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Abstract Objectives This study aimed to assess the prevalence of oral lesions in patients living with HIV infection and their association with CD4 count, viral load, and antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 161 patients attending the… All the patients were examined for their oral lesions, current CD4 counts, type, and duration of the therapy. Data analyses were carried out using Chi-Square, Student T/Mann-Whitney, and logistic regression tests. Results Oral lesions were observed in 58.39% of patients with HIV. Periodontal disease with 78 (48.45%) or without mobility 79 (49.07%) was observed more frequently, followed by hyperpigmentation of oral mucosa 23 (14.29%), Linear Gingival Erythema (LGE) 15 (9.32%), candidiasis pseudomembranous 14 (8.70%). Oral Hairy Leukoplakia (OHL) was observed only in 3 (1.86%). A relationship between periodontal disease with dental mobility and smoking was found (p = 0.04), as well duration of treatment (p = 1.53e-3) and age (p = 0.02). Hyperpigmentation was related to race (p = 0.01) and smoking (p = 1.30e-6). CD4 count, CD4:CD8 ratio, viral load, or type of treatment were not associated with oral lesions. Logistic regression showed that the duration of treatment has a protective effect on the periodontal disease with dental mobility (OR = 0.28 [−2.27 to −0.25]; p-value = 0.03), independent of age or smoking. To hyperpigmentation, the best model included smoking (OR = 8.47 [1.18-3.10], p = 1.31e-5), without race or type and duration of treatment. Conclusion Among HIV patients undergoing antiretroviral treatment, oral lesions can be observed, predominantly periodontal disease. Pseudomembranous candidiasis and oral hairy leukoplakia were also observed. No relationship was found between associated oral manifestations in HIV patients and the start of the treatment, TCD4+ and TCD8+ cell count, TCD4:TCD8 ratio, or viral load. The data indicate that there is a protective effect of duration of treatment with relation to periodontal disease with mobility and that hyperpigmentation seems to be more related to smoking than type and duration of treatment. Level of evidence Level 3 (OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group*. "The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence").

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OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of oral lesions in patients living with HIV infection and their association with CD4 count, viral load, and antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 161 patients attending the… All the patients were examined for their oral lesions, current CD4 counts, type, and duration of the therapy. Data analyses were carried out using Chi-Square, Student T/Mann-Whitney, and logistic regression tests. RESULTS: Oral lesions were observed in 58.39% of patients with HIV. Periodontal disease with 78 (48.45%) or without mobility 79 (49.07%) was observed more frequently, followed by hyperpigmentation of oral mucosa 23 (14.29%), Linear Gingival Erythema (LGE) 15 (9.32%), candidiasis pseudomembranous 14 (8.70%). Oral Hairy Leukoplakia (OHL) was observed only in 3 (1.86%). A relationship between periodontal disease with dental mobility and smoking was found (p=0.04), as well duration of treatment (p=1.53e-3) and age (p=0.02). Hyperpigmentation was related to race (p=0.01) and smoking (p=1.30e-6). CD4 count, CD4:CD8 ratio, viral load, or type of treatment were not associated with oral lesions. Logistic regression showed that the duration of treatment has a protective effect on the periodontal disease with dental mobility (OR = 0.28 [-2.27 to -0.25]; p-value=0.03), independent of age or smoking. To hyperpigmentation, the best model included smoking (OR=8.47 [1.18-3.10], p= 1.31e-5), without race or type and duration of treatment. CONCLUSION: Among HIV patients undergoing antiretroviral treatment, oral lesions can be observed, predominantly periodontal disease. Pseudomembranous candidiasis and oral hairy leukoplakia were also observed. No relationship was found between associated oral manifestations in HIV patients and the start of the treatment, TCD4+ and TCD8+ cell count, TCD4:TCD8 ratio, or viral load. The data indicate that there is a protective effect of duration of treatment with relation to periodontal disease with mobility and that hyperpigmentation seems to be more related to smoking than type and duration of treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3 (OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group*. "The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence").

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Resumo Objetivo Analisar as produções científicas acerca da eficácia de intervenções utilizando a entrevista motivacional para adesão à terapia antirretroviral por pessoas com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana. Métodos Revisão sistemática realizada em quatro bases de dados, o MEDLINE, CINAHL, IBECS, LILACS, e em uma biblioteca eletrônica, a SciELO, sem restrição de idioma, data e tamanho amostral. O levantamento de artigos foi realizado em setembro de 2021, utilizando-se os descritores Motivational Interviewing, HIV, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome e Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active. Foram incluídos artigos do tipo ensaio clínico randomizado, com amostra de pessoas com vírus da imunodeficiência humana maiores de 18 anos, e excluídas pesquisas envolvendo crianças, adolescentes e gestantes. Dez artigos foram selecionados e analisados quanto ao rigor e características de cada estudo. Resultados A entrevista motivacional foi aplicada presencialmente e associada à chamada telefônica, visita domiciliar, fitas de áudio, encartes informativos, aconselhamento, teorias cognitivas-comportamentais e cognitivas-sociais. Os estudos incluídos nesta revisão evidenciaram que as intervenções utilizando a entrevista motivacional aumentaram a adesão aos antirretrovirais por pessoas com vírus da imunodeficiência humana. Conclusão O estudo contribuiu para identificar os dados existentes sobre a eficácia de intervenções com a entrevista motivacional, com foco na adesão à terapia antirretroviral por pessoas com vírus da imunodeficiência humana, tornando visíveis os pontos que precisam ser aprofundados e mostrando a importância desta estratégia, que pode ser utilizada pelos enfermeiros e demais profissionais de saúde, visando o bem-estar dos pacientes. International Prospective Register Systematic Reviews: CRD42019123724

