RESUMO
Background and objectives: Cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women. Human papilloma virus (HPV) is known to cause cervical cancer. The incidence and mortality of cervical cancer has drastically reduced due to effective vaccination against HPV in developed countries. The projected rise in cervical cancer cases in Latin American and Caribbean countries necessitates a study to evaluate awareness about HPV, cervical cancer, the HPV vaccine, and prevention among women in Antigua and Barbuda. Materials and methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional study. The participants were women aged between 18 and 65 years, residing in Antigua and Barbuda. The study was conducted over the period of February to April 2023. After taking informed consent electronically, sociodemographic and behavioral data was collected through questionnaires sent out as links and QR-codes and were analyzed by QualtricsXM. The association between the demographic groups and awareness about HPV, cervical cancer, the HPV vaccine, and prevention was analyzed by a Chi-square test. Results: In total, 467 women were included in the study. The percentage of participants aware of HPV was 91.6% (n = 412). A total of 70.7% (n = 318) and 56.7% (n = 255) women were aware that cervical cancer is caused by HPV and is sexually transmitted, respectively. Although 70.6% (n = 315) of participants were aware that the vaccine protects against HPV, only 12.8% (n = 57) were vaccinated. Of the participants, 49.7% (n = 192) were willing to get vaccinated. The percentage of participants aware of the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear procedure was 98.9% (n = 435) and 87.8% (n = 382) had a Pap smear within the last 10 years while 12.2% (n = 53) never had a Pap smear screening. The willingness to know more information about HPV and the HPV vaccine among the participants was 77% (n = 335). Conclusions: The overall awareness among women in Antigua and Barbuda about HPV, cervical cancer, the HPV vaccine, and prevention was high. We recommend a national health education program and vaccine drive to complement our findings.
Assuntos
Infecções por Papillomavirus , Vacinas contra Papillomavirus , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero , Feminino , Humanos , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Masculino , Papillomavirus Humano , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/prevenção & controle , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/diagnóstico , Esfregaço Vaginal , Infecções por Papillomavirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Papillomavirus/prevenção & controle , Antígua e Barbuda , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Inquéritos e Questionários , Vacinas contra Papillomavirus/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Redonda is a small volcanic Caribbean island that is home to at least 4 endemic lizard species, including the Critically Endangered ground lizard (Pholidoscelis atratus). Black rats (Rattus rattus) and domestic goats (Capra hircus) were introduced to the island at some time after its discovery by Europeans in the late 1500s. They had a devastating effect on the island, resulting in the loss of nearly all trees and most of the ground vegetation. Point count surveys of P. atratus in 2012 indicated low densities, and the invasive rats were observed hunting and preying on the lizards. Both populations of rats and goats were successfully removed in 2017 as part of an ecological restoration program, and native vegetation and invertebrate populations have increased rapidly since. Population surveys in 2017, 2018, and 2019 show the lizard population has increased by more than sixfold. In 2017, as rats and goats were being removed, we evaluated the morphology and escape behavior of this species and repeated these measurements 1 year later. We observed that P. atratus had become bolder, with a reduced flight distance. We also detected changes in limb morphology related to locomotion and suggest possible explanations that will need to be further investigated in the future. These results show how the removal of invasive species can rapidly affect lizard population recovery and behavior, potentially restoring island ecosystems to their pre-human interference dynamics.
