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1.
Arch. cardiol. Méx ; Arch. cardiol. Méx;84(2): 128-132, abr.-jun. 2014.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-732002

RESUMO

Se resume la historia de los estudios acerca de la llamada irritabilidad de los tejidos animales, señalada en el siglo XVII por el médico inglés Francis Glisson. Estudios sustentables sobre las propiedades bioeléctricas de dichos tejidos se iniciaron en el siglo XVIII por el científico suizo Albrecht von Haller y se continuaron por el naturalista italiano Felice Fontana. Durante ese siglo arreció la polémica entre los partidarios de la llamada electricidad animal y los de la electricidad de contacto. La demostración por el danés Oersted en 1820 de la íntima relación existente entre magnetismo y electricidad llevó a la preparación de los electrómetros. Con estos fue posible detectar y medir el flujo eléctrico. Se llegó así, a mediados del siglo XIX, a la identificación de la verdadera electricidad animal en forma de corriente de lesión. Más tarde fue posible registrar la corriente eléctrica, originada en el miocardio, también al exterior de la caja torácica primero con el electrómetro capilar de Lippmann y después con el galvanómetro de cuerda construido por el holandés Willem Einthoven a principios del siglo XX. Despegó así la moderna electrocardiografía por obra del investigador inglés Thomas Lewis, del norteamericano Frank N. Wilson y del mexicano Demetrio Sodi Pallares. Este último trató de racionalizar la exploración electrovectocardiográfica mediante una base experimental.


The history of the investigations about of the so-called irritability of animal tissues showed by English physician Francis Glisson in the 17th century, is summarized. During the 18th century, reliable studies on the bioelectric properties of these tissues began, due to the Swiss scientist Albrecht von Haller and continuated by the Italian naturalist Felice Fontana. In the second half of this century, multiple controversies of the partisans of the animal electricity against the partisans of the contact electricity took place. The Danish scientist Oersted in 1820 proved the close relation of magnetism to electricity, which led to construction of electrometers. These instruments allowed to register and measure record of the electric current. On this way, at middle 21st century, the true animal electricity was identified as the injury current. Later it was possible to record the electric current, risen in the myocardium, out the thorax first by means of the Lippmann' capillary electrometer and later thanks to the Einthoven's string galvanometer at the beginning of the 20th century. So the modern electro-vectorcardiography took off, due to English Thomas Lewis, the North-American Frank N. Wilson and the Mexican Demetrio Sodi Pallares. The last one allowed to rationalize the electro-vectorcardiographic exploration on experimental bases.


Assuntos
Animais , Cães , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Vetorcardiografia/história , Eletrocardiografia/história , México
2.
Arch Cardiol Mex ; 84(2): 128-32, 2014.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24815997

RESUMO

The history of the investigations about of the so-called irritability of animal tissues showed by English physician Francis Glisson in the 17th century, is summarized. During the 18th century, reliable studies on the bioelectric properties of these tissues began, due to the Swiss scientist Albrecht von Haller and continuated by the Italian naturalist Felice Fontana. In the second half of this century, multiple controversies of the partisans of the animal electricity against the partisans of the contact electricity took place. The Danish scientist Oersted in 1820 proved the close relation of magnetism to electricity, which led to construction of electrometers. These instruments allowed to register and measure record of the electric current. On this way, at middle 21st century, the true animal electricity was identified as the injury current. Later it was possible to record the electric current, risen in the myocardium, out the thorax first by means of the Lippmann' capillary electrometer and later thanks to the Einthoven's string galvanometer at the beginning of the 20th century. So the modern electro-vectorcardiography took off, due to English Thomas Lewis, the North-American Frank N. Wilson and the Mexican Demetrio Sodi Pallares. The last one allowed to rationalize the electro-vectorcardiographic exploration on experimental bases.


