RESUMO

SUMMARY: Through anatomical observations, the anatomical characteristics of the inferior extensor retinaculum of ankle (IER) of the ankle joint were elucidated, and its potential applications in treating lateral ankle instability or other conditions were discussed. A total of 12 adult foot specimens were dissected to expose the inferior extensor retinaculum of ankle, and a standard model was established. The pre-experimental scheme guided the recording of general findings, adjacent structures, lateral attachment in the tarsal sinus region, and influence on movement of inferior tendons. 1, attachment mean width: lateral band of IER 6.6±1.38 mm, oblique superomedial band of IER (32.3±3.97 mm), oblique inferomedial band of IER (30.0±5.30 mm) ; 2, mean length: lateral band of IER (78.1±4.20 mm) , oblique superomedial band of IER (14.2±0.80 mm), oblique inferomedial band of IER (71.8±2.61 mm); 3, maximum mean thickness: lateral band of IER (1.52±0.03 mm), oblique superomedial band of IER (0.89±0.05 mm), oblique inferomedial band of IER (0.73±0.16 mm); 4, the closest distance between IER and the tip of lateral malleolus: 23.9±0.83 mm; 5, mean width of the fiber tunnel:lateral fiber tunnel (11.9±1.16 mm), intermedium fiber tunnel (6.8±1.24 mm), medial fiber tunnel (8.6±0.79 mm); 6, mean distance from tunnel midpoint to lateral malleolar tip: lateral fiber tunnel (38.0±3.74 mm), intermedium fiber tunnel (69.8±4.15 mm), medial fiber tunnel (181.1±6.00 mm); 7, the distance between medial dorsal cutaneous nerve and the tip of lateral malleolus on the level of the IER (79.2±8.3 mm) the distance between intermediate cutaneous nerve of dorsum and the tip of lateral malleolus on the level of the IER (57.9±1.02 mm). The inferior extensor retinaculum of ankle is a crucial restraint unit of the anterior ankle tendon, and a comprehensive understanding of its anatomical characteristics holds significant implications for treating chronic ankle instability and exploring potential clinical applications.

A través de observaciones anatómicas, se dilucidaron las características anatómicas del retináculo extensor inferior (IER) de la articulación del tobillo y se discutieron sus posibles aplicaciones en el tratamiento de la inestabilidad lateral de esta articulación u otras afecciones. Se disecaron 12 muestras de pies de individuos adultos para exponer el retináculo extensor inferior del tobillo y se estableció un modelo estándar. El esquema preexperimental guió el registro de los hallazgos generales, las estructuras adyacentes, la inserción lateral en la región del seno tarsal y la influencia en el movimiento de los tendones inferiores. Se determino: 1. Ancho medio de inserción: banda lateral de IER (6,6 ± 1,38 mm), banda superomedial oblicua de IER (32,3 ± 3,97 mm), banda inferomedial oblicua de IER (30,0 ± 5,30 mm); 2. Longitud media: banda lateral de IER (78,1 ± 4,20 mm), banda superomedial oblicua de IER (14,2 ± 0,80 mm), banda inferomedial oblicua de IER (71,8 ± 2,61 mm); 3. Espesor medio máximo: banda lateral de IER (1,52 ± 0,03 mm), banda superomedial oblicua de IER (0,89 ± 0,05 mm), banda inferomedial oblicua de IER (0,73 ± 0,16 mm); 4. Distancia más próxima entre IER y el ápice del maléolo lateral: (23,9 ± 0,83 mm); 5.Ancho medio del túnel de fibra: túnel de fibra lateral (11,9 ± 1,16 mm), túnel de fibra intermedio (6,8 ± 1,24 mm), túnel de fibra medial (8,6 ± 0,79 mm); 6. Distancia media desde el punto medio del túnel hasta la punta del maléolor lateral: túnel de fibra lateral (38,0 ± 3,74 mm), túnel de fibra intermedio (69,8 ± 4,15 mm), túnel de fibra medial (181,1 ± 6,00 mm); 7. Distancia entre el nervio cutáneo dorsal medial y el a´pice del maléolo lateral en el nivel del IER (79,2 ± 8,3 mm); la distancia entre el nervio cutáneo intermedio dorsal y el ápice del maléolo lateral en el nivel del IER (57,9 ±1,02 mm). El retináculo extensor inferior del tobillo es una unidad de restricción crucial del tendón anterior del tobillo, y una comprensión integral de sus características anatómicas tiene implicaciones significativas para el tratamiento de la inestabilidad crónica del tobillo y la exploración de posibles aplicaciones clínicas.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Resumen Introducción: Los estudios dendrocronológicos en México se han basado principalmente en las coníferas, mientras que las especies de madera dura han sido poco estudiadas. Este ha sido el caso del género Quercus, con una alta diversidad taxonómica en el país pero que no ha sido estudiado con fines dendrocronológicos, a pesar de los valores ecológicos y económicos de sus especies. Objetivo: En la presente investigación se determinó el potencial dendroclimático de Quercus sideroxyla en el noroeste de México, y su relación con variables climáticas como precipitación y temperatura. Métodos: La investigación se desarrolló en el estado de Durango en el ejido Chavarría Viejo en las coordenadas (23º43' N & 105º33' W), se recolectaron muestras de 5 a 7 cm en dos sitios bajo aprovechamiento forestal y se procesaron mediante técnicas dendrocronológicas convencionales. Resultados: Se desarrolló una cronología de ancho de anillo total, la cual se compuso por 30 muestras de 16 árboles para el período de 1917 a 2018 (101 años). Se obtuvieron valores de intercorrelación entre series de 0.43, de sensibilidad media de 0.36, relación señal-ruido de 3.53 y autocorrelación de primer orden (0.58). En cuanto a la relación clima-crecimiento, los valores de índice de ancho de anillo se correlacionaron con datos de la estación climática más cercana al sitio de estudio; donde la precipitación invierno-primavera (enero-mayo) fue la variable de mayor influencia en el crecimiento de la especie. Conclusiones: Con base en los parámetros dendrocronológicos se demuestra el alto potencial de la especie para ser empleada en estudios dendroclimáticos en la región, la respuesta de la especie a la precipitación es similar al de las coníferas con las que cohabita.