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Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Lagartos/fisiologia , Densidade Demográfica , Animais , Antígua e Barbuda , Comportamento Animal , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Feminino , Cabras , Espécies Introduzidas , Lagartos/anatomia & histologia , Masculino , Dinâmica Populacional , RatosRESUMO
The nation of Antigua and Barbuda has experienced major degradation of its coral reef ecosystems over the past 40+ years. The primary drivers of this degradation are multiple and are highly linked to anthropogenic influences, including over-exploitation and poor management of marine resources. The effectiveness of management actions in marine protected areas (MPAs) has often been hampered by a lack of data to inform management recommendations. This was emphasized by The Nature Conservancy's (TNC) Coral Reef Report Card which highlighted not only the lack of data collection in Antigua and Barbuda and other Caribbean nations, but also illustrated how spatially dispersed available datasets are. The government of Antigua and Barbuda recognized the need for a marine data collection program to better inform the designation and management of MPAs as a tool to improve the health of the marine ecosystems. The Atlantic Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) protocol has been identified as a means to address planning and management for marine areas. Three AGRRA surveys have been conducted in the years following the TNC 2016 report, in previously established managed areas: North East Marine Management Area (NEMMA) in 2017 and Nelson Dockyard National Park (NDNP) in 2019 as well as areas outlined for future management (Redonda in 2018). Our surveys were conducted to provide updated datasets to inform management for the aforementioned areas. While the results of these surveys mirror the underlying poor coral reef-health conditions, which have been shown to exist within the Caribbean region, they also highlight intra-site variation that exists within each survey location. This knowledge can be crucial in guiding management decisions in these marine areas, through zoning and other management prescriptions. Additionally, the marine surveys conducted around Redonda established useful marine baselines to aid in monitoring the island's recovery following removal of terrestrial invasive species. This article provides an overview of data collected using the AGRRA methodology in marine zones across Antigua and Barbuda which have current or future management prescriptions and provides recommendations to demonstrate the data's future utilization for marine conservation and management.
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PURPOSE: Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite capable of infecting a wide range of hosts. Free-range chickens are important sentinels in the epidemiology of this parasite as they feed from the ground and are likely to ingest oocysts shed in the faeces of infected cats. Atypical strains of T. gondii are known to dominate in South America where they are associated with more severe disease in humans, yet relatively little is known about the strains circulating in neighbouring Caribbean islands. METHODS: In this study, hearts and brains were collected from free-range chickens in Antigua and Barbuda (n = 45), Dominica (n = 76) and Trinidad (n = 41), and DNA was extracted for nested ITS1 PCR and PCR-RFLP. Sera were collected and screened for antibodies using the modified agglutination test (MAT). RESULTS: Antibodies to T. gondii were detected in 20.5, 38.2 and 17.1% of chickens in Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica and Trinidad, respectively. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was also detected by PCR in 24.4, 17.1 and 17.1% of chickens, respectively, giving an overall prevalence of 31.1, 42.1, and 29.3% for each of the 3 island nations. Results of PCR-RFLP revealed 2 new atypical genotypes (designated ToxoDB #281 and #282) and one Type III (ToxoDB #2) in chickens from Antigua. Partial genotyping of a further 8 isolates (7 from Antigua and one from Trinidad) revealed different allele-types at five or more markers for 7 of the isolates, suggesting atypical genotypes. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to report the prevalence of T. gondii in free-range chickens in Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica and Trinidad and Tobago. It is also the first to report the presence of atypical genotypes in Antigua and Barbuda and Trinidad and Tobago.
Assuntos
Galinhas/parasitologia , Variação Genética , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/epidemiologia , Doenças das Aves Domésticas/parasitologia , Toxoplasma/genética , Toxoplasmose Animal/epidemiologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Encéfalo/parasitologia , DNA de Protozoário/genética , Genótipo , Coração/parasitologia , Prevalência , Índias Ocidentais/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the implementation of community-based voluntary HIV counseling and testing (CBVCT) in the Eastern Caribbean. METHODS: A total of 9782 unique HIV testing events performed through a national program of CBVCT in Antigua and Barbuda (2009-2012) were analyzed. The authors describe testers' demographic characteristics and assess demographic (education, housing, marital status, nationality, and age) and sexual exposure (partner gender, transactional sex, and multiple partners) factors associated with testing HIV-positivity and with condom use. RESULTS: Older men and men having sex with women and women with higher education, of Antiguan nationality, and having sex with men were less likely to test positive for HIV. Younger, educated, and unmarried men and women with multiple partners were more likely to report using condoms. CONCLUSION: The CBVCT model can be successfully implemented in Eastern Caribbean. Demographic differences persist in HIV testing, risk behavior, and infection among vulnerable populations and should be considered in HIV prevention intervention design.