Resumen Objetivo Analizar las producciones científicas sobre la eficacia de las intervenciones que utilizan la entrevista motivacional para la adhesión al tratamiento antirretroviral de personas con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Métodos Revisión sistemática realizada en cuatro bases de datos, MEDLINE, CINAHL, IBECS, LILACS, y en una biblioteca electrónica, SciELO, sin restricción de idioma, fecha, ni tamaño de la muestra. La recopilación de archivos fue realizada en septiembre de 2021, con los descriptores Motivational Interviewing, HIV, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome y Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active. Se incluyeron artículos tipo ensayo clínico aleatorizado, con muestreo de personas con virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana mayores de 18 años; y se excluyeron estudios que incluían niños, adolescentes y mujeres embarazadas. Se seleccionaron diez artículos y se analizó el rigor y características de cada estudio. Resultados La entrevista motivacional se realizó presencialmente y estuvo relacionada con llamadas telefónicas, visitas domiciliares, cintas de audio, suplementos informativos, asesoramiento, teorías cognitivas conductuales y cognitivas sociales. Los estudios incluidos en esta revisión evidenciaron que las intervenciones que utilizan la entrevista motivacional aumentaron la adhesión a los antirretrovirales de personas con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Conclusión El estudio ayudó a identificar los datos existentes sobre la eficacia de intervenciones con entrevistas motivacionales, con énfasis en la adhesión al tratamiento antirretroviral de personas con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, se visibilizaron los puntos en los que es necesario profundizar y se mostró la importancia de esta estrategia, que puede ser utilizada por enfermeros y demás profesionales de la salud, para el bienestar de los pacientes.

Abstract Objective To analyze scientific productions about the effectiveness of interventions using motivational interviewing for adherence to antiretroviral therapy by people with the human immunodeficiency virus. Methods This is a systematic review carried out in four databases, MEDLINE, CINAHL, IBECS, LILACS, and in an electronic library, SciELO, without language, date and sample size restrictions. The survey of articles was carried out in September 2021, using the descriptors Motivational Interviewing, HIV, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active. Randomized clinical trial articles were included, with a sample of people with human immunodeficiency virus over 18 years old, and research involving children, adolescents and pregnant women was excluded. Ten articles were selected and analyzed regarding the rigor and characteristics of each study. Results Motivational interviewing was applied in person and associated with a telephone call, home visit, audio tapes, informational inserts, counseling, cognitive-behavioral and cognitive-social theories. The studies included in this review showed that interventions using motivational interviewing increased adherence to antiretrovirals by people with human immunodeficiency virus. Conclusion The study contributed to identify existing data on the effectiveness of interventions with motivational interviewing, focusing on adherence to antiretroviral therapy by people with human immunodeficiency virus, making visible the points that need to be deepened and showing the importance of this strategy, which can be used by nurses and other health professionals, aiming at patients' well-being.International Prospective Register Systematic Reviews: CRD42019123724

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Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a efetividade de uma cartilha educativa para promoção do estilo de vida saudável e adesão aos antirretrovirais em pessoas com HIV. Métodos Ensaio clínico randomizado em ambulatório de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, com 70 pacientes no grupo intervenção e 74 no controle. Critérios de inclusão: pessoas com HIV maiores de 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, em terapia antirretroviral por mais de seis meses, ter telefone fixo ou celular, e 35 ou mais pontos na Escala de Letramento em Saúde. A coleta de dados ocorreu em quatro momentos, utilizando-se a Escala de Perfil do Estilo de Vida Individual e o Questionário para Avaliação da Adesão ao Tratamento Antirretroviral. O grupo controle recebeu a consulta médica de rotina, e o grupo intervenção, além da consulta de rotina, realizou a leitura da cartilha em consultório, e depois levou-a para o domicílio. Na estatística, utilizou-se análise de variância não paramétrica de medidas repetidas. Resultados A maioria dos participantes tinha estilo de vida insatisfatório na avaliação basal. A cartilha melhorou o estilo de vida dos pacientes após dois (P<0,001), quatro (P<0,001) e seis meses (P<0,001) da intervenção, quando comparados os diferentes tempos ao valor basal e ao controle. Houve melhora dos escores de adesão aos antirretrovirais no grupo intervenção quando comparado à linha de base (P<0,001) e ao controle (P<0,001). Conclusão A cartilha foi efetiva para promover estilo de vida saudável e melhorar a adesão aos antirretrovirais em pessoas com HIV, portanto, pode complementar as consultas ambulatoriais. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (ReBEC): RBR-7p6vsr

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar la efectividad de una cartilla educativa para la promoción del estilo de vida saludable y adhesión a los antirretrovirales para personas con VIH. Métodos Ensayo clínico aleatorizado en consultorios externos de Fortaleza, estado de Ceará, Brasil, con 70 pacientes en el grupo experimental y 74 en el de control. Criterios de inclusión: personas con VIH mayores de 18 años, de ambos sexos, en tratamiento antirretroviral por más de seis meses, con teléfono fijo o celular y con 35 puntos o más en la Escala de Alfabetización en Salud. La recolección de datos se realizó en cuatro momentos, mediante la Escala de Perfil del Estilo de Vida y el Cuestionario para la Evaluación de la Adhesión al Tratamiento Antirretroviral. El grupo de control recibió una consulta médica de rutina, y el grupo experimental, además de la consulta de rutina, leyó la cartilla en el consultorio y después se la llevó a su casa. En la estadística, se usó el análisis de varianza no paramétrico de medidas repetidas. Resultados La mayoría de los participantes tenía un estilo de vida insatisfactorio en la evaluación de base. La cartilla mejoró el estilo de vida de los pacientes después de dos (P<0,001), cuatro (P<0,001) y seis meses (P<0,001) de la intervención, si se lo compara con los diferentes tiempos al valor de base y al control. Se observó una mejora de la puntuación de adhesión a los antirretrovirales en el grupo experimental si se lo compara con la línea de base (P<0,001) y con el control (P<0,001). Conclusión La cartilla fue efectiva para promover un estilo de vida saludable y mejorar la adhesión a los antirretrovirales en personas con VIH; por lo tanto, puede complementar las consultas de los consultorios externos.

