream was applied for 10, 30 or 60 sec. Composite cylinders were built up and submitted to shear testing. The data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: Stae showed the highest solvent content and Ambar the lowest. Acetone presented the highest evaporation rate, followed by butanol. Shear bond strengths were significantly affected only by the factors of 'adhesive' and 'bonding technique' (p < 0.05), while the factor 'duration of air-stream' was not significant. Deproteinization of dentin increased the bond strength (p < 0.05). Stae showed the lowest bond strength values (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was observed between XP Bond and Ambar. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the differences in content and evaporation rate of the solvents, the duration of air-stream application did not affect the bond strength to dentin irrespective of the bonding technique.

RESUMO

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the N availability for corn and wheat with different methods of N fertilization. The study was carried out at University of Cruz Alta, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in an Oxissol under six years of no-tillage. A completely randomized block design with four repetitions was used. Combinations of different times and rates of N application were studied. The times were: application before seeding, at seeding and topdressing. The rates of N for corn were zero, 60 and 90kg ha-1 and for wheat zero, 30 and 60kg ha-1. The amount of soil mineral N decreased quickly after application of N fertilization. The soil´s mineral N content was related to the rates and time of application. The N application time, considering the same rates, splitted or not, didn't influence dry matter production, N accumulation and grain yield. These parameters increase with the rate of N application. The splitting of the N fertilization, part at the seeding time and part as topdressing, is the safest way to minimize the N losses and to maximize the use of N by corn and wheat plants.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a disponibilidade de N para as culturas de milho e trigo com diferentes métodos de adubação nitrogenada. O estudo foi realizado na Universidade de Cruz Alta, em Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico argiloso, com seis anos no sistema plantio direto. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por combinações de diferentes épocas e doses de aplicação de N. As épocas foram: em pré-semeadura, na semeadura das culturas e em cobertura. As doses foram: zero, 30 e 90kg ha-1 de N para a cultura do milho e zero, 30 e 60kg ha-1 de N para a cultura do trigo. Os valores de N mineral no solo foram afetados pelas doses e épocas das aplicações. A quantidade de N mineral no solo proveniente da adubação nitrogenada na cultura do milho diminuiu rapidamente após a aplicação. A época de aplicação de N, considerando a mesma dose, seja parcelada ou não, não influenciou a produção de matéria seca, N acumulado e produtividade de grãos. Foi observada variação somente entre as doses totais aplicadas, independentemente das épocas. As maiores produtividades de grãos foram obtidas com a utilização das doses mais elevadas de N. Em termos gerais, observou-se que a aplicação parcelada de N, na semeadura e em cobertura, conferiu as melhores produtividades, possivelmente devido a menores perdas de N e a maximização da absorção de N pelas plantas de milho e de trigo.

RESUMO

The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the N availability for corn and wheat with different methods of N fertilization. The study was carried out at University of Cruz Alta, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in an Oxissol under six years of no-tillage. A completely randomized block design with four repetitions was used. Combinations of different times and rates of N application were studied. The times were: application before seeding, at seeding and topdressing. The rates of N for corn were zero, 60 and 90kg ha-1 and for wheat zero, 30 and 60kg ha-1. The amount of soil mineral N decreased quickly after application of N fertilization. The soil´s mineral N content was related to the rates and time of application. The N application time, considering the same rates, splitted or not, didn't influence dry matter production, N accumulation and grain yield. These parameters increase with the rate of N application. The splitting of the N fertilization, part at the seeding time and part as topdressing, is the safest way to minimize the N losses and to maximize the use of N by corn and wheat plants.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a disponibilidade de N para as culturas de milho e trigo com diferentes métodos de adubação nitrogenada. O estudo foi realizado na Universidade de Cruz Alta, em Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico argiloso, com seis anos no sistema plantio direto. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por combinações de diferentes épocas e doses de aplicação de N. As épocas foram: em pré-semeadura, na semeadura das culturas e em cobertura. As doses foram: zero, 30 e 90kg ha-1 de N para a cultura do milho e zero, 30 e 60kg ha-1 de N para a cultura do trigo. Os valores de N mineral no solo foram afetados pelas doses e épocas das aplicações. A quantidade de N mineral no solo proveniente da adubação nitrogenada na cultura do milho diminuiu rapidamente após a aplicação. A época de aplicação de N, considerando a mesma dose, seja parcelada ou não, não influenciou a produção de matéria seca, N acumulado e produtividade de grãos. Foi observada variação somente entre as doses totais aplicadas, independentemente das épocas. As maiores produtividades de grãos foram obtidas com a utilização das doses mais elevadas de N. Em termos gerais, observou-se que a aplicação parcelada de N, na semeadura e em cobertura, conferiu as melhores produtividades, possivelmente devido a menores perdas de N e a maximização da absorção de N pelas plantas de milho e de trigo.