Assuntos
Vetorcardiografia/história , Animais , Cães , Eletrocardiografia/história , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , México
3.
Arch. cardiol. Méx ; Arch. cardiol. Méx;82(3): 252-259, jul.-sept. 2012. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: lil-685330

RESUMO

We relate the fundamental stages of the long road leading to the discovery of electricity and its uses in cardiology. The first observations on the electromagnetic phenomena were registered in ancient texts; many Greek and Roman writers referred to them, although they provided no explanations. The first extant treatise dates back to the XIII century and was written by Pierre de Maricourt during the siege of Lucera, Italy, by the army of Charles of Anjou, French king of Naples. There were no significant advances in the field of magnetism between the appearance of this treatise and the publication of the study De magnete magneticisque corporibus (1600) by the English physician William Gilbert. Scientists became increasingly interested in electromagnetic phenomena occurring in certain fish, i.e., the so-called electric ray that lived in the South American seas and the Torpedo fish that roamed the Mediterranean Sea. This interest increased in the 18th century, when condenser devices such as the Leyden jar were explored. It was subsequently demonstrated that the discharges produced by ''electric fish'' were of the same nature as those produced in this device. The famous ''controversy'' relating to animal electricity or electricity inherent to an animal's body also arose in the second half of the 18th century. The school of thought of the physicist Volta sustained the principle of a single electrical action generated by metallic contact. This led Volta to invent his electric pile, considered as the first wet cell battery. Toward the middle of the XIX century, the disciples of the physiologist Galvani were able to demonstrate the existence of animal electricity through experiments exploring the so-called current of injury. On the path of Volta's approach, many characteristics of electricity were detailed, which ultimately led to their usage in the industrial field. The route followed by Galvani-Nobili-Matteucci led to the successes of Waller, Einthoven, etcetera, enabling the modern conquests of electro-vectorcardiography.


Se relatan las etapas fundamentales del largo camino que llevó al descubrimiento de la electricidad y su utilización en cardiología. Las primeras observaciones de fenómenos electromagnéticos se realizaron en la antigüedad clásica y se señalaron por autores griego-romanos, aunque no podían ser interpretados correctamente. Sólo en el siglo XIII apareció un escrito de Pierre de Maricourt, redactado durante el sitio de Lucera, en Italia Meridional, por las huestes de Carlos de Anjou, rey francés de Nápoles. Entre la redacción de este ensayo y la publicación del tratado De magnete magneticisque corporibus (1600) por el médico inglés William Gilbert, no hubo avances importantes en el campo del electromagnetismo. Pero los investigadores comenzaron a interesarse en los fenómenos electromagnéticos que se producían en ciertos peces, por ejemplo la llamada anguila eléctrica, que vivía en los mares de Sudamérica, y también en el pez Torpedo morador del mar Mediterráneo. Tal interés aumentó a mediados del siglo XVIII, cuando se elaboraron condensadores del tipo de la llamada botella de Leyden. Pudo demostrarse, por tanto, que las descargas de los ''peces eléctricos'' son del mismo tipo de las que pueden producirse en dicho aparato. En la segunda mitad del siglo mencionado, se originó la famosa ''controversia'' acerca de la llamada electricidad animal, o sea de la electricidad inherente al cuerpo de animales. La línea de los investigadores de la escuela del físico Volta, sustentaba la existencia de la sola electricidad ''de contacto'' entre cables metálicos. Esto llevó a su jefe a lograr el invento de la pila eléctrica. Los discípulos del fisiólogo Galvani llegaron a demostrar hacia mediados del siglo XIX, la existencia de una verdadera electricidad animal en forma de corriente de lesión. Por el camino de Volta, se llegó a detectar muchas características de la electricidad, lo que permitió su utilización esencialmente en campo industrial. Por la vía Galvani-Nobili-Matteucci, se llegó a los éxitos de Waller, Einthoven, entre otros, lo que hizo posible lograr las modernas conquistas de la electrovectocardiografía.


Assuntos
História do Século XVIII , Cardiologia/história , Eletricidade/história
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