RESUMO

This review aimed to critically and comparatively analyze the physicochemical, proximate, nutritional, phytochemical composition, and bioactivities of araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.) (AAc), a fruit from the Brazilian Cerrado. Additionally, the potential applications of this fruit in the food industry were reviewed. Data and information were collected from the Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. AAc, a fruit mainly studied in the Brazilian regions of Minas Gerais and Goiás, has well-documented physicochemical, proximate, and nutritional characteristics. It is rich in fiber, sugars, vitamins A and C, minerals, and oil, making it attractive to the food industry. However, there are research gaps, such as the impact of climatic conditions on the AAc chemical composition. Additional studies are needed, especially for the peel and seeds, and investigations of pre-treatments effect on the chemical composition are recommended. The application of AAc in food products is mainly limited to pulp, but there is potential for using peels and seeds. AAc is a rich source of phytochemical compounds with various biological properties, such as antioxidants, hepatoprotective, and antimicrobial activities. Future studies should explore other phytochemicals present in the fruit beyond phenolic compounds. The consumption of AAc can contribute to combating food insecurity malnutrition, and promoting the conservation of the Brazilian Cerrado.

Assuntos

Annona , Indústria Alimentícia , Frutas , Sementes , Compostos Fitoquímicos

RESUMO

Fruit-based beverages have been considered excellent food vehicles for delivering prebiotics. However, the conventional thermal processes currently used to microbiologically and enzymatically stabilize these products may cause significant losses in their sensory, physicochemical, nutritional, and bioactive characteristics. Thus, in this study, we evaluate the effect of different levels of pressure (8, 15, and 21 MPa) and temperature (35 and 55 °C) on the characteristics of an inulin-enriched araticum beverage processed with non-thermal supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) technology. The temperature showed a significant effect on total soluble solids, pH, particle size distribution, and kinetic stability. In contrast, pressure affected only the particle size distribution. The interaction between pressure and temperature influenced the total soluble solids, pH, and particle size distribution. Color parameters, ζ-potential, and glucose and fructose contents were not modified after all SC-CO2 treatments. Moreover, the SC-CO2 treatments preserved the inulin molecular structure, thus maintaining its prebiotic functionality. Overall, the SC-CO2 treatment did not alter the sensory, nutritional, and functional quality of the beverage, while improving its physical stability during storage. Therefore, non-thermal SC-CO2 treatment can be an alternative to current conventional processes for stabilizing inulin-enriched fruit-based beverages.

RESUMO

The Annonaceae family is widely distributed in subtropical and tropical regions. Several species of this family are known for their pharmacological and beneficial properties to human health, mainly attributed to flavonoids. The objective of this work was to carry out an integrative review in order to identify the main flavonoids found in some plant parts belonging to the Annona genus: araticum tree (Annona crassiflora Mart.), graviola tree (Annona muricata), atemoya tree (Annona cherimolia Mill × Annona squamosa L.), pinha tree (Annona squamosa), bananinha tree (Annona leptopetala), and marolinho tree (Annona coriacea). Only articles published between the years 2016 to 2021 that answered the guiding question were considered, in order to obtain recent data. Then, search strategies were designated for each database used: Science Direct, CAPES Periodicals, and Scielo. Most of the studies retrieved from the databases are related to fruits. The results showed that the number of flavonoids identified varies according to the analytical methodology used to identify and quantify the compounds. Quercetin was the most commonly found compound in all fruits of the Annona genus studied, and epicatechin, rutin, and kaempferol were also found to a lesser extent. The presence of these compounds in Annona makes the fruit promising, with potential applicability in the pharmaceutical and food industry.

RESUMO

Annona crassiflora Mart. is an endemic plant from Brazilian Cerrado (savanna) biome, commonly employed in traditional medicine to treat wounds, diarrhea, and scalp infections. The pulp of the fruits is edible and has a characteristic taste, being employed to prepare sweets like jam, cakes, and ice cream by the people who live in the region of the Cerrado, although the peels are discarded. In this way, the A. crassiflora fruit peels ethanol extract was prepared and subjected to liquid-liquid extraction, which yielded the alkaloidal fraction (CH2Cl2). Subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography separations, this fraction allowed the purification of the aporphine alkaloids stephalagine (1), liriodenine (2), and atherospermidine (3), that were structurally characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analyses. Aporphine alkaloids are recognized for their acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity, an important target in Alzheimer's disease therapy. Thus, the ethanol extract, alkaloidal fraction, and compounds1,2,and3were evaluated for acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities. Compound1(IC50 104.2 µmol L-1) exhibited better BChE inhibitory activity than the standard compound galanthamine (IC50 162.7 µmol L-1), while2had a comparable result(and IC50 167.3 µmol L-1). Furthermore, molecular docking was performed to predict the compound's binding mode to the human AChE at a molecular level. Semiempirical calculation results show that the enthalpy interaction energy (ΔHint) between AChE and BChE active sites and all ligands were favorable for both enzymes, with the ligands interacting even more strongly with AChE, corroborating with IC50 results.