Abstract Objective To assess the effectiveness of an educational booklet to promote healthy lifestyle and antiretroviral compliance in people with HIV. Methods This is a randomized clinical trial at an outpatient clinic in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, with 70 patients in the intervention group and 74 in the control group. People with HIV over 18 years of age, of both sexes, on antiretroviral therapy for more than six months, with a landline or cell phone, and 35 or more points on the Health Literacy Scale were included. Data collection took place in four moments, using the Individual Lifestyle Profile Scale and the Assessment of Antiretroviral Therapy Compliance Questionnaire (Cuestionario para la Evaluación de la Adhesión al Tratamiento Antirretroviral). The control group received routine medical consultation, and the intervention group, in addition to routine consultation, read the booklet in the office, and then took it home. Non-parametric analysis of variance of repeated measures was used for statistics. Results Most participants had an unsatisfactory lifestyle at baseline. The booklet improved patients' lifestyle after two (P<0.001), four (P<0.001) and six months (P<0.001) of intervention, when comparing the different times to baseline and control. There was an improvement in antiretroviral compliance scores in the intervention group when compared to baseline (P<0.001) and control (P<0.001). Conclusion The booklet was effective in promoting a healthy lifestyle and improving antiretroviral compliance in people with HIV, therefore, it can complement outpatient consultations. Brazilian Clinical Trial Registry (ReBEC): RBR-7p6vsr

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ABSTRACT The therapeutic management, as well as the HIV virus itself, has been associated with alterations at the bone level, which may also have a relationship with the maxillomandibular alveolar processes and potential development of periodontal diseases, especially periodontitis. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the periodontal health condition of young adults living with HIV/AIDS, through the measurement of the Periodontal Clinical Insertion Level (CAL) and to raise general data on the health conditions facing HIV and on the quality of life of this audience. Methods: Data were collected at a Reference Center for STI/AIDS in São Paulo - SP, Brazil. The method used was guided by previously validated indicators. In total, 31 individuals aged between 20 and 24 years, both genders and using TAAP were evaluated. For the analyses, the Excel Microsoft® software was used. Results: There was a prevalence of periodontitis in the assessed public of 45.17%. In view of the quality of life, the public was classified as "Regular" and no cases of Necrozing Periodontitis were observed, which is strongly associated with HIV infection. Conclusions: The evaluated public showed a high prevalence of periodontitis, which reinforces the importance of Dentistry in monitoring People Living with HIV/AIDS, in order to prevent the worsening of periodontal diseases.

RESUMO O manejo terapêutico, bem como o próprio vírus do HIV tem sido associados à quadros de alterações em nível ósseo, podendo ter uma relação também com os processos alveolares maxilo-mandibulares e potencial desenvolvimento de quadros de doenças periodontais, em especial a periodontite. Objetivo: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a condição da saúde periodontal de indivíduos adultos jovens vivendo com HIV/AIDS, por meio da aferição do Nível de Inserção Clínica Periodontal e levantar dados gerais sobre as condições de saúde frente ao HIV e sobre a qualidade de vida desse público. Os dados foram coletados em um Centro de Referência em IST/AIDS de São Paulo - SP, Brasil. Métodos: O método empregado teve como guia norteadora indicadores previamente validados. No total, foram avaliados 31 indivíduos com idades entre 20 e 24 anos, ambos os gêneros e em uso da terapia antirretroviral. Para as análises foi utilizado o software Excel Microsoft®. Resultados: Foi observado uma prevalência de periodontite no público avaliado de 45,17%. Frente a qualidade de vida o público foi classificado como "Regular" e não foi observado quadros de Periodontite Necrozante, que está fortemente associado a infecção pelo HIV. Conclusão: O público avaliado apresentou alta prevalência de periodontite, o que reforça a importância da Odontologia no acompanhamento das Pessoas Vivendo com HIV/Aids, no sentido de prevenir o agravamento dos quadros de doenças periodontais.

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ABSTRACT Introduction The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic remains an important issue. In 2020, approximately 37.7 million people were living with the disease and there were more than 680 thousand deaths due to complications linked to the disease. Despite these exorbitant numbers, the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy has marked a new era, changing the epidemiological profile of the infection and related pathologies, including neoplasms. Objective We performed a literature review to assess the role of neoplasms in patients with HIV after the introduction of antiretroviral therapy. Methods A literature review was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method, searching the MEDLINE, LILACS, and COCHRANE databases for articles published from 2010 onwards. Results Using specific key terms, 1,341 articles were identified; two were duplicates, 107 were selected for full-text evaluation, and 20 were included in the meta-analysis. The selected studies included 2,605,869 patients. Fifteen of the 20 articles indicated a reduction in the global incidence of AIDS-defining neoplasms and 12 indicated an overall increase in non-AIDS-defining cancers after the introduction of antiretrovirals. This growth trend could be explained by a range of factors including the aging population with HIV, risky behaviors, and coinfection with oncogenic viruses. Conclusions There was a decreasing trend in the incidence of AIDS-defining neoplasms and increasing trend in non-AIDS-defining neoplasms. However, the carcinogenic effect of antiretrovirals could not be confirmed. In addition, studies focusing on the oncogenic role of HIV and screening for neoplasms in individuals with HIV are required.

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ABSTRACT Objective To compare viral suppression in treatment-naïve adults starting antiretroviral therapy with dolutegravir (50mg)- and efavirenz (600mg)-based regimens. Methods We analyzed secondary data from Brazilian health information systems of people living with human immunodeficiency virus who started antiretroviral therapy between 2015 and 2017 in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The outcome was viral suppression, defined as the achievement of the first viral load <50 copies/mL within 12 months after initiating antiretroviral therapy. This outcome was also compared with viral load <1,000 copies/mL and analyzed in two scenarios: intention-to-treat versus per-protocol. Time to viral suppression and adjusted odds ratio accompanied by 95% confidence intervals were estimated. Results Of the 2,599 participants enrolled, 77.5% were men, and the median age was 34 years. In the intention-to-treat analysis, viral suppression was 58.1% for efavirenz and 76.7% for dolutegravir. People living with HIV on dolutegravir-based regimen were more likely to achieve viral suppression (aOR: 2.44; 95%CI: 2.01-2.95) and had a shorter median time to viral suppression (p<0.0001). Antiretroviral therapy initiation within <120 days, baseline CD4⁺T-cells ≥200 cells/mm3, and viral load <100,000 copies/mL had higher odds of viral suppression. According to the per-protocol analysis, viral suppression ≥90% was observed by considering viral load <1,000 copies/mL. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that viral suppression improved after introducing dolutegravir, although the proportion of patients with viral load <50 copies/mL was lower than expected. Improved access to routine viral load examinations and continuous surveillance of the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy should be considered.