Abstract Introduction: Dendrochronological studies in Mexico have been mainly based on conifers, while hardwood species have been little studied. This has been the case of the genus Quercus, which has a high taxonomic diversity in the country but has not been previously studied for dendrochronological issues, despite the ecological and economic values of oak species. Objective: In the present investigation, the dendroclimatic potential of Quercus sideroxyla in Northwestern Mexico was determined, as well as its relationship with climatic variables such as precipitation and temperature. Methods: The research was carried out in the state of Durango, Chavarría Viejo with coordinates (23º43' N & -105º33' W). Samples of 5 cm to 7cm were collected in two sites under forest exploitation and processed by conventional dendrochronological techniques. Results: A chronology of total ring width was developed, which was composed of 30 samples from 16 trees for the period from 1917 to 2018 (101 years). Inter-series intercorrelation values of 0.43, mean sensitivity of 0.36, signal-to-noise ratio of 3.53 and first-order autocorrelation (0.58) were obtained. Regarding the climate-growth relationship, the ring width index values were correlated with data from the climatic station nearest to the study site, where winter-spring precipitation (January-May) was the variable with the greatest influence on the growth of the species. Conclusions: Based on the dendrochronological parameters, the high potential of the species that were used in dendroclimatic studies in the region has demonstrated that the response of the species to precipitation is similar to that of the conifers with which the Quercus sideroxyla shares its habitat with.