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Serviços de Saúde Comunitária/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Programas de Rastreamento/estatística & dados numéricos , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Comportamento Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Antígua e Barbuda/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PIP: Antigua and Barbuda is a country of 2 islands of, respectively, 281 and 161 sq km with 62,600 and 1300 inhabitants, of whom 90% are literate. Independence was gained on November 1, 1981. The terrain is generally low-lying with a tropical maritime climate. English and local dialects are spoken by inhabitants of mainly African origin and some of British, Portuguese, Lebanese, and Syrian origin, ethnic groups who are of mainly Anglican faith. Evangelical Protestant and Roman Catholic minorities are also found. Life expectancy is 70 years. GDP is $411 million, growing at a rate of 2.6%. Per capita income is $600. The country's natural resources are negligible. Cotton, livestock, vegetables, tourism, transport, construction, and manufacturing are areas of economic production. $353 million of goods are imported, and $32 million are exported. In-depth information is also given on the people and history, government and principal officials, political conditions, the economy, defense, foreign relations, relations with the U.S., and names of principal U.S. officials in the country.^ieng
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Economia , Meio Ambiente , Etnicidade , Geografia , Governo , Recursos em Saúde , Política , Características da População , América , Antígua e Barbuda , Região do Caribe , Cultura , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , América do Norte , Organização e Administração , PopulaçãoRESUMO
Observations made in Antigua indicate that children consume significant amounts of food between main meals. Some of the constituents of snacks are nutritionally valuable but much of this intake is undesirable and could be laying the foundations of ill-health. Continuing efforts in the field of education on nutrition are clearly necessary for both the children and their parents.
PIP: Protein malnutrition remains a problem throughout much of the Caribbean region. In Antigua 5-7% of children are malnourished, and 15% of children aged 17-19% are obese and at risk for diabetes, hypertension, and stroke later in life. Problems of malnutrition are exacerbated by the high cost of fruits and vegetables and nonnutritious imports from the US of fatty fast foods that are high in sugar, fat, and additives. Nutrition education is introduced in home economic courses in schools and in parental education efforts. The Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute has a pilot education project operating in elementary and secondary schools. The aim is to study the nature, extent, and quality of snacking among children aged 9-11 years of age. The study involves 20 children who keep a log of foods consumed in the course of a day. Snacks are considered to be all food consumed between meals or after the evening meal. Nonbasic foods are identified as those not fitting the basic six food groups. Findings show that every child eats between meals. 60% of the children eat between breakfast and lunch. 41% of all energy is obtained from foods consumed as snacks between lunch and dinner, and 8% of all energy is obtained from morning snacks. Principal snack foods include soft drinks, fresh fruit and unsweetened fruit juices, sweets and chocolates, sugar, and based products (listed in highest to lowest frequency of consumption). Over 33% of daily energy intake, almost 50% of carbohydrate intake, and almost 66% of added sugar are obtained from snacks. Daily consumption averages 61 g of sugar and ranges from 8 to 101 g. 33% of average energy intake is obtained from meals.
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Países em Desenvolvimento , Obesidade/prevenção & controle , Desnutrição Proteico-Calórica/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Antígua e Barbuda , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Valor NutritivoRESUMO
PIP: Over 1 million people live on 8 small islands in the Eastern Caribbean: St. Kitts-Nevis, Montserrat, Grenada, St. Vincent, Antigua, Barbados, St. Lucia, and Dominica. Starting in 1985 the International Planned Parenthood Federation, Western Hemisphere Region has carried out a series of contraceptive prevalence surveys in these countries. Current information is provided by these surveys in the areas of fertility levels and preferences, contraceptive knowledge and use. Also, socioeconomic, historical and demographic background and analysis such as fertility patterns, desire for additional children, and breastfeeding data; contraceptive awareness including family planning methods and sources; contraceptive use by method, source, and timing, satisfaction, and male attitudes are provided in the surveys, but not in the report abstracted here. The total fertility rate (TFR) and the contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) for the 8 islands are as follows: St. Kitts-Nevis (1984) 2.9 TFR, 40.6 CPR; St. Vincent (1988) 2.9 TFR, 58.3 CPR; Antigua (1988) 1.8 TFR, 52.6 CPR; Barbados (1988) not given, 55.0 CPR; St. Lucia (1988) 3.2 TFR, 47.3 CPR; Dominica (1987) 3.2 TFR, 49.8 CPR. The islands have unusual demographic patterns related to extensive out-migration.^ieng
Assuntos
Anticoncepção , Coleta de Dados , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , Agências Internacionais , Pesquisa , América , Antígua e Barbuda , Barbados , Região do Caribe , Países em Desenvolvimento , Dominica , Granada , América do Norte , Organizações , São Cristóvão e Névis , Santa Lúcia , São Vicente e Granadinas , Índias OcidentaisRESUMO
