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Resumen Introducción: En Costa Rica la elaboración del expediente odontológico o ficha clínica no se realiza de manera habitual en todos los pacientes como ocurre en muchos países donde es exigido por ley. La realización del expediente únicamente está normada en el Código de Ética del Colegio de Cirujanos Dentistas de Costa Rica, es decir que no realizarlo se considera una falta ético-disciplinaria con pocas repercusiones para la persona profesional; sin embargo, tiene consecuencias graves en los esfuerzos para identificar a un ser humano. Este estudio tiene como propósito describir el impacto de la ausencia o la mala calidad de datos odontológicos antemortem en los casos de identificación realizados por la Unidad de Odontología Forense del Departamento de Medicina Legal en un período de casi ocho años (2015-2022). Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión detallada en la base de datos del Sistema de Medicina Legal (SIMEL) del Departamento de Medicina Legal del Organismo de Investigación Judicial de la totalidad de solicitudes de interconsulta de la Sección de Patología Forense desde enero de 2015 hasta agosto de 2022. La información recopilada fue tabulada en Excel e incluyó tanto los resultados del análisis pericial como las características de la información antemortem disponible. Resultados: El análisis de los datos permitió determinar que en un período de casi 8 años se realizaron 165 valoraciones con fines de identificación, de las cuales se identificaron positivamente 51 individuos, 9 casos presentaron información insuficiente y 105 no contaban con expediente odontológico. Conclusiones: el expediente odontológico completo es indispensable para lograr una identificación positiva, un expediente incompleto o inexistente anula la posibilidad de identificar a un ser humano. La necesidad de contar con legislación que convierta la realización y preservación de los expedientes odontológicos de forma obligatoria con fines de identificación es necesaria en Costa Rica.

Abstract Introduction: In Costa Rica the elaboration of dental records or clinical files is not performed routinely in all patients as it is required by law in many countries. The completion of the dental record is only regulated by the Code of Ethics of the Colegio de Cirujanos Dentistas de Costa Rica (Board of Dental Surgeons of Costa Rica), which means that failure to do so is considered an ethical-disciplinary offense with few consequences for the professional; however, it has serious consequences in the efforts to identify a person. This study aims to describe the impact of the absence or poor quality of antemortem data in identification cases performed by the Forensic Odontology Unit of the Department of Legal Medicine over a period of almost eight years (2015-2022). Materials and Methods: A detailed review was performed in the database of the Forensic Medicine System (SIMEL) of the Legal Medicine Department of the Judicial Investigation Organism of the totality of interconsultation requests of the Forensic Pathology Section from January 2015 to August 2022. The information collected was tabulated in Excel and included both the results of the expert analysis and the characteristics of the available antemortem information. Results: The analysis of the data made it possible to determine that in a period of almost 8 years 165 assessments were carried out for identification purposes, of which 51 individuals were identified, 9 cases presented insufficient information and 105 had no dental files. Conclusions: A complete dental record is indispensable for a positive identification; an incomplete or non-existent record nullifies the possibility of identifying a human being.

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It is well known that transporting livestock is stressful for the animals and a primary cause of skin lesions. The effects of transport on the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) have not been studied extensively despite reports of high incidences of trauma during and after these mobilizations. The present review article analyzes the frequency of skin injuries suffered by water buffaloes during transport and several key contributing factors. It also discusses the consequences of injuries on the quality of carcasses. Important aspects identified include inappropriate vehicle design that does not comply with the dimensions recommended by international institutions (e.g., height, type of flooring, characteristics of the ramp), handling methods, and the ability of stock people to manage water buffaloes, all of which impact the incidence of injuries. Our analysis of these elements will contribute to identifying critical control points and areas of opportunity while also suggesting strategies to ensure the welfare of these animals during transport and the quality of water buffalo products and by-products.

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The effective search for the missing and identification of persons, alive or dead, are core components in the prevention and in resolving the issue of Missing Persons. Despite the growing literature on this topic, there is still a lack of publications describing the Search as a process that includes different phases inherently composed of forensic investigative and identification principles for both living and deceased missing persons. This paper is the result of discussions between the Forensic Unit of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and members of its external Forensic Advisory Board. It aims to present the Search process as an overarching concept that includes the investigation and identification phases of the missing in any state (dead or alive), in any scenario (with or without bodies), with an integrated, multidisciplinary, and multiagency approach for implementation by all actors involved in the investigation and identification phases of missing persons.