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RESUMO A terapia antirretroviral interfere na replicação do vírus HIV, impede a progressão da infecção para a Aids e previne a mortalidade precoce das crianças infectadas. Esta pesquisa investigou o perfil sociodemográfico e os parâmetros relacionados com o tratamento antirretroviral das crianças HIV positivas residentes no estado do Paraná. Trata-se de um estudo observacional descritivo e analítico realizado com dados secundários do ano de 2020 referentes às crianças com até 12 anos de idade. Foram investigados: perfil, prevalência, medicamentos em uso, abandono da terapia, resistência e supressão viral. Foram identificadas 148 crianças, com uma prevalência igual a 8,1/100 mil no Paraná. Apesar de todas as crianças diagnosticadas com HIV terem iniciado o tratamento, 17,2% encontravam-se em abandono da terapia antirretroviral. Entre as crianças que permaneciam em tratamento, 9,8% não atingiram a supressão viral e suas cargas virais comumente ultrapassavam mil cópias virais/mL. Houve um predomínio de esquemas medicamentosos provavelmente prescritos após falhas terapêuticas. Os resultados indicam que o Paraná apresenta bons resultados quanto ao início rápido da terapia e à supressão viral das crianças. Entretanto, existe um número considerável de abandonos da terapia e de falhas terapêuticas, indicando a necessidade de reforçar a vinculação desta população aos serviços de saúde.

ABSTRACT Antiretroviral therapy interferes with the replication of the HIV virus, stops the progression of infection, and prevents early mortality in infected children. This research investigated the sociodemographic profile and parameters related to the antiretroviral treatment of HIV positive children living in the state of Paraná. This is a descriptive observational and analytical study, carried out with secondary data from the year 2020, referring to children up to 12 years of age. The profile, prevalence, medicines in use, treatment abandonment, viral resistance, and viral suppression were investigated. A total of 148 children were identified, with a prevalence equal to 8.1/100,000 in Paraná. All infants had begun their treatment, but 17,2% abandoned it. Among children who remained on treatment, 9.8% did not achieve viral suppression and their viral loads commonly exceeded 1000 viral copies/mL. There was a predominance of drug regimens probably prescribed after treatment failures. The results indicate that Paraná presents good results in terms of rapid initiation of therapy and viral suppression in children. However, there is a considerable number of abandonments of therapy and therapeutic failures, indicating the need to strengthen the link between this population and health services.

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Objetivo: analisar a associação da adesão à terapia antirretroviral em adultos com HIV/Aids e as dimensões das vulnerabilidades. Métodos: estudo quantitativo, com 230 pacientes de serviço especializado, por meio de questionários de avaliação da adesão ao tratamento, com dados submetidos à análise estatística inferencial. Resultados: dos pacientes, 44,3% apresentaram boa/adequada adesão com elementos da vulnerabilidade individual: apoio para conversar/desabafar sobre o problema de saúde (p=0,002); apoio para se divertir ou fazer atividade de lazer (p=0,000); e deixar de tomar a medicação devido à alteração na prescrição médica (p=0,018); social: sexo (p=0,005); nível de instrução (p=0,010); renda familiar (p=0,034); e condição empregatícia (p=0,007); e programática: acesso ao serviço (p=0,005); recebimento de informações (p=0,039); comunicação com os profissionais (p=0,024); educação em saúde (p=0,013); e deixar de tomar a medicação por não tê-la (p=0,039). Conclusão: a adesão foi classificada como boa/adequada e apontam-se elementos de vulnerabilidades que fragilizam ou potencializam a adesão.

Objective: to examine how adherence to antiretroviral therapy among adults with HIV/Aids associated with dimensions of vulnerability. Methods: this quantitative study of 230 patients in a specialized service used questionnaires to assess adherence to treatment. The resulting data were submitted to inferential analysis. Results: adherence was good/adequate in 44.3% of patients and associated with elements of vulnerability, which could be individual: support to talk or vent about the health problem (p = 0.002), support for fun or leisure activities (p = 0.000), and for not taking medication due to a change in medical prescription (p = 0.018); social: sex (p = 0.005); education level (p = 0.010), family income (p = 0.034), and employment status (p = 0.007); or program-related: access to the service (p = 0.005), receiving information (p = 0.039), communication with professionals (p = 0.024), health education (p = 0.013), and not taking medication for not having them (p = 0.039). Conclusion: Adherence was classified as good or adequate, and pointed to elements of vulnerability that weaken or strengthen adherence.

Objetivo: analizar la asociación de la adherencia a la terapia antirretroviral en adultos con VIH/SIDA y las dimensiones de las vulnerabilidades. Métodos: estudio cuantitativo, junto a 230 pacientes de servicios especializados, mediante cuestionarios para evaluar la adherencia al tratamiento, cuyos datos se sometieron al análisis estadístico inferencial. Resultados: el 44,3% de los pacientes tuvo buena / adecuada adherencia con elementos de vulnerabilidad individual: apoyo para hablar o desahogarse sobre el problema de salud (p = 0,002); apoyo para divertirse o realizar actividades de ocio (p = 0,000) y no tomar medicación por cambio de prescripción médica (p = 0,018); social: sexo (p = 0,005); nivel educativo (p = 0,010); ingresos familiares (p = 0,034) y situación laboral (p = 0,007); y programática: acceso al servicio (p = 0,005); recibir información (p = 0.039); comunicación con profesionales (p = 0,024); educación en salud (p = 0,013) y no tomar medicamentos por no tenerlos (p = 0,039). Conclusión: La adherencia se clasificó como buena / adecuada y se señalan elementos de vulnerabilidades que debilitan o mejoran la adherencia.