PIP: The government of Antigua and Barbuda ratified this UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women on August 1, 1989; the government of Chile ratified it on December 9, 1989; the government of Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ratified it on May 16, 1989; the government of Luxembourg ratified it on February 2, 1989; and the government of Madagascar ratified it on March 17, 1989.^ieng
Assuntos
Cooperação Internacional , Preconceito , Nações Unidas , Direitos da Mulher , África , África Subsaariana , África Oriental , África do Norte , América , Antígua e Barbuda , Região do Caribe , Chile , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Europa (Continente) , Agências Internacionais , América Latina , Líbia , Luxemburgo , Madagáscar , Oriente Médio , América do Norte , Organizações , Política , Problemas Sociais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América do SulRESUMO
The Government of Antigua and Barbuda succeeded to this Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons on 25 October 1988.
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Cooperação Internacional , Legislação como Assunto , Refugiados , Nações Unidas , América , Antígua e Barbuda , Região do Caribe , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Emigração e Imigração , Agências Internacionais , América do Norte , Organizações , Política , População , Dinâmica Populacional , MigrantesRESUMO
The Government of Antigua and Barbuda succeeded to this Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages on 25 October 1988.
Assuntos
Cooperação Internacional , Legislação como Assunto , Casamento , América , Antígua e Barbuda , Região do Caribe , Países em Desenvolvimento , América do Norte , PolíticaRESUMO
Unique experience has accumulated in the English-speaking Caribbean in the field of family life education for youth. Although birth rates are relatively low, the increase in adolescent pregnancy and births is becoming more visible. Mother-centered homes are frequent, and support from the father is often lacking. A series of family life education (FLE) programs funded by the United National Fund for Population Activities is aimed at providing help to the various groups in the Caribbean in an acceptable and non-threatening manner. These out-of-school FLE techniques include several approaches: integration of the proposed program into an already established place (a factory, youth center, or community center); education in human growth, food and nutrition, environmental health, mental health, safety and first-aid, dental health and human relations, including human sexuality, rights and responsibilities, and decision making; and the use of specially trained personnel who understand the conditions of the particular community. In some countries adolescent pregnancy is viewed as a problem. In others it may not be so considered. It is vital for the staff and community leaders to review proposals for the FLE program and bring into the centers all subjects that are free of controversy. Family planning, contraceptive delivery and even human sexuality may be acceptable subjects in some quarters, and not in others. Efforts must be continued to find innovative approaches to assure that the benefits of these learning activities continue to be provided, and expanded in response to growing acceptance.
PIP: This article is based on evaluations made of programs in Antiqua, Barbados, Dominica, Jamaica, St. Christopher and Nevis, and St. Lucia. Although birth rates are relatively low in the English-speaking Caribbean (ranging between 16 and 30 per 1000 in 1984), the incidence of adolescent pregnancies and births is increasing. Mother-centered homes are frequent, and support from the father is often lacking. Adolescent births represent 25-35% of all births in the English-speaking Caribbean. This proportion has changed little over time. About 2-3% of all births to teenagers occur in the under-15 year old group. A significant proportion of teenage births occur to girls under age 18, before they finish school. The 1978 "Caribbean Workshop on Family Life Education and Health Education" defined family life education (FLE) as "the total physical, mental, social, and emotional well being of the individual so as to help him maximize his potential and to enable him to carry on the activities he needs to undertake for the good of himself and others." Out-of-school FLE includes community centers, factories, and youth centers. The youth center approach is most appropriate for this region because it provides a nucleus for skills training, recreation, and continuous education. Countries tend to focus almost exclusively on the youth center approach. Activities of these centers include 1) FLE; 2) contraceptive services, to some extent; 3) community involvement; and 4) programs with a male focus. Some places oppose family planning or contraceptive services to adolescents. Youth centers offer a broad range of activities. For these centers to be effective, their communities must elicit support from the business community, private social organizations, and volunteers. Each community must assess its own situation and consider the resources available. The projects have shown that it is possible to initiate and make considerable progress in the implementation of FLE programs for adolescents even when adolescent pregnancy and births are still highly sensitive and controversial issues, and when there are no official policies in favor of such programs.
Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano , Gravidez na Adolescência , Educação Sexual , Adolescente , Coeficiente de Natalidade , Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Índias OcidentaisRESUMO
PIP: This discussion of Antigua and Barbuda focuses on the following: the people and history; geography; government and political conditions; the economy; foreign relations; and relations between the US and Antigua and Barbuda. The population of Antigua was estimated at 78,240 in June 1983; the 1984 estimate for Barbuda was 1200. The annual growth rate in 1983 was 1.3%. In 1970 the life expectancy was 70 years. The infant mortality rate is 31.5/1000 live births. Today's population is almost entirely of Black African origin, some of British, Portuguese, Lebanese, and Syrian origin. The sister islands of Antigua and Barbuda are located in the northeastern part of the Lesser Antilles, about 650 kilometers southeast of Puerto Rico in the eastern Leeward group separating the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. As head of the Commonwealth, Queen Elizabeth II is represented in Antigua and Barbuda by a governor general, who acts on the advice of the prime minister and the Cabinet. The prime minister is the leader of the majority party of the House, and the Cabinet conducts affairs of state. Antigua and Barbuda has a bicameral legislature. Antiguans have enjoyed a long history of free and fair elections in which, from time to time, the government changes peacefully. Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech, press, worship, movement, and association. By 1972 the sugar industry was largely dismantled. The current government has taken steps to revive the industry to meet local demand for sugar, thus saving import costs, and to produce ethanol from sugar products for export. Yet, agriculture remains important contributing about 8.2% to the gross domestic product. At this time, the economy is based upon services rather than manufacturing. Since Antigua's independence in 1981, US relations with the island nation have been friendly. The US seeks to help Antigua develop economically and to help strengthen its moderate, democratic, parliamentary form of government.^ieng
Assuntos
Demografia , Economia , Etnicidade , Geografia , Sistemas Políticos , Política , Características da População , População , Planejamento Social , Agricultura , América , Antígua e Barbuda , Região do Caribe , Comércio , Cultura , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Mortalidade Infantil , Expectativa de Vida , Longevidade , Mortalidade , América do Norte , Densidade Demográfica , Dinâmica Populacional , Crescimento DemográficoRESUMO
PIP: In December, 1981, the Government of the Netherlands conducted evaluation studies of perinatal health care in the 6 Caribbean countries of Antigua, the Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Saint Lucia, and St. Vincnet. In recent years, the governments of the 6 countries expressed their concerns about the need to improve perinatal health care and about the limited funds, health facilities, and health manpower available for meeting this need. Data for the studies were collected during visits to the 6 countries and consisted of availble vital statistics and hospital records collected by local physicians and chief nurses. Since 70%-95% of the deliveries in these countries occurred in hospitals, hospital data were used to assess the level of perinatal mortality. Perinatal death rates for the 6 countries ranged from 29/1000 live births to 38/1000 live births. When stillbirths and neonatal death rates were examined separately, there was considerable variation between countries. Stillbirth rates ranged from 23.4-13.6/1000 live births and neonatal death rates ranged from 9.9-22.5/1000 live births. These differences probably reflected classification problems rather than actual differences. Although there was considerable variation in per capita income levels in the 6 countries (US$380-US$2620) these differences did not appear to be associated with differences in perinatal death rates. Average birth weights for the 6 countries ranged from 3000 gm to 3150 gm, and the average for all 6 countries combined was 3100 gm. The incidence of low birth weights (2500 gm or less) ranged from 5.9% in Dominica to 11% in Barbados. The major causes of perinatal death were complications resulting from anoxia or hypoxia, prematurity complications, and neonatal infections. Infants who survive these conditions frequently develop handicaps. Average breastfeeding duration ranged from 1 month in the Bahamas to 7 months in St. Vincent. Bottle feeding is common and generally begins early. Mistaken beliefs about the nutritional inadequacies of breast milk as well as the promotion of formulas contribute toward the relatively low rate and short duration