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The study assessed the prevalence of animal-based pig welfare outcomes on one Chilean farm and one abattoir. A total of 198 pens of slaughter pigs (9,049 pigs) were observed on farm and 54 batches (8,843 pigs) were observed at the abattoir. All assessments were conducted from outside the pen on farm and from outside the corridor where pigs were unloaded from the truck at the abattoir. Batch size and number of pigs with ear, tail and skin lesions, hernias, rectal prolapse, bursitis, and lameness were recorded. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. There was a large variation among pens on farm and among batches at the abattoir for all outcomes. Bursitis was the most prevalent outcome recorded in both locations, followed by ear lesions recorded on farm and by tail lesions recorded at the abattoir. Ear lesions' prevalence was higher on farm (P < 0.001), while tail lesions, hernia, and bursitis prevalence were higher at the abattoir (P < 0.001). Ear lesions' prevalence on farm was higher in female and mixed-sex groups than in male groups (P < 0.01), but male groups tended to have a higher tail lesions' prevalence (P < 0.1). The results show a difference in welfare outcomes, suggesting that assessment of outcomes on farm could complement ante-mortem inspections at the abattoir. However, as the same animals were not inspected in the two locations and there is the possibility of a seasonal influence on the results, the findings should be interpreted with caution and further research is required.

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The objective was to evaluate the main factors that influence the shear strength of meat from confined steers and the probability of obtaining soft meat. For this purpose, we evaluated the literature on carcass and/or meat of beef steers in Brazil published between January 1999 and April 2019 and extracted the content from three sections for analysis: materials and methods, results, and discussion. Pearsons correlation was used to analyze the data, and the stepwise statistic was used to determine the proportion of the synchronized effect of variables on shear force. For determining the probability of tenderness, meat with a shear force lower than 4.6 kgf/cm3 was classified as soft; meat with a higher sheer force was classified as hard. Following the classification, logistic regression analysis and odds ratio test were performed. The factors of study location, the proportion of zebu background in the genome, finishing weight, the percentage of concentrate in the diet, and finishing period and meat marbling explained 62.45% of the variability in the shear strength of beef. The following strategies were found to increase the chances of effectively obtaining soft meat from confined steers: starting the termination phase early even in animals with lower weights, prolonging the confinement time, increasing concentrate percentage in the diet, and a higher marbling degree. It is possible to estimate a large proportion of shear force variability using the production variables (ante-mortem), and the process can be adjusted accordingly to considerable increase the possibility of obtaining soft meat.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os principais fatores que influenciam a força de cisalhamento da carne de novilhos confinados e a chance de obtenção de carne macia. Para isso, foram avaliados os artigos de trabalhos científicos realizados no Brasil sobre carcaça e/ou carne de novilhos de corte, publicados entre janeiro de 1999 a abril de 2019. Foram extraídas da literatura informações do material e método e resultados e dos discussão. Para análise dos dados foi utilizado correlação de Pearson, e a estatística stepwise para a determinação da proporção do efeito sincronizado das variáveis sobre a força de cisalhamento. Para a determinação da chance de maciez, as carnes foram classificadas como macia quando apresentavam força de cisalhamento inferior a 4,6 kgF/ cm3 e dura quando superior a 4,6 kgf/ cm3, seguido de análise de regressão logística e teste de ods ratio. O local em que o estudo foi desenvolvido, o percentual de zebuíno no genótipo, o peso inicial da terminação, o percentual de concentrado na dieta, o período de terminação e marmoreio da carne, explicaram 62,45% da variabilidade da força de cisalhamento da carne. Iniciar precocemente a fase de terminação, mesmo que com pesos mais leves; prolongar o tempo de confinamento; elevar a participação de concentrado na dieta e aumentar o grau de marmoreio da carne; são estratégias que efetivamente aumentam a chance de obtenção de carne macia de novilhos confinados. A partir de variáveis de produção (ante-mortem), pode-se estimar grande parte da variabilidade da força de cisalhamento, sendo que sua correta manipulação possibilitará incrementos significativos na chance de obtenção de carne macia.(AU)