Assuntos

Alcaloides , Annona , Aporfinas , Acetilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Alcaloides/farmacologia , Annona/química , Aporfinas/farmacologia , Butirilcolinesterase/metabolismo , Inibidores da Colinesterase/química , Etanol , Humanos , Ligantes , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia

RESUMO

Establishing new animal models for the study of inflammation is very important in the process of discovering new drugs, since the inflammatory event is the basis of many pathological processes. Whereas rodent models have been the primary focus of inflammation research, we defend the zebrafish (Danio rerio) test as a feasible alternative for preclinical studies. Moreover, despite all the technological development already achieved by humanity, nature can still be considered a relevant source of new medicines. In this context, the aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of a substance isolated from the medicinal plant Annona crassilfora Mart, the peltatoside, in an inflammatory model of zebrafish. It was determined: (i) total leukocyte count in the coelomate exudate; (ii) N-acetyl-ß-d-glucuronidase (NAG); (iii) myeloperoxidase (MPO); (iv) and the histology of liver, intestine and mesentery. Peltotoside (25, 50 and 100 µg) and dexamethasone (25 µg) were administered intracelomatically (i.c.) 30 min before carrageenan (i.c.). Pretreatment with peltatoside at three doses significantly inhibited leukocyte recruitment in the coelomic cavity, and inhibited NAG and MPO activity against the action of Cg, in a similar manner as dexamethasone. However, some microlesions in the evaluated organs were detected. The dose of 25 µg showed an anti-inflammatory effect with lower undesirable effects in the tissues. Our results suggest that the zebrafish test was satisfactory in performing our analyzes and that the peltotoside has a modulatory action in reducing leukocyte migration.

Assuntos

Annona/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Glicosídeos/farmacologia , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Quercetina/análogos & derivados , Peixe-Zebra , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/administração & dosagem , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Glicosídeos/administração & dosagem , Glicosídeos/química , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Extratos Vegetais/química , Folhas de Planta/química , Plantas Medicinais/química , Quercetina/administração & dosagem , Quercetina/química , Quercetina/farmacologia

RESUMO

Pain relief represents a critical unresolved medical need. Consequently, the search for new analgesic agents is intensively studied. Annona crassiflora, a native species of the Brazilian Savanna, represents a potential source for painful treatment. This study aimed to investigate the antinociceptive potential of A. crassiflora fruit peel, focusing on its major alkaloid, stephalagine, in animal models of pain evoked by the activation of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) and vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels. Male C57BL/6/J mice were submitted to formalin-, cinnamaldehyde-, and capsaicin-induced nociception tests to assess nociceptive behavior, and to the open-field and rotarod tests for motor performance analyses. Moreover, the stephalagine's effect was tested on capsaicin- and cinnamaldehyde-induced Ca2+ influx in spinal cord synaptosomes. In silico assessments of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and central nervous system permeability of stephalagine were carried out. The ethanol extract and alkaloidal fraction reduced the nociception induced by formalin. When administered by oral route (1 mg/kg), stephalagine reduced the spontaneous nociception and paw edema induced by TRPV1 agonist, capsaicin, and by TRPA1 agonists, cinnamaldehyde- and formalin, without altering the animals' locomotor activity. The prediction of in silico pharmacokinetic properties of stephalagine suggests its capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier. Furthermore, this alkaloid reduces the capsaicin- and cinnamaldehyde-mediated Ca2+ influx, indicating a possible modulation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels, respectively. Together, our results support the antinociceptive and anti-edematogenic effects of the A. crassiflora fruit peel and suggest that these effects are triggered, at least in part, by TRPV1 and TRPA1 modulation by stephalagine.

Assuntos

Analgésicos/farmacologia , Annona/química , Aporfinas/farmacologia , Cálcio/metabolismo , Formaldeído/toxicidade , Canal de Cátion TRPA1/fisiologia , Canais de Cátion TRPV/fisiologia , Acroleína/administração & dosagem , Acroleína/análogos & derivados , Animais , Comportamento Animal , Capsaicina/administração & dosagem , Transporte de Íons , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Dor/induzido quimicamente , Canais de Cátion TRPV/agonistas

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Annona crassiflora Mart., popularly known as "Araticum", is a native tree of the Brazilian Cerrado used in folk medicine for treatment of pain and inflammatory diseases. We proposed to analyze analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of the filtrate (F1) and the precipitate (F2) of the hydroalcoholic fraction from the leaves of Annona crassiflora Mart. in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Swiss mice were submitted to formalin-induced nociception test and tail-flick reflex test, to assess antinociceptive properties, and to the rota-rod test, for motor performance analyses. To evaluate anti-inflammatory properties, F1 and F2 were orally administered 1 h prior to the intrathoracic injection of carrageenan, zymosan, LPS, CXCL8, or vehicle in Balb/c mice and neutrophil infiltration was evaluated 4 h after injection. RESULTS: F1 and F2 reduced the licking time in the second phase of formalin-induced nociception test, but only F2 showed a dose-dependent response. Neither F1 nor F2 reduced the latency time in the tail-flick reflex test. In addition, motor performance alteration was not observed in F1- or F2-treated mice. F2 treatment significantly inhibited the neutrophilia induced by carrageenan, LPS, or CXCL8, but not zymosan. CONCLUSIONS: The experimental data demonstrated that hydroalcoholic fractions of Annona crassiflora Mart. leaves have remarkable anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities.