of breastfeeding in these countries. Specific recommendations for improving perinatal health care in each of the 6 countries were provided. Recommendations relevant to most of the countries were 1) to improve the level of health knowledge among the general public, 2) to provide additional training for all health personnel working in the perinatal health care field, 3) to upgrade and improve the maintenance of basic equipment for resuscitating newborns, 4) to promote the early detection and improve the management of jaundice, 5) to distribute free supplies of anti-D-globulin for treating Rh-negative mothers, 6) to develop linkages between perinatal health care facilities and postpartum health care facilities to ensure continuity of care for each infant, 7) to develop a system for detecting and managing high risk pregnancies and infants at high risk, 8) to promote funding for tropical perinatology, and 9) to develop a perinatal technology appropriate to conditions in these countries.^ieng
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Serviços de Saúde da Criança , Países em Desenvolvimento , Cuidado do Lactente , Peso ao Nascer , Aleitamento Materno , Humanos , Alimentos Infantis , Recém-Nascido , Índias OcidentaisRESUMO
PIP: In 1983, 8 (42%) of the 19 English-speaking Caribbean countries (including Suriname) achieved at least 50% coverage with 3 doses of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine among children under 1 year of age and 6 countries (32%) had at least 50% coverage with 3 doses of trivalent oral polio vaccine (TOPV). In addition, 10 countries (53%) achieved over 75% DPT coverage and 11 (58%) achieved over 75% TOPV coverage. Despite this record of progress, several factors continue to impede further gains in immunization coverage. Of particular concern is the high dropout rate. As many as 25% of infants receive their 1st dose of DPT and TOPV but do not return to complete their course of immunization. There is also a need for each health center to estimate its annual target population for immunization every year through analysis of the total live births from the previous year in the health center's catchment area (minus infant mortality). Monthly target figures can thus be computed and coverage monitored. A further problem has been a reluctance on the part of some health workers to administer vaccines simultaneously. This does not reduce effectiveness or increase the risk of complications, and reduces the number of visits needed to complete the immunization schedule. An unresolved question is whether to immunize ill or malnourished children. Decisions on this matter should take into account the availability and accessibility of health care services, the ability to follow-up children who are not immunized, and the likelihood that children will return for subsequent immunizations. Finally, a number of immunizations performed by private practitioners and institutions are not reported. Both public and private health care providers should agree on a standardized reporting format to allow better estimation of coverage.^ieng
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Atenção à Saúde , Serviços de Saúde , Imunização , Medicina , Medicina Preventiva , Vacinação , América , Anguilla , Antígua e Barbuda , Bahamas , Barbados , Belize , Bermudas , Região do Caribe , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Dominica , Granada , Guiana , Saúde , Jamaica , América do Norte , Atenção Primária à Saúde , São Cristóvão e Névis , Santa Lúcia , São Vicente e Granadinas , América do Sul , Suriname , Trinidad e Tobago , Índias OcidentaisRESUMO
PIP: 6 countries in the English-speaking Caribbean (Antigua, Barbados, Dominica, St. Kitts/Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent) are scheduled to form the 1st regional contraceptive social marketing program. The program will be under the auspices of the Barbados Family Planning Association. By combining resources, contraceptive social marketing should be able to effectively augment family planning activities in smaller countries where individual programs wuld be too costly. The regional program will also determine whether program elements from 1 country in a region are relevant in other countries. The Caribbean region as a whole has experienced a general decline in both crude birth rates and fertility rates during the past 15 years; however, adolescent fertility rates remain high and an average of 46% of the populations of Caribbean countries are under 15 years of age. Although heavy emigration has traditionally curbed population increases, new restrictive immigration laws are expected. Further increases in the working age population will contribute to already high unemployment rates and hinder economic development. The 6 countries selected for the social marketing program are receptive to innovative family planning approaches and have the basic marketing infrastructure required. Community-based distribution programs already in operation in these countries distribute condoms, oral contraceptives, and barrier methods. The success of these programs has plateaued, and there is a need for delivery systems capable of reaching broader segments of the population. The social marketing program will be phased in to ensure local acceptance among national leaders and consumers. The regional program hopes to borrow elements from Jamaica's contraceptive social marketing program to avoid the costs involved in starting a program from scratch. A major innovation will be the use of mass media advertising for contraceptives.