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The objective was to evaluate the main factors that influence the shear strength of meat from confined steers and the probability of obtaining soft meat. For this purpose, we evaluated the literature on carcass and/or meat of beef steers in Brazil published between January 1999 and April 2019 and extracted the content from three sections for analysis: materials and methods, results, and discussion. Pearsons correlation was used to analyze the data, and the stepwise statistic was used to determine the proportion of the synchronized effect of variables on shear force. For determining the probability of tenderness, meat with a shear force lower than 4.6 kgf/cm3 was classified as soft; meat with a higher sheer force was classified as hard. Following the classification, logistic regression analysis and odds ratio test were performed. The factors of study location, the proportion of zebu background in the genome, finishing weight, the percentage of concentrate in the diet, and finishing period and meat marbling explained 62.45% of the variability in the shear strength of beef. The following strategies were found to increase the chances of effectively obtaining soft meat from confined steers: starting the termination phase early even in animals with lower weights, prolonging the confinement time, increasing concentrate percentage in the diet, and a higher marbling degree. It is possible to estimate a large proportion of shear force variability using the production variables (ante-mortem), and the process can be adjusted accordingly to considerable increase the possibility of obtaining soft meat.

Objetivou-se avaliar os principais fatores que influenciam a força de cisalhamento da carne de novilhos confinados e a chance de obtenção de carne macia. Para isso, foram avaliados os artigos de trabalhos científicos realizados no Brasil sobre carcaça e/ou carne de novilhos de corte, publicados entre janeiro de 1999 a abril de 2019. Foram extraídas da literatura informações do material e método e resultados e dos discussão. Para análise dos dados foi utilizado correlação de Pearson, e a estatística stepwise para a determinação da proporção do efeito sincronizado das variáveis sobre a força de cisalhamento. Para a determinação da chance de maciez, as carnes foram classificadas como macia quando apresentavam força de cisalhamento inferior a 4,6 kgF/ cm3 e dura quando superior a 4,6 kgf/ cm3, seguido de análise de regressão logística e teste de ods ratio. O local em que o estudo foi desenvolvido, o percentual de zebuíno no genótipo, o peso inicial da terminação, o percentual de concentrado na dieta, o período de terminação e marmoreio da carne, explicaram 62,45% da variabilidade da força de cisalhamento da carne. Iniciar precocemente a fase de terminação, mesmo que com pesos mais leves; prolongar o tempo de confinamento; elevar a participação de concentrado na dieta e aumentar o grau de marmoreio da carne; são estratégias que efetivamente aumentam a chance de obtenção de carne macia de novilhos confinados. A partir de variáveis de produção (ante-mortem), pode-se estimar grande parte da variabilidade da força de cisalhamento, sendo que sua correta manipulação possibilitará incrementos significativos na chance de obtenção de carne macia.

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Resumen Introducción: La identificación por métodos odontológicos ha demostrado su efectividad desde hace mucho tiempo, pero en los últimos años ha tenido un rol determinante en la identificación de víctimas de desastres masivos y en crímenes de lesa humanidad. Uno de los factores determinantes para efectuar una identificación positiva es la calidad de la información antemortem. La presente investigación tuvo como fin establecer la calidad de la información recopilada en los expedientes odontológicos durante el año 2018 en Costa Rica con respecto a la información contemplada en los protocolos de INTERPOL. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en el que se realizó un cuestionario basado en la información solicitada en los formularios antemortem y postmortem de INTERPOL para identificación de víctimas de desastres (DVI). Se realizó una cuestionario piloto y se aplicó a 10 odontólogos, posteriormente se realizó un cuestionario final calibrado, vía electrónica a través del Colegio de Cirujanos Dentistas de Costa Rica mediante la plataforma Google Docs; los resultados fueron analizados mediante las distribuciones de frecuencia, cruce de variables, comparación de medias con base en el análisis de variancia. El nivel mínimo de confianza para las comparaciones fue del 95%. El procesamiento estadístico de los datos se realizó en la base de datos llamada SPSS versión 17.0 y en Excel. Resultados: En total fueron respondidos 573 cuestionarios de los cuales el 76% son mujeres; la distribución es independiente de la edad(p=0,161). Un 90,2% de los odontólogos generalmente elaboran un expediente clínico odontológico para sus pacientes, un 8,4% a veces no lo hace y un 1.4% no siempre lo realiza. El 69% de los entrevistados indican que la información que recopila en el expediente clínico odontológico si puede ser útil para la identificación de una persona, 19% indica que no sabe que esta información puede ser utilizada para identificación y un 12% indica que no es útil. Conclusiones: El expediente clínico odontológico es de extrema utilidad para colaborar en el proceso de identificación de víctimas mortales, sin embargo existe una gran cantidad de información no odontológica que puede ser recopilada por los odontólogos para facilitar la identificación de seres humanos.