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RESUMEN Fundamento La infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana/sida continúa siendo un problema de salud a pesar de la reducción de sus tasas de incidencia. Objetivo describir el comportamiento del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana/sida en la provincia Cienfuegos en el período 2014-2019. Métodos se realizó un estudio descriptivo, con un universo de 556 pacientes diagnosticados con el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana. Se utilizaron las series cronológicas de casos y se analizaron las variables incidencia, prevalencia, edad, sexo, accesibilidad al tratamiento antirretroviral y transmisión materno infantil. Se calcularon, además, tasas y por cientos. Resultados predominaron los pacientes de 25 a 49 años de edad, quienes representaron un 67 %. Se observó tendencia al descenso en las tasas de incidencia de la enfermedad en la provincia. Al concluir 2019, el 98,2% de los pacientes se encontraba bajo tratamiento antirretroviral. No se reportó transmisión materno infantil en el período de estudio. Conclusión El estudio realizado evidenció las características de la epidemia de virus de inmunodeficiencia humana/sida en la provincia de Cienfuegos durante el periodo de estudio, la cual mostró tendencia a la reducción de sus tasas de incidencia, así como el acceso garantizado al tratamiento antirretroviral, que, unido a los protocolos de atención, ha permitido eliminar la transmisión materno infantil.

ABSTRACT Background Human immunodeficiency virus infection/AIDS continues to be a health problem despite the reduction in its incidence rates. Objective to describe the behavior of the human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS in the Cienfuegos province from 2014 to 2019. Methods a descriptive study was carried out, 556 patients were studied and diagnosed with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Chronological series of cases were used and the variables incidence, prevalence, age, sex, accessibility to antiretroviral treatment and mother-to-child transmission were analyzed. Rates and percentages were also calculated. Results patients from 25 to 49 years of age predominated, who represented 67%. A downward trend was observed in the incidence rates of the disease in the province. At the end of 2019, 98.2% of patients were under antiretroviral treatment. No mother-to-child transmission was reported in the study period. Conclusion The study carried out evidenced the characteristics of the human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS epidemic in the Cienfuegos province during the study period, which showed a tendency to reduce its incidence rates, as well as guaranteed access to antiretroviral treatment, which, together with care protocols, has made it possible to eliminate mother-to-child transmission.

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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with HIV/syphilis co-infection in people initiating antiretroviral therapy in Belo Horizonte, capital of the state of Minas Gerais. METHODS A sectional section of a prospective cohort study was carried out with people living with HIV, treatment-naive, initiating antiretroviral therapy, older than 16 years, and in follow-up treatment at specialized HIV/Aids care services in Belo Horizonte. Sociodemographic, behavioral, clinical, laboratory and pharmacological treatment-related data were obtained through interviews, medical records, and information systems for logistical control of antiretroviral medications and laboratory tests. The dependent variable was the first episode of active syphilis, recorded by the physician in clinical records, within 12 months after beginning of the antiretroviral therapy. Factors associated with HIV/syphilis co-infection were assessed using binary multiple logistic regression. RESULTS Among the 459 individuals included, a prevalence of 19.5% (n = 90) of sexually transmitted infections (STI) was observed, with syphilis (n = 49) being the most frequent STI in these individuals. The prevalence of HIV/syphilis co-infection was 10.6% (n = 49), and the associated independent factors were alcohol use (OR = 2.30; 95%CI: 1.01-5.26), and having a diagnosis of other sexually transmitted infections (OR = 3.33; 95%CI: 1.24-8.95). CONCLUSIONS There was a high prevalence of HIV/syphilis co-infection in people living with HIV initiating antiretroviral therapy in Belo Horizonte. HIV/syphilis co-infection was associated with behavioral and clinical factors, such as alcohol use and diagnosis of other sexually transmitted infections. Prior knowledge about the factors associated with this co-infection may support the decisions of health professionals engaged in the care to people living with HIV, with regard to timely diagnosis, guidance, follow-up and adequate treatment, both for syphilis and HIV.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados à coinfecção HIV/sífilis em pessoas no início da terapia antirretroviral no município de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. MÉTODOS Foi realizado um corte seccional de um estudo de coorte prospectivo, com pessoas vivendo com HIV, sem tratamento prévio da infecção, em início da terapia antirretroviral, maiores de 16 anos e em acompanhamento em serviços de assistência especializada em HIV/aids de Belo Horizonte. Dados sociodemográficos, comportamentais, clínicos, laboratoriais e relacionados ao tratamento farmacológico foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas, coleta em prontuários clínicos e nos sistemas de informação de controle de medicamentos antirretrovirais e exames laboratoriais. A variável dependente foi o primeiro episódio de sífilis ativa, registrado pelo médico em prontuário clínico, em um período de 12 meses após início da terapia antirretroviral. Os fatores associados à coinfecção HIV/sífilis foram avaliados por meio de regressão logística binária múltipla. RESULTADOS Dentre os 459 indivíduos avaliados, observou-se uma prevalência de 19,5% (n = 90) de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis, sendo a sífilis (n = 49) a infecção sexualmente transmissível mais frequente nesses indivíduos. A prevalência da coinfecção HIV/sífilis foi de 10,6% (n = 49) e os fatores independentes associados foram o uso de álcool (OR = 2,30; IC95% 1,01-5,26) e ter diagnóstico de outras infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (OR = 3,33; IC95% 1,24-8,95). CONCLUSÕES Houve alta prevalência de coinfecção HIV/sífilis em pessoas vivendo com HIV em início de terapia antirretroviral em Belo Horizonte. A coinfecção HIV/sífilis foi associada a fatores comportamentais e clínicos, como uso de álcool e diagnóstico de outras infecções sexualmente transmissíveis. O conhecimento prévio sobre os fatores associados à essa coinfecção pode subsidiar as decisões dos profissionais de saúde inseridos no cuidado às pessoas vivendo com HIV, no que diz respeito ao diagnóstico oportuno, orientações, acompanhamento e tratamento adequado, tanto da sífilis quanto do HIV.