^ieng
Assuntos
Comércio , Atenção à Saúde , Economia , Planejamento em Saúde , Administração de Serviços de Saúde , Marketing de Serviços de Saúde , Organização e Administração , Publicidade , América , Antígua e Barbuda , Barbados , Região do Caribe , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Dominica , Saúde , América do Norte , São Cristóvão e Névis , Santa Lúcia , São Vicente e GranadinasAssuntos
Acidentes de Trânsito , Doença das Coronárias/mortalidade , Diabetes Mellitus/mortalidade , Mortalidade , Neoplasias/mortalidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Índias OcidentaisRESUMO
PIP: A team visit was made to Antigua, Barbados, St. Vincent, and Trinidad-Tobago to examine current abortion statutes and to determine liberalization prospects. In addition the team analyzed the abortion statutes in 15 English-speaking territories. The team found the laws forbid abortion except to save the life of the mother, although there has been some liberalizing to include granting abortions when the physicial or mental health of the mother is endangered and additional liberalization is anticipated. Other findings were that illegal abortion is widespread and public opinion generally favors abortion law reform. The visit came in the wake of a recommendation by the 4th Commonwealth Medical Conference, held in 1974, that the Commonwealth Secretariat collect information on laws concerning the medical termination of pregnancy.^ieng
Assuntos
Aborto Induzido , Legislação como Assunto , América , Antígua e Barbuda , Barbados , Região do Caribe , Países em Desenvolvimento , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , América Latina , América do Norte , São Vicente e Granadinas , Trinidad e TobagoRESUMO
PIP: In both developing and developed nations it has become easier to obtain oral contraception (OC). Generally, this means that the OC becomes available without a doctor's prescription and/or sources from outside a pharmacy. Sometimes there is no charge for the OC. In the People's Republic of China barefoot doctors distribute OC free of charge. Fiji, Israel, Korea and Pakistan have removed the prescription requirement. In India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and Turkey private family planning clinics distribute the OC on prescription but free of charge. Specially trained and registered midwives distribute OCs in Chile and Antigua has also recently lifted the prescription requirement. Free OC is available to low income women in Jamaica, Costa Rica and Peru. In Egypt family planning centers distribute the OC free and without prescription. The United Kingdom is making OCs available free-of-charge through the National Health Service. OCs are free in France. In the U.S. government agencies have provided free OCs to low-income women in government health centers and have subsidized free pills for distribution in private family planning clinics. In Canada and in the Democratic Republic of Germany, OCs are distributed free, on prescription, to low-income women.^ieng
Assuntos
Anticoncepcionais Orais , Atenção à Saúde , Antígua e Barbuda , Canadá , China , Anticoncepção , Costa Rica , Egito , Serviços de Planejamento Familiar , França , Alemanha Ocidental , Planejamento em Saúde , Índia , Indonésia , Israel , Jamaica , Coreia (Geográfico) , Malásia , Organização e Administração , Paquistão , Peru , Sri Lanka , Turquia , Reino Unido , Estados UnidosRESUMO
PIP: The Antigua Planned Parenthood Association has initiated a controlle d project to have commerical, nonclinical distribution of contraceptives throughout the country. The government supports the program and has repealed the prescription requirement for oral contraceptives. They will soon be removed from the list of dutiable items, permitting a low retail price. 13 stores have agreed to participate in the project. All contraceptives are supplied at low prices and poor people can receive theirs free. A mass media advertising and informational campaign is planned. Evaluation will be conducted by the Westinghouse Population Center. International contraceptive experts are advising the project.^ieng