Abstract Introduction: The identification by dental methods has proven its effectiveness for a long time, but in recent years it has played a determining role in the identification of victims of mass disasters and crimes against humanity. One of the determining factors for positive identification is the quality of antemortem information. The purpose of the present investigation was to establish the quality of the information collected in the dental records during the year 2018 in Costa Rica with respect to the information contemplated in the INTERPOL protocols. Materials and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study, in which a questionnaire was conducted based on the information requested in the INTERPOL antemortem and postmortem forms for identification of disaster victims (DVI). A pilot questionnaire was carried out and applied to 10 dentists, later a calibrated final questionnaire was done electronically through the College of Dental Surgeons of Costa Rica in the Google Docs platform; the results were analyzed by means of frequency distributions, crossing of variables, comparison of means based on analysis of variance. The minimum confidence level for the comparisons was 95%. The statistical processing of the data was done in the database called SPSS version 17.0 and in Excel. Results: A total of 573 questionnaires were answered, of which 76% are women; the distribution is independent of age (p = 0.161). 90.2% of dentists generally elaborate a dental clinical record for their patients, 8.4% sometimes do not and 1.4% do not always do it. 69% of the interviewees indicate that the information that they collect in the dental clinical file can be useful for the identification of a person, 19% indicate that they do not know that this information can be used for identification and 12% indicate that it is not Useful. Conclusions: The dental clinical file is extremely useful to collaborate in the process of identification of fatalities, however there is a large amount of non-dental information that can be collected by dentists to facilitate the identification of human beings.

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The Ministry of Health's National Human Rabies Control Program advocates pre-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for professionals involved with animals that are at risk of contracting rabies. We report an antemortem and postmortem diagnosis of rabies in a veterinarian who became infected when handling herbivores with rabies. The antemortem diagnosis was carried out with a saliva sample and a biopsy of hair follicles using molecular biology techniques, while the postmortem diagnosis used a brain sample and conventional techniques. The veterinarian had collected samples to diagnose rabies in suspect herbivores (bovines and caprines) that were subsequently confirmed to be positive in laboratory tests. After onset of classic rabies symptoms, saliva and hair follicles were collected and used for antemortem diagnostic tests and found to be positive by RT-PCR. Genetic sequencing showed that the infection was caused by variant 3 (Desmodus rotundus), a finding confirmed by tests on the brain sample. It is essential that professionals who are at risk of infection by the rabies virus undergo pre-exposure prophylaxis. This study also confirms that molecular biology techniques were used successfully for antemortem diagnosis and therefore not only allow therapeutic methods to be developed, but also enable the source of infection in human rabies cases to be identified accurately and quickly.