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ABSTRACT Objective To characterize the epidemiological profile of patients aged 50 years or older diagnosed as HIV/AIDS, in a Specialized Service of the Public Health System. Methods A retrospective cohort study using secondary data from medical records in the period 2014 to 2018. Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, and features related to treatment adherence were organized in a database. Quantitative variables were expressed as mean (or median) ± standard deviation (or interquartile range), and categorical variables expressed as number and percentage of patients. The Kaplan-Meier method was applied to assess the probability of overall specific survival. Results Of the 241 initially eligible patients, 149 patients were evaluated, registering 19 deaths in the studied period. There was a predominance of males aged 50-59 years, with severe immunodeficiency upon admission (29.7%), and with a CD4+ T lymphocyte count below 200 cells in 62 (46.3%) of patients. Elderly people aged 61 or over were more adherent. There was an increase in the CD4+ T lymphocyte count by an average of 139.63 in the first 6 months, and 50.51 from the first 6 months to 12 months of follow-up, with an average increase in the first 12 months of 157.63 cells. Specific overall survival in the period was 85%. Conclusion Patients older than 50 years had an immune response and no viral load detection in the 12-month period, deserving further studies to improve survival.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in timing of ART initiation for newly diagnosed people living with HIV before and after Haiti adopted its Test and Start policy for universal HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) in July 2016, and to explore predictors of timely ART initiation for both newly and previously diagnosed people living with HIV following Test and Start adoption. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study explored timing of ART initiation among 147 900 patients diagnosed with HIV at 94 ART clinics in 2004-2018 using secondary electronic medical record data. The study used survival analysis methods to assess time trends and risk factors for ART initiation. RESULTS: Timely uptake of ART expanded with Test and Start, such that same-day ART initiation rates increased from 3.7% to 45.0%. However, only 11.0% of previously diagnosed patients initiated ART after Test and Start. In adjusted analyses among newly diagnosed people living with HIV, factors negatively associated with timely ART initiation included being a pediatric patient aged 0-14 years (HR = 0.23, p < 0.001), being male (HR = 0.92, p = 0.03), being 50+ years (HR = 0.87, p = 0.03), being underweight (HR = 0.79, p < 0.001), and having WHO stage 3 (HR = 0.73, p < 0.001) or stage 4 disease (HR = 0.49, p < 0.001). Variation in timely ART initiation by geographic department and health facility was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Haiti has made substantial progress in scaling up Test and Start, but further work is needed to enroll previously diagnosed patients and to ensure rapid ART in key patient subgroups. Further research is needed on facility and geographic factors and on strategies for improving timely ART initiation among vulnerable subgroups.

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RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular a cinco y a diez años en pacientes con infección por VIH en terapia antirretroviral, por medio de las escalas Framingham y Data collection on Adverse Effects of Anti-HIV Drugs Study. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional de corte transversal y prospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes con infección por el VIH en tratamiento antirretroviral de un centro de referencia para pacientes con VIH, entre el 1 de enero y el 30 de abril de 2019. Se realizó evaluación del riesgo cardiovascular a cinco y a diez años a través de los modelos de predicción de Framingham y la escala Data collection on Adverse Effects of Anti-HIV Drugs Study (DAD), y una comparación entre ellos a través de modelos estadísticos. Resultados: Se incluyeron 159 pacientes, con un promedio de edad de 48,90 años ± 9,90. La media de valoración del riesgo cardiovascular por escala de Framingham a 5 años fue de 2,70 % ± 2,80; Framingham a 10 años fue 6,10 % ± 5,70; DAD a 5 años, 3,50 % ± 4,10; DAD a 10 años, de 6,90 % ± 7,70; y el riesgo escala de Framingham a 10 años recalculado para Colombia (multiplicado por 0,75) fue de 4,50 ± 4,20. A través de un modelo de regresión logística, se determinó que la puntuación con mayor número de variables significativamente relacionadas con el resultado de riesgo cardiovascular alto es el modelo DAD a 10 años. Conclusiones: El estudio evidenció una diferencia significativa, con mayor riesgo estimado de enfermedad cardiovascular al utilizar el modelo DAD en comparación con el Framingham, tanto para la estimación a cinco años como a diez.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the five- and ten-year cardiovascular disease risk in HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy, using the Framingham risk score and the Data collection on adverse effects of anti-HIV drugs (D:A:D) study. Materials and methods: An observational prospective cross-sectional study. HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral treatment from a referral center for HIV patients were included in the study between January 1 and April 30, 2019. A five- and ten-year cardiovascular risk assessment was performed using the Framingham risk score and the D:A:D study. Additionally, both risk models were compared through statistical models. Results: The study population consisted of 159 patients with a mean age of 48.90 years ± 9.90. The mean cardiovascular risk according to the five-year Framingham risk score was 2.70 % ± 2.80, the ten-year Framingham risk score was 6.10 % ± 5.70, the five-year D:A:D study was 3.50 % ± 4.10, the ten-year D:A:D study was 6.90 % ± 7.70, and the ten-year Framingham risk score recalculated for Colombia (multiplied by 0.75) was 4.50 % ± 4.20. Using a logistic regression model, it was determined that the ten-year D:A:D study provided the greatest number of variables significantly related to a high cardiovascular risk. Conclusions: The study showed a significant difference between the risk models. Both the five- and ten-year D:A:D study provided a better cardiovascular disease risk estimation than the five- and ten-year Framingham model.

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Abstract | Cystoisospora belli is an intestinal Apicomplexan parasite associated with diarrheal illness and disseminated infections in humans, mainly immunocompromised individuals such as those living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). An irregular administration of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV patients may increase the risk of opportunistic infections like cystoisosporiasis. We describe here a case of C. belli infection in a Colombian HIV patient with chronic gastrointestinal syndrome and poor adherence to HAART. His clinical and parasitological cure was achieved with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole treatment. Although a reduction in the number of C. belli cases has been observed since the use of HAART, this parasite still has to be considered as a differential diagnosis of diarrheal disease in HIV/AIDS patients. Effective interventions enhancing adherence to HAART should be included in HIV patient care programs.