Assuntos

Analgésicos/farmacologia , Annona/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Medição da Dor/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Folhas de Planta/química , Animais , Carragenina/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C

RESUMO

Cervical cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed tumor type and the fourth cause of cancer-related death in females. Therapeutic options for cervical cancer patients remain very limited. Annona crassiflora Mart. is used in traditional medicine as antimicrobial and antineoplastic agent. However, little is known about its antitumoral properties. In this study the antineoplastic effect of crude extract and derived partitions from A. crassiflora Mart in cervical cancer cell lines was evaluated. The crude extract significantly alters cell viability of cervical cancer cell lines as well as proliferation and migration, and induces cell death in SiHa cells. Yet, the combination of the crude extract with cisplatin leads to antagonistic effect. Importantly, the hexane partition derived from the crude extract presented cytotoxic effect both in vitro and in vivo, and initiates cell responses, such as DNA damage (H2AX activity), apoptosis via intrinsic pathway (cleavage of caspase-9, caspase-3, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and mitochondrial membrane depolarization) and decreased p21 expression by ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Concluding, this work shows that hexane partition triggers several biological responses such as DNA damage and apoptosis, by intrinsic pathways, and was also able to promote a direct decrease in tumor perimeter in vivo providing a basis for further investigation on its antineoplastic activity on cervical cancer.

Assuntos

Annona , Antineoplásicos Fitogênicos/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Embrião de Galinha , Dano ao DNA , Feminino , Hexanos/química , Humanos , Neovascularização Patológica/tratamento farmacológico , Folhas de Planta , Solventes/química , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/patologia

RESUMO

In this work, we investigated the effects of the nominal ultrasonic power (160-640 W) and process time (0.5-5.0 min) on the phenolic compounds recovery and antioxidant activity from araticum peel. The individual and synergistic effects of the process variables on the phenolic recovery were estimated using a full factorial experimental design. Operating at high nominal ultrasonic powers was possible to obtain high phenolic yields and antioxidant activities at short process times (≤5 min). The HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis revealed that the araticum peel sample possessed 142 phytochemicals, 123 of which had not been reported in the literature for this raw material yet. The most abundant phenolic compounds recovered were epicatechin, rutin, chlorogenic acid, catechin and ferulic acid. Thus, high-intensity ultrasound technology proved to be a simple, efficient, fast and low environmental impact method for obtaining phenolic compounds from araticum peel. In addition, araticum peel showed to be a promising source bioactive natural phenolics for further applications in the food, nutraceutical, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to develop a fermented dairy beverage flavored with araticum pulp, assess its physicochemical characteristics, microbiological quality, and sensory preference by the consumer. Araticum pulp was prepared using two different methods: with or without bleaching (50 ºC/5 minutes). Formulations of fermented dairy beverages consisting of whey (50%), standardized pasteurized milk (50%), and seven different concentrations of bleached araticum pulp (5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, and 20.0% w/v) were prepared. In addition, seven formulations of fermented dairy beverage, without adding araticum pulp, and consisting of varying proportions of whey (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100%) were developed. In all formulations, thickeners/stabilizers were added. All araticum pulp samples (with and without bleach) and fermented dairy beverages (with and without araticum pulp) were analyzed for the relevant physicochemical properties: pH, titratable acidity, acidity of pulp, acidity of fermented beverage, moisture, ash, fat, protein, crude fiber, ascorbic acid, carbohydrates, total solids, and caloric values. Microbiological counts of coliforms at 35 °C and 45 °C in the pulp and beverage, and molds and yeasts and Salmonella sp. in the pulp were obtained. Additionally, sensory analysis regarding preferences of the different fermented dairy beverage formulations was also performed. The araticum pulp samples without bleach, showed higher values of pH, moisture, protein, total fiber, and ascorbic acid, as compared to bleached pulp samples, while bleached araticum pulp showed higher values for other physicochemical parameters. Microbiological results showed that all pulps and fruit-dairy beverages were suitable for consumption. It was found that there was no significant consumer preference between different fermented beverage formulations, according to the different percentages of pulp.[...]