Assuntos

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Fibrous bands (FB) are structures that cross the ulnar nerve (UN), distal to the cubital tunnel (CT). In surgical decompression of the UN in the elbow region, by endoscopy, these FB significantly impact UN visibility. The aim of the current study was to characterize the anatomical characteristics of these FB distal to the CT. METHODOLOGY: Eighteen formalinized upper limbs were dissected, nine right and nine left, within the Department of Anatomy of the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO). The dissections were performed with micro techniques, under a magnifying glass and a microscope. Classical UN exposure was established in the elbow region. RESULTS: Of the 18 upper limbs studied, 50% lacked any FB. When present, both the number and location of the FB varied, as near to the cubital tunnel as 3 cm past the UN's entrance into the tunnel, and as far away as almost 11 cm distal to it. Overall, there were no FB on either the left or right side in three cadavers (33.3%), FB on both the left and right side in three, and FB only on the left in three, meaning that FB were twice as common in left limbs (n = 6) as on the right (n = 3). CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified FB in 50% of the dissected limbs, all within 3-11 cm of the CT, though their number and location varied. Further studies are necessary to describe FB variations associated with compressive neuropathies of the UN distal to the CT.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Thailand is the world leader in the production of latex extracted from the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). However, the most cultivated clone RRIM 600, is highly susceptible to diseases, and there is economic incentive to develop new rubber tree clones. Four rubber tree clones (T2, SK1, NK1 and SK3) that have high latex yield potential from plantations in Southern Thailand were selected for this study. Yield performance, latex biochemical parameters and anatomical characteristics of bark were monitored for two years, using RRIM 600 clones in the same fields as paired controls. The average yields of the clones SK1, NK1 and SK3 were 129.3, 74.2 and 53.9 g per tree per tapping, respectively, surpassing the paired RRIM 600 controls (94.3, 49.9 and 43.9 g per tree per tapping in matching order). There was a difference in girth increment of SK1, SK3 and T2 clones when compared with RRIM 600, whereas the clones SK1 and T2 had higher renewed bark thickness than the paired RRIM 600. The anatomical measurements showed that the diameter of the latex vessels and density of latex vessels mm2 were the highest in clone NK1, which also had the best latex biochemical parameters. This indicates NK1 is superior, and supports its use in Hevea breeding programs to improve latex yield. Our genetic characterization and assessment of the four clones selected used Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR). Seventeen recommended rubber clones were included as references. The clones SK3 and SK1 were closely related to RRIM 600 with similarity coefficients of 0.891 and 0.809, while NK1 and T2 were closely related to RRIT 250 (0.836) and RRIC 110 (0.864), respectively.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Thailand is the world leader in the production of latex extracted from the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). However, the most cultivated clone RRIM 600, is highly susceptible to diseases, and there is economic incentive to develop new rubber tree clones. Four rubber tree clones (T2, SK1, NK1 and SK3) that have high latex yield potential from plantations in Southern Thailand were selected for this study. Yield performance, latex biochemical parameters and anatomical characteristics of bark were monitored for two years, using RRIM 600 clones in the same fields as paired controls. The average yields of the clones SK1, NK1 and SK3 were 129.3, 74.2 and 53.9 g per tree per tapping, respectively, surpassing the paired RRIM 600 controls (94.3, 49.9 and 43.9 g per tree per tapping in matching order). There was a difference in girth increment of SK1, SK3 and T2 clones when compared with RRIM 600, whereas the clones SK1 and T2 had higher renewed bark thickness than the paired RRIM 600. The anatomical measurements showed that the diameter of the latex vessels and density of latex vessels mm2 were the highest in clone NK1, which also had the best latex biochemical parameters. This indicates NK1 is superior, and supports its use in Hevea breeding programs to improve latex yield. Our genetic characterization and assessment of the four clones selected used Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR). Seventeen recommended rubber clones were included as references. The clones SK3 and SK1 were closely related to RRIM 600 with similarity coefficients of 0.891 and 0.809, while NK1 and T2 were closely related to RRIT 250 (0.836) and RRIC 110 (0.864), respectively.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of nitrogen levels (control = without N, 150, 300 and 450 kg N/ha), on proportions of tissues of leaf blades and the nutritional value of Millennium grass, on grazing system with intermittent stocking during the summer of 2007 in a completely randomized design. The last and penultimate expanded leaves of vegetative tillers were collected for this study. The proportion of abaxial epidermis (EPIaba) and vascular tissue (VT) decreased linearly with increasing levels of nitrogen. The percentage of sclerenchyma (SC) was 40,8% e 36,4% lower in pasture fertilized with 150, 300 kg N/ha and 25% lower for those with 450 kg in comparison to pasture without fertilization. The percentage of mesophyll (MES) increased linearly with nitrogen levels, with up to 20,3% higher for pasture with 450kg of N in relation to control level. The morphological characteristics, leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA) and length, increased linearly with increasing nitrogen levels. The percentage of crude protein (CP ) and in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM ) were higher for treatments with higher fertilization (300 and 450 kg). The EPIaba and the levels of acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) had positive correlation. The same occurred between IVDDM and parenchyma bundle sheath (PBS). The nitrogen applied to pasture has influence on improving the nutritive value of leaf blades of millennium grass and on the proportion of tissues considered of high digestibility.

Este trabalho foi realizado com objetivo de avaliar a influência do uso de doses de nitrogênio (controle=sem N; 150; 300 e 450 kg de N/ha), nas porcentagens de tecidos de lâminas foliares e no valor nutritivo de capim-milênio, em sistema de pastejo com lotação intermitente no período do verão de 2007, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foram coletadas a última e penúltima folha expandida de perfilhos vegetativos. A porcentagem de esclerênquima (ESC) foi 40,8% e 36,4% menor para os pastos adubados com 150 e 300 kg de N/ha e 25% menor para aqueles com adubação de 450 kg em relação aos não adubados. A porcentagem de mesofilo (MES) aumentou linearmente com as doses de nitrogênio, sendo até 20,3% maior para os pastos com 450 kg de N em relação aos não adubados. Area foliar (AF), área foliar especifica (AFE) e comprimento aumentaram linearmente com o aumento das doses de nitrogênio. Houve correlação positiva entre AF e bainha parenquimática dos feixes (BPF), AFE e BPF, mesofilo (MES) e largura das folhas. A porcentagem de proteína bruta (PB) e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) foram maiores para os pastos mais adubados (300 e 450 kg de N/ha). A epiderme abaxial (EPIaba) e os teores de fibra em detergente ácido e neutro (FDA e FDN) tiveram correlação positiva, o mesmo ocorreu entre a DIVMS e BPF. O nitrogênio aplicado influencia na melhoria do valor nutritivo de lâminas foliares do capim-milênio e na proporção de tecidos considerados de alta digestibilidade.

Assuntos