Resumen | Cystoisospora belli es un parásito intestinal del filo Apicomplexa asociado con enfermedades diarreicas e infecciones diseminadas en humanos, principalmente en individuos inmunocomprometidos, como aquellos infectados con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (HIV) o el síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (sida). El cumplimiento inadecuado de la terapia antirretroviral de gran actividad (TARGA) puede aumentar el riego de infecciones oportunistas, incluida la cistoisosporiasis. Se describe el caso de infección por C. belli en un paciente colombiano con HIV, que presentó un síndrome gastrointestinal crónico e incumplía el tratamiento con la TARGA. Después del diagnóstico parasitológico, el paciente fue tratado con trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol, lográndose la recuperación clínica y la cura parasitológica. Aunque se ha observado una reducción en el número de casos de C. belli desde la implementación de la TARGA, este parásito aún debe considerarse en el diagnóstico diferencial de las enfermedades diarreicas en pacientes con HIV/sida. Los programas de atención deben incluir intervenciones efectivas que potencien el cumplimiento de la TARGA en estos pacientes.

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Objetivo: analisar a representação social da terapia antirretroviral para pessoas vivendo com HIV. Método: estudo qualitativo, com a utilização da teoria das representações sociais. A coleta de dados incluiu 50 participantes, sendo realizada de fevereiro a setembro de 2020, utilizando um questionário de caracterização sociodemográfica e um formulário para evocações livres. O cenário do estudo foi uma unidade de tratamento de HIV na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. A análise dos dados foi realizada pelo software EVOC. Resultados: o núcleo central da representação da terapia antirretroviral reforça o controle do HIV e a imagem do medicamento como algo bom. Conclusão: a estrutura representacional sugere que o grupo tende à normalização da terapia antirretroviral, fazendo referência a um medicamento que controla o HIV. O estudo possibilitou reconhecer os diferentes conteúdos representacionais da terapia antirretroviral para o grupo estudado, além da variada complexidade entre as imagens identificadas.

Objective: analyzing the social representation of antiretroviral therapy for people living with HIV. Method: a qualitative study using the Theory of Social Representations. Data collection included 50 participants, being performed from February to September 2020 using a sociodemographic characterization questionnaire and a form for free evocations. The study scenario was an HIV treatment unit in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. Data analysis was performed by the EVOC software. Results: the central nucleus of the representation of antiretroviral therapy reinforces HIV control and the image of the drug as something good. Conclusion: the representational structure suggests that the group tends to normalize antiretroviral therapy, referring to a drug that controls HIV. The study made it possible to recognize the different representational contents of antiretroviral therapy for the studied group, in addition to the varied complexity among the images identified.

Objetivo: analizar la representación social de la terapia antirretroviral para las personas que viven con el VIH. Método: un estudio cualitativo utilizando la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales. La recolección de datos incluyó a 50 participantes, realizándolos de febrero a septiembre de 2020 utilizando un cuestionario de caracterización sociodemográfica y un formulario para evocaciones libres. El escenario del estudio fue una unidad de tratamiento del VIH en la región metropolitana de Río de Janeiro. El análisis de los datos fue realizado por el software EVOC. Resultados: el núcleo central de la representación de la terapia antirretroviral refuerza el control del VIH y la imagen del fármaco como algo bueno. Conclusión: la estructura representacional sugiere que el grupo tiende a normalizar la terapia antirretroviral, refiriéndose a un fármaco que controla el VIH. El estudio ha permitido reconocer los diferentes contenidos representacionales de la terapia antirretroviral para el grupo estudiado, además de la variada complejidad entre las imágenes identificadas.

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SUMMARY BACKGROUND: Although much has been studied about the SARS-Cov-2 virus, its effects, and the effectiveness of possible treatments, little is known about its interaction with other infectious diseases. OBJECTIVE: The aim is to study its clinical features and morbidity, and mortality outcomes of COVID-19 patients with HIV/AIDS coinfection. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, LILACS, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Atudies in any language, published after 2019, were describing COVID-19 patients with HIV/AIDS. STUDY APPRAISAL: JBI Levels of Evidence, Joanna Briggs Institute. SYNTHESIS METHODS: As shown in the PRISMA flow diagram, two authors separately screened the search results from the obtained titles and abstracts. RESULTS: Chest CT was observed in patients with pneumonia by SARS-CoV-2 with findings of multiple ground-glass opacities (GGO) in the lungs, there is a need for supplemental oxygenation. One patient developed encephalopathy and complicated tonic-clonic seizures; four patients were transplanted (two, liver; two, kidneys), one patient developed severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia and 30 patients died (mortality rate, 11%). CONCLUSION: HIV did not show any relevance directly with the occurrence of COVID-19. Some studies suggest that HIV-1 infection through induction levels of IFN-I, may to some extent, stop the apparent SARS-CoV-2 infection, thus leading to undetectable RNA. Moreover, some authors suggest retroviral therapy routinely used to control HIV infection could be used to prevent COVID-19 infection.