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Objetivou-se com o presente estudo desenvolver uma bebida láctea fermentada saborizada com polpa de araticum, avaliar suas características físico-químicas, qualidade microbiológica e preferência sensorial pelo consumidor. Foram realizados dois modos de preparo da polpa de araticum, sem e com branqueamento (50 ºC/5 minutos), para avaliação da qualidade e escolha de uso das mesmas. Foram elaboradas formulações de bebidas lácteas fermentadas constituídas de soro de leite (50%), leite pasteurizado padronizado (50%) adicionadas de sete concentrações de polpa de araticum branqueada (% m/v): 5,0%; 7,5%; 10,0%; 12,5%; 15,0%; 17,5% e 20,0%. Foram desenvolvidas, também, sete formulações de bebida láctea fermentada, sem adição de polpa, constituídas de soro de leite nas proporções de 40%; 50%; 60%; 70%; 80%; 90% e 100%, e leite pasteurizado padronizado necessário para completar 100% da mistura (soro:leite). Em todas as formulações foram adicionados espessantes/estabilizantes (mistura de 0,25% de gelatina incolor sem sabor, 0,12% de proteína láctea e 0,13% de concentrado protéico de soro) em 0,5% m/v, sacarose (10% m/v), cultura lática (recomendação do fabricante). Nas amostras de polpa de araticum (sem e com branqueamento) e bebidas lácteas fermentadas (sem e com polpa de araticum) foram realizadas as análises físico-químicas de pH, acidez titulável, acidez em ácido cítrico (na polpa), acidez em ácido lático (na bebida), umidade, cinzas, lipídios, proteínas, fibra bruta (na polpa), ácido ascórbico (na polpa), carboidratos, sólidos totais e valor calórico; avaliações microbiológicas de coliformes a 35 ºC e a 45 ºC (na polpa e bebida), bolores e leveduras e Salmonella sp. (na polpa); além das análises sensoriais de preferência entre as formulações de bebida láctea fermentada.[...]

Assuntos

Annona , Bebidas , Laticínios , Padrão de Identidade e Qualidade para Produtos e Serviços

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to develop a fermented dairy beverage flavored with araticum pulp, assess its physicochemical characteristics, microbiological quality, and sensory preference by the consumer. Araticum pulp was prepared using two different methods: with or without bleaching (50 ºC/5 minutes). Formulations of fermented dairy beverages consisting of whey (50%), standardized pasteurized milk (50%), and seven different concentrations of bleached araticum pulp (5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, and 20.0% w/v) were prepared. In addition, seven formulations of fermented dairy beverage, without adding araticum pulp, and consisting of varying proportions of whey (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100%) were developed. In all formulations, thickeners/stabilizers were added. All araticum pulp samples (with and without bleach) and fermented dairy beverages (with and without araticum pulp) were analyzed for the relevant physicochemical properties: pH, titratable acidity, acidity of pulp, acidity of fermented beverage, moisture, ash, fat, protein, crude fiber, ascorbic acid, carbohydrates, total solids, and caloric values. Microbiological counts of coliforms at 35 °C and 45 °C in the pulp and beverage, and molds and yeasts and Salmonella sp. in the pulp were obtained. Additionally, sensory analysis regarding preferences of the different fermented dairy beverage formulations was also performed. The araticum pulp samples without bleach, showed higher values of pH, moisture, protein, total fiber, and ascorbic acid, as compared to bleached pulp samples, while bleached araticum pulp showed higher values for other physicochemical parameters. Microbiological results showed that all pulps and fruit-dairy beverages were suitable for consumption. It was found that there was no significant consumer preference between different fermented beverage formulations, according to the different percentages of pulp.[...](AU)

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Objetivou-se com o presente estudo desenvolver uma bebida láctea fermentada saborizada com polpa de araticum, avaliar suas características físico-químicas, qualidade microbiológica e preferência sensorial pelo consumidor. Foram realizados dois modos de preparo da polpa de araticum, sem e com branqueamento (50 ºC/5 minutos), para avaliação da qualidade e escolha de uso das mesmas. Foram elaboradas formulações de bebidas lácteas fermentadas constituídas de soro de leite (50%), leite pasteurizado padronizado (50%) adicionadas de sete concentrações de polpa de araticum branqueada (% m/v): 5,0%; 7,5%; 10,0%; 12,5%; 15,0%; 17,5% e 20,0%. Foram desenvolvidas, também, sete formulações de bebida láctea fermentada, sem adição de polpa, constituídas de soro de leite nas proporções de 40%; 50%; 60%; 70%; 80%; 90% e 100%, e leite pasteurizado padronizado necessário para completar 100% da mistura (soro:leite). Em todas as formulações foram adicionados espessantes/estabilizantes (mistura de 0,25% de gelatina incolor sem sabor, 0,12% de proteína láctea e 0,13% de concentrado protéico de soro) em 0,5% m/v, sacarose (10% m/v), cultura lática (recomendação do fabricante). Nas amostras de polpa de araticum (sem e com branqueamento) e bebidas lácteas fermentadas (sem e com polpa de araticum) foram realizadas as análises físico-químicas de pH, acidez titulável, acidez em ácido cítrico (na polpa), acidez em ácido lático (na bebida), umidade, cinzas, lipídios, proteínas, fibra bruta (na polpa), ácido ascórbico (na polpa), carboidratos, sólidos totais e valor calórico; avaliações microbiológicas de coliformes a 35 ºC e a 45 ºC (na polpa e bebida), bolores e leveduras e Salmonella sp. (na polpa); além das análises sensoriais de preferência entre as formulações de bebida láctea fermentada.[...](AU)