O Programa Nacional de Controle da Raiva Humana do Ministério da Saúde preconiza o esquema profilático pré-exposição (PEP) para profissionais envolvidos com animais expostos ao risco de contraírem raiva. O presente trabalho relata o diagnóstico de raiva (ante e post-mortem) em veterinário infectado por manipulação de herbívoros raivosos. O diagnóstico laboratorial ante-mortem foi efetuado a partir da saliva e biópsia de folículo piloso, utilizando técnicas de biologia molecular e o post-mortem a partir do tecido cerebral e de técnicas convencionais. O médico veterinário coletou amostras para diagnóstico de raiva em herbívoros (bovinos e caprinos) suspeitos que, posteriormente, foram confirmados positivos em laboratório. Após a apresentação dos sintomas clássicos de raiva e realizadas as provas de diagnóstico ante-mortem com saliva e folículo piloso, ambas as amostras apresentaram resultados positivos pelo nested-RT-PCR. O sequenciamento genético revelou que a infecção se deu pela variante 3 do Desmodus rotundus, resultados estes confirmados com a amostra do cérebro. É indispensável que profissionais expostos ao risco de infecção pelo vírus da raiva realizem a profilaxia pré-exposição. Ressalta-se, também, que as técnicas de biologia molecular apresentaram bons resultados para a realização de diagnóstico ante-mortem, propiciando o desenvolvimento de métodos terapêuticos, e determinando com precisão e rapidez a fonte de infecção dos casos de raiva humana.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar em 129 pacientes com AIDS, necropsiados na Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas de 1996 a 2003, as causas do óbito, observando o grau de concordância entre os diagnósticos necroscópicos com os diagnósticos clínicos. A doença mais freqüente que causou o óbito foi tuberculose 28 por cento, seguida de pneumonia bacteriana 17 por cento, histoplasmose 13 por cento, toxoplasmose 10 por cento, pneumocistose 8 por cento, criptococose 5 por cento, sepse bacteriana 4 por cento e 15 por cento outras causas. A concordância entre o diagnóstico clínico antemortem e a necropsia foi de 51,9 por cento. O principal órgão acometido foi o pulmão 82,2 por cento. O tempo de sobrevivência após o diagnóstico laboratorial até o óbito variou entre um mês e 120 meses. A média de sobrevivência foi 15 dias e 56 por cento morreram menos de um mês após o diagnóstico, 15 pacientes morreram na mesma data do diagnóstico. Esses resultados demonstram a importância da necropsia na causa mortis em pacientes com AIDS.

The aim of this study was to investigate the causes of death among 129 AIDS patients that were autopsied at the Tropical Medicine Foundation of Amazonas between 1996 and 2003. The degree of concordance between the autopsy diagnoses and the clinical diagnoses was observed. The disease that most frequently caused death was tuberculosis (28 percent), followed by bacterial pneumonia (17 percent), histoplasmosis (13 percent), toxoplasmosis (10 percent), pneumocystosis (8 percent), cryptococcosis (5 percent), bacterial sepsis (4 percent) and other causes (15 percent). The concordance between the clinical diagnosis before death and the autopsy was 51.9 percent. The main organ involved was the lungs (82.2 percent). The length of survival from the time of the laboratory diagnosis to death ranged from one month to 120 months. The mean length of survival was 15 days and 56 percent died less than one month after the diagnosis, while 15 patients died on the same day that they were diagnosed. These results show the importance of autopsies in elucidating the causes of death among AIDS patients.

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Este artículo, demuestra los aportes que hace la odontología a las ciencias forenses, en lo referente al proceso de identificación de cadáveres y restos humanos quemados o carbonizados cuyo reconocimiento, debido a la destrucción de tejidos blandos, se dificulta por otros métodos. La aplicación de la odontología en los procesos de identificación no es nueva y su importancia es extraordinaria cuando los cadáveres quedan carbonizados y cuando por acción del fuego han desaparecido elementos que permitan la certera identificación de los restos humanos disponibles, o por las propias limitaciones que presentan otros métodos. Ante la ausencia de un registro dactilar previo o si el cadáver no tiene dedos o los tiene destruidos, la identificación mediante las huellas de los dedos de las manos por reconocimiento directo o por medios accesorios no es fiable y las técnicas analíticas (salvo el ADN -ácido desoxi ribunocleico-, llamado a resolver todos los casos pero aún de alto costo en el medio colombiano) y otras complementarias son solamente indiciarias. Además, está admitido por todos los especialistas que ®no existen dos dentaduras iguales¼ y que ®aun los dientes de gemelos idénticos presentan variaciones¼ y, adicionalmente, se conoce la resistencia de los dientes a la destrucción por el fuego, lo cual demuestra su alto valor para la correcta identificación de individuos quemados o carbonizados, se basa sobre el número de dientes presentes, procesos patológicos detectables en los mismos, restauraciones, materiales odontológicosempleados y prótesis e implantes que hacen infinito el número de combinaciones posibles. Por ello es evidente que si de un cadáver no quedan dientes, difícilmente se podrá disponer de otros datos de valor en la identificación.