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Background: Transmitted drug resistance (TDR) occurs in patients with HIV infection who are not exposed to antiretroviral drugs but who are infected with a virus with mutations associated with resistance. Aim: To determine the prevalence of TDR and characterize HIV reverse transcriptase and protease mutation patterns. Material and Methods: HIV infected antiretroviral treatment-naive patients treated in three centers between 2014 and 2018 were studied. A genotyping study was carried out. The HIVdb Program (Stanford University) and the World Health Organization (WHO) TDR surveillance mutation list were used to register resistance-associated mutations. Results: We enrolled 220 patients aged a median of 29 (interquartile range (IQR) 24-34) years, 99% men. Median CD4 count was 365 cells/μL (IQR 250-499 cells/μL) and median viral load was 39.150 copies/mL (IQR 9,270 −120,000). The overall prevalence of RTD was 10.45% (95% CI 6.7-15.2, N = 23/220). The higher frequency of TDR was against non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, reaching 9.0% (95% CI 5.6-13.6), followed by nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors reaching 1.8% (95% CI 0.49-4.5) and protease inhibitors reaching 0.45% (95% CI 0.01-2.5). The mutations in reverse transcriptase were M41L, L210W, D67N, K70E, M184V, K103N (6.36%, 95% CI 3.5-10.4), G190A, E138A, K101E, and I84V in protease. Conclusions: These results should prompt a change in recommendations for starting antiretoviral therapy, especially in first-line regimens that include non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a growing cause of mortality between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients. Hypertension (HTN) and metabolic syndrome (MS) are important causes of CVD. The prevalence of HTN and MS in HIV infected patients in Córdoba, Argentina is unknown. Our aim is to determine the prevalence of HTN and MS in HIV patients in Córdoba and their association with immunological state, inflammation and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in an observational study. Sixty-five HIV infected patients from the provincial HIV program were randomly selected. Fifty-seven (87%) were on HAART, 39 (60%) were males. The mean age was 44.7 ± 10 years. Mean CD4+ T lymphocytes (CD4+T) count was 404.4 ± 289.6 cells/ml. Viral load (VL) was undetectable in 56 (86.2%). The prevalence of HTN was 40%, and it was associated with the duration of HAART (p < 0.05). There was no association between years of HIV infection, CD4+T, VL and blood pressure. The prevalence of MS was 38.5% (25/65). MS was more frequent between those with HAART (OR: 1.80; CI 95%; 1.43-2.28; p = 0.02). Patients on HAART had higher rates of hypertriglyceridemia, impaired glucose tolerance and lower levels of HDLc (p < 0.01). MS was associated with the HAART duration (p < 0.01). HIV infected patients had a high prevalence of HTN and MS. HAART was associated with both HTN and MS, but there was no association between immunological status, VL or inflammatory markers.

La enfermedad cardiovascular y sus factores de riesgos como hipertensión arterial (HTA) y síndrome metabólico (SM), son una creciente causa de mortalidad entre los infectados con HIV. Nuestros objetivos fueron determinar la prevalencia HTA y SM en pacientes HIV positivos de la ciudad de Córdoba su asociación con el estado inmunológico, inflamación y terapia antirretroviral (TARAA). Fue un estudio aleatorizado de corte transversal. Se incluyeron 65 pacientes HIV positivos del programa provincial HIV-Córdoba, 57 (87%) recibían TARAA, 39 (60%) eran masculinos, con edad promedio de 44.7 ± 10 años. La concentración de linfocitos T CD4+ (LTCD4+) fue 404.4 ± 289.6 cel./ml. La carga viral (CV) fue indetectable en 56 (86.2%). La prevalencia de HTA fue de 40% (26/65) y se asoció a la duración de TARAA (p < 0.05). No hubo asociación entre años de infección por HIV, LTCD4+ y CV con HTA. La prevalencia de SM fue de 38.5% (25/65). El uso de TARAA fue más frecuente en aquellos con SM (OR: 1.80; IC95%: 1.43-2.28; p = 0.02). Pacientes bajo TARAA presentaron alta tasa de hipertrigliceridemia, intolerancia a la glucosa y niveles bajos de HDL (todos p < 0.01). SM se asoció a la duración de TARAA (p < 0.01). La TARAA se asoció a HTA y SM, no encontrándose relación con estado inmunológico, CV o marcadores de inflamación.

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Resumen La enfermedad cardiovascular y sus factores de riesgos como hipertensión arterial (HTA) y síndrome metabólico (SM), son una creciente causa de mortalidad entre los infectados con HIV. Nuestros objetivos fueron determinar la prevalencia HTA y SM en pacientes HIV positivos de la ciudad de Córdoba su asociación con el estado inmunológico, inflamación y terapia antirretroviral (TARAA). Fue un estudio aleatorizado de corte transversal. Se incluyeron 65 pacientes HIV positivos del programa provincial HIV-Córdoba, 57 (87%) recibían TARAA, 39 (60%) eran masculinos, con edad promedio de 44.7 ± 10 años. La concentración de linfocitos T CD4+ (LTCD4+) fue 404.4 ± 289.6 cel./ml. La carga viral (CV) fue indetectable en 56 (86.2%). La prevalencia de HTA fue de 40% (26/65) y se asoció a la duración de TARAA (p < 0.05). No hubo asociación entre años de infección por HIV, LTCD4+ y CV con HTA. La prevalencia de SM fue de 38.5% (25/65). El uso de TARAA fue más frecuente en aquellos con SM (OR: 1.80; IC95%: 1.43-2.28; p = 0.02). Pacientes bajo TARAA presentaron alta tasa de hipertrigliceridemia, intolerancia a la glucosa y niveles bajos de HDL (todos p < 0.01). SM se asoció a la duración de TARAA (p < 0.01). La TARAA se asoció a HTA y SM, no encontrándose relación con estado inmunológico, CV o marcadores de inflamación.

Abstract Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a growing cause of mortality between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients. Hypertension (HTN) and metabolic syndrome (MS) are important causes of CVD. The prevalence of HTN and MS in HIV infected patients in Córdoba, Argentina is unknown. Our aim is to determine the prevalence of HTN and MS in HIV patients in Córdoba and their association with immunological state, inflammation and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in an observational study. Sixty-five HIV infected patients from the provincial HIV program were randomly selected. Fifty-seven (87%) were on HAART, 39 (60%) were males. The mean age was 44.7 ± 10 years. Mean CD4+ T lymphocytes (CD4+T) count was 404.4 ± 289.6 cells/ml. Viral load (VL) was undetectable in 56 (86.2%). The prevalence of HTN was 40%, and it was associated with the duration of HAART (p < 0.05). There was no association between years of HIV infection, CD4+T, VL and blood pressure. The prevalence of MS was 38.5% (25/65). MS was more frequent between those with HAART (OR: 1.80; CI 95%; 1.43-2.28; p = 0.02). Patients on HAART had higher rates of hypertriglyceridemia, impaired glucose tolerance and lower levels of HDLc (p < 0.01). MS was associated with the HAART duration (p < 0.01). HIV infected patients had a high prevalence of HTN and MS. HAART was associated with both HTN and MS, but there was no association between immunological status, VL or inflammatory markers.

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