Assuntos

Laticínios , Bebidas , Annona , Padrão de Identidade e Qualidade para Produtos e Serviços

RESUMO

Annona crassiflora Mart. is a native tree from Brazilian savanna. Isoquinoline alkaloids are characteristic of species of Annonaceae. This work aimed to assess the magnitude of genetic diversity among different populations of A. crassiflora using AFLP markers, and verify the existence of any correlation between the AFLP data and previous reported alkaloid composition. A. crassiflora from eight populations in the states of São Paulo, Goiás, Minas Gerais, and Distrito Federal were analyzed. The data suggest a low, moderate, and high level of genetic diversity from different populations of A. crassiflora. Concentration of alkaloids was significantly correlated with AFLP data, suggesting interaction between chemical and molecular markers in A. crassiflora. The data of association between the chemical and genetic differentiation of A. crassiflora may be useful to establish cultivation areas allowing the definition of strategies to preserve their genetic diversity with an interest in specific chemotypes for genetic improvement programs focused on sustainable utilization of this specie.

Assuntos

Annona/química , Annona/genética , Isoquinolinas/análise , Brasil

RESUMO

The Cerrado is the largest South American savanna and encompasses substantial species diversity and environmental variation. Nevertheless, little is known regarding the influence of the environment on population divergence of Cerrado species. Here, we searched for climatic drivers of genetic (nuclear microsatellites) and leaf trait divergence in Annona crassiflora, a widespread tree in the Cerrado. The sampling encompassed all phytogeographic provinces of the continuous area of the Cerrado and included 397 individuals belonging to 21 populations. Populations showed substantial genetic and leaf trait divergence across the species' range. Our data revealed three spatially defined genetic groups (eastern, western and southern) and two morphologically distinct groups (eastern and western only). The east-west split in both the morphological and genetic data closely mirrors previously described phylogeographic patterns of Cerrado species. Generalized linear mixed effects models and multiple regression analyses revealed several climatic factors associated with both genetic and leaf trait divergence among populations of A. crassiflora. Isolation by environment (IBE) was mainly due to temperature seasonality and precipitation of the warmest quarter. Populations that experienced lower precipitation summers and hotter winters had heavier leaves and lower specific leaf area. The southwestern area of the Cerrado had the highest genetic diversity of A. crassiflora, suggesting that this region may have been climatically stable. Overall, we demonstrate that a combination of current climate and past climatic changes have shaped the population divergence and spatial structure of A. crassiflora. However, the genetic structure of A. crassiflora reflects the biogeographic history of the species more strongly than leaf traits, which are more related to current climate.

Assuntos

Annona/genética , Variação Genética , Brasil , Pradaria , Folhas de Planta , Chuva , Estações do Ano , Inquéritos e Questionários , Temperatura , Árvores

RESUMO

Annona crassiflora and Annonaceae plants are known to be used to treat malaria by traditional healers. In this work, the antimalarial efficacy of different fractions of A. crassiflora, particularly acetogenin, alkaloids and flavonoid-rich fractions, was determined in vivo using Plasmodium berghei-infected mice model and toxicity was accessed by brine shrimp assay. The A. crassiflora fractions were administered at doses of 12.5 mg/kg/day in a 4-day test protocol. The results showed that some fractions from woods were rich in acetogenins, alkaloids and terpenes, and other fractions from leaves were rich in alkaloids and flavonoids. The parasitaemia was significantly (p < 0.05, p < 0.001) reduced (57-75%) with flavonoid and alkaloid-rich leaf fractions, which also increased mean survival time of mice after treatment. Our results confirm the usage of this plant in folk medicine as an antimalarial remedy.

Assuntos

Acetogeninas/isolamento & purificação , Acetogeninas/farmacologia , Alcaloides/isolamento & purificação , Alcaloides/farmacologia , Annona/química , Antimaláricos/isolamento & purificação , Antimaláricos/farmacologia , Flavonoides/isolamento & purificação , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Acetogeninas/química , Alcaloides/química , Animais , Antimaláricos/química , Artemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Flavonoides/química , Dose Letal Mediana , Malária/tratamento farmacológico , Medicina Tradicional , Camundongos , Estrutura Molecular , Folhas de Planta/química , Plasmodium berghei/efeitos dos fármacos

RESUMO

Annona crassiflora, a native tree from Brazilian Cerrado, is reported to possess several ethnomedical uses. Here, we report the isolation and unambiguous characterisation of the flavonoids quercetin-3-O-ß-D-glucopyranosil(1 â†’ 6)-O-α-L-arabinoside (1), known as peltatoside, kaempferol-3-O-ß-D-galactopyranoside (2), quercetin-3-O-ß-D-galactopyranoside (3), quercetin-3-O-ß-L-arabinopiranoside (4) and the ( - )-epicatechin (5) from the hydroalcoholic portion of the leaf ethanolic extract. Their structures were elucidated by using 1D and 2D NMR, ESI-MS, UV/Vis spectroscopy, optical rotation analysis and literature data comparison. The leaf ethanolic extract and its isolated compounds were evaluated by using antimicrobial, antioxidant and larvicidal assays, expressing antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. This is the first report on flavonoid isolation from A. crassiflora.