This article, identifies the contribution of dentistry to the forensic science during the identification processes of burned corpses and human remains, in which result difficult because soft tissue destruction. Dentistry application within identification processes is not new and carries great relevance in those cases were corpses are burned, making other identifiable elements to disappear, or by normal limitations of other methods. When there is a not previous finger print available, or the corpse is missing its fingers, identification by straight recognition or by accessories cannot be trusted as it’s often susceptible of mistakes and the analytical techniques (except DNA, capable of solving almost any case but yet expensive for Colombian use). Furthermore,its been accepted by most specialists that they are no two identical sets of teeth even in cases of identical twins, some dental variations are present. Also, due to the resistance of teeth to fire destruction, its understood the dentistry contribution importance in burned individuals, which analysis are based on number of present teeth, dental pathological processes, dental restoration works, materials employed, prothesis and implants, which increases the possible combinations. That’s why, if they are no teeth remaining in a burned corpse, hardly will be to obtain other clues for identification.

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Humane slaughter can be defined as the set of technical and scientific procedures that assure the animals welfare from loading the trucks in the farm until the exsanguination in the slaughterhouse. Animals should be slaughtered without unnecessary suffering and humane conditions should prevail at all times during the pre-slaughter management. Animal stunning is considered to be the most critical operation during slaughter as animals should be unconscious until the end of exsanguination, preventing suffering and assuring an efficient blood loss. This article presents aspects related to ante-mortem processing such as transport, pen management, stunning and exsanguination methods and their effect on animal welfare and meat quality.

Abate humanitário pode ser definido como o conjunto de procedimentos técnicos e científicos que garantem o bem-estar dos animais desde o embarque na propriedade rural até a operação de sangria no matadouro-frigorífico. O abate de animais deve ser realizado sem sofrimentos desnecessários. As condições humanitárias devem prevalecer em todos os momentos precedentes ao abate. A insensibilização de animais é considerada a operação mais crítica durante o abate de bovinos. Tem por objetivo colocar o animal em estado de inconsciência, que perdure até o fim da sangria, não causando sofrimento desnecessário e promovendo uma sangria tão completa quanto possível. Neste artigo são abordados os temas referentes às operações ante-mortem, como transporte, manejo nos currais e operações de insensibilização e sangria e seus efeitos no bem-estar animal e na qualidade da carne.

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Humane slaughter can be defined as the set of technical and scientific procedures that assure the animals welfare from loading the trucks in the farm until the exsanguination in the slaughterhouse. Animals should be slaughtered without unnecessary suffering and humane conditions should prevail at all times during the pre-slaughter management. Animal stunning is considered to be the most critical operation during slaughter as animals should be unconscious until the end of exsanguination, preventing suffering and assuring an efficient blood loss. This article presents aspects related to ante-mortem processing such as transport, pen management, stunning and exsanguination methods and their effect on animal welfare and meat quality.

Abate humanitário pode ser definido como o conjunto de procedimentos técnicos e científicos que garantem o bem-estar dos animais desde o embarque na propriedade rural até a operação de sangria no matadouro-frigorífico. O abate de animais deve ser realizado sem sofrimentos desnecessários. As condições humanitárias devem prevalecer em todos os momentos precedentes ao abate. A insensibilização de animais é considerada a operação mais crítica durante o abate de bovinos. Tem por objetivo colocar o animal em estado de inconsciência, que perdure até o fim da sangria, não causando sofrimento desnecessário e promovendo uma sangria tão completa quanto possível. Neste artigo são abordados os temas referentes às operações ante-mortem, como transporte, manejo nos currais e operações de insensibilização e sangria e seus efeitos no bem-estar animal e na qualidade da carne.