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BACKGROUND: The Exemplars in Under-5 Mortality (U5M) was a multiple cases study of how six low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nepal, Peru, Rwanda, and Senegal, implemented health system-delivered evidence-based interventions (EBIs) to reduce U5M between 2000 and 2015 more effectively than others in their regions or with similar economic growth. Using implementation research, we conducted a cross-country analysis to compare decision-making pathways for how these countries chose, implemented, and adapted strategies for health system-delivered EBIs that mitigated or leveraged contextual factors to improve implementation outcomes in reducing amenable U5M. METHODS: The cross-country analysis was based on the hybrid mixed methods implementation research framework used to inform the country case studies. The framework included a common pathway of Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Adaptation, and Sustainment (EPIAS). From the existing case studies, we extracted contextual factors which were barriers, facilitators, or determinants of strategic decisions; strategies to implement EBIs; and implementation outcomes including acceptability and coverage. We identified common factors and strategies shared by countries, and individual approaches used by countries reflecting differences in contextual factors and goals. RESULTS: We found the six countries implemented many of the same EBIs, often using similar strategies with adaptations to local context and disease burden. Common implementation strategies included use of data by decision-makers to identify problems and prioritize EBIs, determine implementation strategies and their adaptation, and measure outcomes; leveraging existing primary healthcare systems; and community and stakeholder engagement. We also found common facilitators included culture of donor and partner coordination and culture and capacity of data use, while common barriers included geography and culture and beliefs. We found evidence for achieving implementation outcomes in many countries and EBIs including acceptability, coverage, equity, and sustainability. DISCUSSION: We found all six countries used a common pathway to implementation with a number of strategies common across EBIs and countries which contributed to progress, either despite contextual barriers or by leveraging facilitators. The transferable knowledge from this cross-country study can be used by other countries to more effectively implement EBIs known to reduce amenable U5M and contribute to strengthening health system delivery now and in the future.

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Antecedentes. El sistema de salud mexicano divide a la población en personas con y sin seguridad social, lo cual deriva en inequidades de salud. El estudio del indicador de la mortalidad evitable entre grupos o territorios mide indirectamente dicha brecha. Objetivo. Analizar la mortalidad evitable entre población mexicana con y sin derechohabiencia a la seguridad social de 1998 a 2019. Resultados. A nivel nacional, la población con seguridad social presenta la mayor mortalidad general, no evitable y evitable. Al revisar cada categoría de mortalidad evitable, las tasas de servicios médicos, diabetes, enfermedades isquémicas y causas residuales están concentradas en los derechohabientes; mientras que, en las de homicidios, síndrome de la inmunodeficiencia humana adquirida y suicidios y lesiones sucede lo contrario. A nivel estatal existe heterogeneidad, pero en 28 de 32 estados las tasas fueron superiores en los derechohabientes. También se refleja en las razones de tasas. Los valores del índice de concentración denotan una escasa inequidad entre los estados. Conclusiones.Los derechohabientes manifestaron una mayor carga de mortalidad. Esto no implica una inequidad respecto a ellos, más bien, se atribuye a la influencia de otras variables (determinantes sociales) y queda evidenciado con el índice de concentración.

Background. The Mexican health system divides the population into people with and without social security. This organization generated health differences between both groups. Amenable mortality is an impact that if is studied between groups and territories it indirectly measures health inequities. Objective. Analyze the amenable mortality among Mexican population with and without social security from 1998 to 2019. Materials and methods. An ecological investigation was realized, obtaining standardized mortality rates of amenable mortality and two inequity measures for the population with and without social security, using an amenable mortality list adapted to Mexico. Results. At national level, the population with social security concentrates the greatest general, no amenable and amenable mortality. Looking at each category of amenable mortality we found that the mortality rates of Medical Services, Diabetes, Isquemic Hearth Diseases and Residual Causes were higher in social security population; while in Homicides, Acquired human Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Suicide and Intentional Injuries the opposite happens. At state level exist heterogeneity, but in 28 of 32 states the mortality rates were higher in social security population. It's the same in the ratio rates. The concentration index values reflect a little inequity between states. Conclusions.The population with social security had the greatest mortality. This doesn't mean that an inequity exist in them, rather it reflect the influence of other variables (social determinants), and it's evidence with the concentration index.

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The study had a three-fold objective: (i) to estimate the amenable mortality rates and trends at a national and state level between 2000 and 2015 in Mexico; (ii) to estimate the contribution and trends of various causes of death to overall amenable mortality; and (iii) to determine the association between health system inputs and amenable mortality for the period 2000-2015. We used a panel dataset for the period 2000-2015. The following health care inputs were used in the analysis: density of general practitioners, specialists and nurses, as well as density of hospital beds. We find that amenable mortality fell from 136 per 100,000 in 2000, to 124.1 per 100,000 in 2015 nationally, with significant heterogeneity in the trends across states. Mortality due to infectious diseases, diseases of childhood, and cardiovascular diseases decreased, while deaths due to other non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes, increased. There was a significant negative association between the density of general practitioners and specialist physicians, and amenable mortality. Our results indicate that reducing the burden of non-communicable diseases must be a health system priority. Improvements in primary health care could lead to improved disease detection and earlier diagnosis which could further reduce amenable mortality in Mexico.

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