Assuntos

Flavonoides/isolamento & purificação , Glicosídeos/isolamento & purificação , Quercetina/análogos & derivados , Annona , Antioxidantes/química , Bacillus cereus/efeitos dos fármacos , Brasil , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Galactosídeos , Glicosídeos/química , Glicosídeos/farmacologia , Quempferóis , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Folhas de Planta/química , Quercetina/química , Quercetina/isolamento & purificação , Quercetina/farmacologia , Salmonella typhimurium/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos

RESUMO

Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar física e quimicamente frutos de araticum coletados de populações naturais de plantas localizadas em cinco áreas de Cerrado do estado de Goiás. O trabalho foi realizado na Escola de Agronomia e Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Os frutos maduros foram avaliados individualmente, por área e por planta. Determinaram-se: massas do fruto, da polpa e da casca, diâmetro e altura do fruto, número total de sementes e de sementes defeituosas por fruto, massa das sementes, cores do fruto, da casca e da polpa, textura da casca e teor de sólidos solúveis totais. As características físicas mostraram variação significativa entre frutos de plantas das diferentes áreas. A massa média do fruto foi de 872,06 g. A polpa, parte de importância econômica, representou cerca de 47% dessa massa, cuja variação por região foi de 44% a 49%. O número de sementes foi elevado, em média 108, representando 15,8% da massa do fruto. Há tendência para a cor marrom da casca, assim como para a cor amarelada ou creme da polpa. Observou-se uma variação de textura da casca, desde lisa até rugosa. Do total de 219 frutos avaliados, 15,5% apresentaram o orifício de saída de Bephratelloides pomorum. Houve diferenças significativas entre áreas e entre plantas dentro de áreas para todas as variáveis físicas. A massa média dos frutos de araticum foi de 872,06 g com rendimento médio de polpa, casca e sementes de: 46,8%, 37,4% e 15,8%, respectivamente.

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This work objectified to characterize physics chemically and collected fruits of araticum of natural populations of plants located in five areas of Cerrado of the state of Goiás. The work was carried through in the "Escola de Agronomia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Goiás". The mature fruits had been evaluated individually, for area and plant. They had been determined: masses of the fruit, the pulp and the rind, diameter and height of the fruit, total number of seeds and defective seeds for fruit, mass of the seeds, colors of the fruit, the rind and the pulp, texture of the rind and total soluble solids. The physical characteristics had shown significant variation between fruits of plants of the different areas. The average mass of the fruit was of 872,06 g. The pulp, part of economic importance, represented about 47% of this mass, whose variation for region was of 44% 49%. The number of seeds was raised, on average 108, representing 15.8% of the mass of the fruit. It has trend for the brown color of the rind, as well as for the yellowish color or cream of the pulp. A variation of texture of the rind was observed, since smooth until rough. Of the total 219 of evaluated fruits, 15.5% had presented the orifice of exit of Bephratelloides pomorum. It inside had significant differences between areas and plants of areas for all the variable physicist. The mass average of the 872,06 fruits of araticum was of g with average income of pulp, rind and seeds of: 46.8%, 37.4% and 15.8%, respectively.

Assuntos

Pradaria , Annonaceae , Annona

RESUMO

O araticum (Annona crassiflora M.) é uma espécie frutífera da família Annonaceae, nativa da região dos cerrados, com ocorrência em todo o Estado de Goiás. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a germinação de sementes de frutos de araticum coletados de populações naturais de plantas localizadas em cinco áreas de Cerrado do Estado de Goiás, tratadas com ácido giberélico (GA3). Determinou-se a velocidade de emergência a cada três dias e o percentual de germinação de sementes, de frutos de 75 plantas. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro blocos e 75 tratamentos. Cada parcela foi composta por 50 sementes de uma mesma planta, totalizando 15.000 sementes. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e aplicando-se o teste F. Houve germinação da maioria das sementes das plantas de cada área, mostrando que, independentemente do vigor, a dosagem utilizada de ácido giberélico foi adequada. Em média a percentagem de germinação variou de 12,81% em Vila Propicio a 28,81% em Campos Belos. Na planta 10 de Campos Belos observou-se a maior média para germinação (66%) e a menor média de dias necessários para a emergência (49 dias). As sementes provenientes de frutos de araticum das cinco áreas de Cerrado em estudo, apresentam diferenças na percentagem de germinação e na velocidade de emergêngia. As diferenças de germinação ocorrem entre plantas na área e entre áreas.

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Araticum (Annona crassiflora M.) is a species of native fruit of the Annonaceas family which grows in the whole State of Goiás, Brazil. The objective of this work was to evaluate the germination of araticum fruits seeds collected of natural populations of plants located in five areas of Cerrado of the State of Goiás, treated with gibberellic acid (GA3). It was determined speed of emergency to each three days and the germination percentage of seeds, fruits of 75 plants. The used delineation was of randomized blocks, with four blocks and 75 treatments. Each parcel was composed for 50 seeds of one same plant, totalizing 15.000 seeds. The data had been submitted to the variance analysis and applying test F. It had germination of the majority of the seeds of the plants of each area, showing that, independently of the vigor, the used dosage of gibberellic acid was adjusted. On average the germination percentage varied of 12.81% in Vila Propicio 28.81% in Campos Belos. In plant 10 of Campos Belos observed it bigger average for germination (66%) and the average minor of necessary days for the emergency (49 days). The seeds proceeding from of araticum fruits of the five areas of Cerrado in study, present differences in the germination percentage and the speed of emergency. The germination differences occur between plants in the area and areas.

Assuntos

Sementes , Germinação , Pradaria , Annona , Plântula

RESUMO

Although the use of medicinal plants or natural products has increased in recent decades all over the world, little information is available on their potential risk to health. Annona crassiflora Mart., a plant commonly known as araticum in Brazil, has been widely used in folk medicine for a long time since its seeds and leaves are often utilised in the treatment of cancer, snake bites, and venereal diseases, its fruits are consumed as tonic and astringent, and its bark powder has anti-fungal and anti-rheumatic properties. To evaluate the genotoxic and mutagenic properties induced by the ethanolic extract of araticum leaves, we performed the prophage λ induction (Inductest) and bacterial mutagenicity assays. We used Escherichia coli WP2s(λ) and RJF013 strains in the lysogenic induction test, whereas the mutagenic studies were carried out using Salmonella typhimurium histidine auxotroph strains TA97a, TA98, TA100, and TA102. Each experiment was performed three times in duplicate and included positive and negative controls. No statistically significant (p > 0.05) positive results were obtained for any of the strains tested, which suggests that the ethanolic extract of araticum leaves did not exhibit direct mechanisms of genotoxicity or mutagenicity that could be detected by the tests used in the present work.

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Embora o uso de plantas medicinais ou de produtos naturais venha aumentando nas últimas décadas no mundo todo, existem poucas informações acerca de seu risco potencial para a saúde. Annona crassiflora Mart., uma planta comumente conhecida como araticum no Brasil, tem tido amplo uso em medicina popular há muito tempo, uma vez que suas sementes e folhas são frequentemente empregadas no tratamento de câncer, picadas de cobras e doenças venéreas, seus frutos são consumidos como tônico e adstringente, e o pó da casca de seu tronco apresenta propriedades antifúngicas e antirreumáticas. Para avaliar as propriedades genotóxica e mutagênica induzidas pelo extrato etanólico das folhas de araticum, utilizaram-se os testes de indução do profago λ (Induteste) e de mutagenicidade bacteriana. Foram empregadas as linhagens WP2s(λ) e RJF013 de Escherichia coli no teste de indução lisogênica, enquanto os estudos sobre mutagenicidade foram conduzidos utilizando as linhagens auxotróficas para histidina TA97a, TA98, TA100 e TA102 de Salmonella typhimurium. Cada experimento foi executado três vezes em duplicata, incluindo controles positivo e negativo. Não foram obtidos resultados positivos estatisticamente significativos (p > 0,05) para quaisquer das linhagens testadas, o que sugere que o extrato etanólico das folhas de araticum não apresentou mecanismos diretos de genotoxicidade ou mutagenicidade que pudessem ser detectados pelos testes usados no presente estudo.

Assuntos

Annona/química , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Mutagenicidade/métodos , Extratos Vegetais/toxicidade , Salmonella typhimurium/efeitos dos fármacos , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Dano ao DNA/genética , Escherichia coli/genética , Prófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Prófagos/genética , Resposta SOS em Genética/efeitos dos fármacos , Resposta SOS em Genética/genética , Salmonella typhimurium/genética

RESUMO

Although the use of medicinal plants or natural products has increased in recent decades all over the world, little information is available on their potential risk to health. Annona crassiflora Mart., a plant commonly known as araticum in Brazil, has been widely used in folk medicine for a long time since its seeds and leaves are often utilised in the treatment of cancer, snake bites, and venereal diseases, its fruits are consumed as tonic and astringent, and its bark powder has anti-fungal and anti-rheumatic properties. To evaluate the genotoxic and mutagenic properties induced by the ethanolic extract of araticum leaves, we performed the prophage induction (Inductest) and bacterial mutagenicity assays. We used Escherichia coli WP2s() and RJF013 strains in the lysogenic induction test, whereas the mutagenic studies were carried out using Salmonella typhimurium histidine auxotroph strains TA97a, TA98, TA100, and TA102. Each experiment was performed three times in duplicate and included positive and negative controls. No statistically significant (p > 0.05) positive results were obtained for any of the strains tested, which suggests that the ethanolic extract of araticum leaves did not exhibit direct mechanisms of genotoxicity or mutagenicity that could be detected by the tests used in the present work.

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Embora o uso de plantas medicinais ou de produtos naturais venha aumentando nas últimas décadas no mundo todo, existem poucas informações acerca de seu risco potencial para a saúde. Annona crassiflora Mart., uma planta comumente conhecida como araticum no Brasil, tem tido amplo uso em medicina popular há muito tempo, uma vez que suas sementes e folhas são frequentemente empregadas no tratamento de câncer, picadas de cobras e doenças venéreas, seus frutos são consumidos como tônico e adstringente, e o pó da casca de seu tronco apresenta propriedades antifúngicas e antirreumáticas. Para avaliar as propriedades genotóxica e mutagênica induzidas pelo extrato etanólico das folhas de araticum, utilizaram-se os testes de indução do profago (Induteste) e de mutagenicidade bacteriana. Foram empregadas as linhagens WP2s() e RJF013 de Escherichia coli no teste de indução lisogênica, enquanto os estudos sobre mutagenicidade foram conduzidos utilizando as linhagens auxotróficas para histidina TA97a, TA98, TA100 e TA102 de Salmonella typhimurium. Cada experimento foi executado três vezes em duplicata, incluindo controles positivo e negativo. Não foram obtidos resultados positivos estatisticamente significativos (p > 0,05) para quaisquer das linhagens testadas, o que sugere que o extrato etanólico das folhas de araticum não apresentou mecanismos diretos de genotoxicidade ou mutagenicidade que pudessem ser detectados pelos testes usados no presente estudo.

RESUMO

This study aimed to characterize araticum (Annona crassiflora) plants and fruits, and evaluate the frequency of consumption, predation and dispersal of the seeds by animals and its effect on germination, in Cerrado vegetation area, between February 2007 and June 2008. Using track traps installed on araticum plants, the frequency of visitation (FV) and the fruit consumption by the animals was assessed, as well as, the action of insects in fallen fruits under the trees was registered. Sample of tapirs excrement Tapirus terrestris were analyzed to verify the occurrence frequency (FO) and the damage caused on the seeds by tapirs and insects. To analyze the dispersal by tapirs, colored beads were inserted in fallen mature fruits under the parent trees. Then, the distance between the location of the excrements with beads to the parent tree in the specific color of the bead was measured. Germination test was performed with excrement samples and unbroken fruit seeds. Among the animals that fed on fruits, tapirs contributed with the largest frequency of visitation and consumption of araticum fruits, representing 54% of the frequency occurrence in excrement samples, and the seeds were not damaged significantly. Dung beetles (Scarabaeidae) fed the pulp of the fruit and buried araticum seeds next to the parent tree. Curculionid and eurytomid insects predated the araticum seeds on the fruits. The damage caused by these insects in the seeds was significantly higher than those caused by tapirs. Two excrements with beads were found at 1,7 and 1,8km distant from the parent trees, respectively. The seeds had low germinability in this period of study, however the tapirs can protect the seeds of predator insects, defecating the intact seeds for long distances. Thus, T. terrestris is a possible disperser of seeds, whereas curculionids and eurytomids can be considered predators of araticum seeds. These relations probably contribute with the control of araticum population in the Brazilian Cerrado.

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Este estudo objetivou caracterizar plantas e frutos de araticum (Annona crassiflora), avaliar a frequência de consumo, predação e dispersão de suas sementes por animais e seus efeitos na germinação, em área de Cerrado, entre fevereiro de 2007 a junho de 2008. Baseado em armadilhas de pegadas, registrou-se a frequência de visitação (FV) e o consumo de frutos por animais, além da ação de insetos em frutos caídos no solo, sob as plantas. Estrumes de antas, Tapirus terrestris, foram amostrados para verificar a frequência de ocorrência (FO) e os danos causados por elas e por insetos. Para analisar a dispersão por antas, foram inseridas miçangas coloridas em frutos maduros caídos sob plantas-mãe. Posteriormente, foi medida a distância entre o local das fezes com miçanga até a planta-mãe da cor específica da miçanga. Realizou-se teste de germinação com sementes de amostras fecais e de frutos intactos. Dentre os animais que se alimentaram dos frutos, antas contribuíram com maior frequência de visitação e consumo de frutos de araticum, o qual representou 54% de frequência de ocorrência nas amostras fecais e as sementes não foram significativamente danificadas. Besouros (Scarabaeidae) se alimentaram da polpa de frutos e enterraram sementes de araticum próximo da planta-mãe. Insetos curculionídeos e euritomídeos predaram as sementes de araticum nos frutos. Os danos causados nas sementes por esses insetos foram significativamente maiores que aqueles provocados pelas antas. Foram encontradas duas fezes com miçangas distantes 1,7km e 1,8km das plantas-mãe, respectivamente. A germinação das sementes foi baixa neste período de estudo, no entanto, as antas podem proteger as sementes de insetos predadores, defecando-as intactas para longas distâncias. Assim, T. terrestris é um possível dispersor, enquanto que curculionídeos e euritomídeos são possíveis predadores de sementes de araticum. Essas relações provavelmente contribuem para o controle da população de araticum no Cerrado brasileiro.