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Abstract Background: Goat production has grown worldwide as a way to improve the quality of rural life and reduce the environmental footprint; nevertheless, there is a need to increase productivity through improved feeding strategies. The market demands healthier products with organoleptic characteristics similar to the traditional ones; thus, it is necessary to evaluate the effect of new forages for goats and its acceptance by consumers. Chemical and organoleptic composition of goat milk vary according to the diet which, in turn, affects the characteristics of cheese. Cheese texture, taste and smell are the most important sensory attributes for consumers. Objective: To evaluate the effect of substituting corn straw with sunflower hay associated with chickpea for dairy goats on yield, chemical composition and sensory acceptability of cheese, as well profitability. Methods: Twenty-eight Saanen dairy goats were randomly assigned to two treatments in a 30-day experiment on a small farm. The daily ration per goat in the MZST treatment (control treatment) consisted of alfalfa hay (200 g/goat/day) and concentrate (400 g/goat/day) plus 600 g/goat/day (50% of the ration) of corn straw. The SFCP treatment substituted corn straw with sunflower-chickpea hay; it had the same alfalfa and concentrate content, but with no corn straw and was added with 600 g/goat/day of sunflower-chickpea hay. The yield, composition and sensory evaluation of fresh cheese made with milk from each treatment were recorded, and the feeding costs and returns evaluated. Variables for the chemical composition of cheese were analyzed following a completely randomized design. Results: Significant differences were observed in cheese yield and all chemical composition variables. According to sensory evaluation, SFCP cheese had significantly higher scores for texture and odor but lower for taste and overall acceptability compared to MZST. In terms of profitability, SFCP increased feed costs by 5% but resulted in higher margins over feed costs of 12 and 24% for milk and cheese, respectively, compared to MZST. Conclusion: In spite of favorable performance and economic returns of MZST treatment (control treatment), the organoleptic characteristics of the cheese reduced its general acceptance.

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Resumo Antecedentes: A produção de caprinos em todo o mundo tem crescido como forma de melhorar a qualidade de vida rural e reduzir a pegada ambiental; pero há uma necessidade de aumentar a produtividade através de estratégias de alimentação melhoradas. A crescente procura dos consumidores por produtos mais saudáveis mas com características organolépticas semelhantes aos tradicionais, tornou necessário desenvolver estratégias para satisfazer esta necessidade, pelo que é necessário avaliar o efeito de novas forrageiras nas dietas na sua aceitação pelos consumidores. A composição química e organoléptica do leite de cabra varia de acordo com a dieta, o que por sua vez afeta as características do queijo de leite de cabra. Entre os atributos sensoriais mais importantes para os consumidores estão textura, sabor e cheiro. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da substituição da palha de milho por feno de girassol associada ao grão-de-bico na alimentação de cabras leiteiras, em termos de rendimento, composição química e aceitabilidade sensorial do queijo, bem como desempenho econômico. Métodos: Vinte e oito cabras leiteiras Saanen foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois tratamentos em um experimento de 30 dias em uma fazenda de pequena escala. A ração diária por cabra no tratamento MZST (tratamento controle) consistia em feno de alfafa (200 g/cabra/dia) e concentrado (400 g/cabra/dia) mais 600 g/cabra/dia (50% da ração) de a palha de milho e o tratamento SFCP (tratamento substituiu o feno de girassol-grão moído) continham os mesmos teores de alfafa e concentrado, mas com 600 g/cabra/dia de feno de girassol-grão. O rendimento, a composição e a avaliação sensorial dos queijos in natura feitos com leite de cada tratamento foram registrados e os custos de alimentação e retornos avaliados. As variáveis de composição química dos queijos foram analisadas seguindo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Resultados: Houve diferenças significativas no rendimento do queijo e para todas as variáveis de composição química. A avaliação sensorial mostrou que o queijo SFCP teve pontuações significativamente mais altas para textura e odor, mas significativamente mais baixas para sabor e aceitabilidade geral em comparação com o MZST. Em termos econômicos, o SFCP aumentou os custos com alimentação em 5%, mas resultou em margens mais altas sobre os custos com alimentação de 12 e 24% para leite e queijo, respectivamente, em comparação com o MZST. Conclusão: Apesar do desempenho favorável e do retorno econômico com o tratamento MZST (tratamento controle), mudanças nas características organolépticas do queijo reduziram sua aceitação geral.

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Abstract Background: Small-scale livestock systems provide quality food for a growing demand of animal protein worldwide. Although these systems help to improve rural living standards and reduce the environmental footprint new feeding strategies should be tested to improve animal productivity. Sunflower -which is native to México- and chickpea -also common in the study area- may be used as feed alternatives for dairy goats. Objective: To evaluate the effect of substituting corn straw with sunflower-chickpea hay on yield and nutrient composition of goat milk. Methods: In this participatory study, a total of 28 multiparous Saanen dairy goats were randomly assigned to two treatments (14 goats each) during a 30-day experiment in a small farm. Two weeks prior to the experiment all goats received an adaptation diet. One treatment (MZST) received a conventional diet of lucerne hay (200 g/goat/day) and concentrate (400 g/goat/day), plus 600 g/goat/day (50% of the ration) of corn straw. The second treatment (SFCPT) contained the same lucerne and concentrate content with 600 g/goat/day of sunflower-chickpea hay. Milk yield and composition, and live weight and body condition of the goats were recorded for each treatment. Results: SFCPT significantly increased milk yield, protein, and solids content, but no difference was observed in milk fat. Conclusion: Dietary supplementation of goats with sunflower and chickpea hay increases milk production, protein, and total solids content compared with corn hay.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los sistemas de producción animal en pequeña escala proveen alimentos de calidad para una demanda mundial creciente de proteina animal. Aunque estos sistemas ayudan a mejorar la calidad de vida rural y reducen la huella ambiental, se deben buscar nuevas estrategias de alimentación para incrementar la productividad animal. El girasol -originario de México- y el garbanzo -común en la zona de estudio- pueden usarse como alternativa para la alimentación de cabras lecheras. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de sustituir el heno de maíz con heno de girasol y garbanzo sobre el rendimiento y composición nutricional de la leche de cabra. Métodos: En este estudio participtivo, un total de 28 cabras multíparas lecheras Saanen fueron asignadas aleatoriamente a dos tratamientos (14 cabras a cada uno) durante 30 días en una finca pequeña. Dos semanas antes del experimento todas las cabras recibieron una dieta de adaptación. Un tratamiento (MZST) recibió una dieta convencional de heno de alfalfa (200g/cabra/día) y concentrado (400 g/cabra/día), más 600 g/cabra/día (50% de la ración) de heno de maíz. El segundo tratamiento (SFCPT) tuvo el mismo contenido de alfalfa y concentrado, pero con 600 g/cabra/día de heno de girasol-garbanzo. Se registraron los rendimientos y composición de leche, peso vivo y condición corporal de las cabras para cada tratamiento. Resultados: SFCPT incrementó significativamente el rendimiento de leche, y contenido de proteína y sólidos, pero no hubo diferencias en contenido de grasa. Conclusión: La suplementacion dietaria de cabras con heno de girasol y garbanzo aumenta la producción de leche y su contenido de proteína y sólidos totales en comparacion con el heno de maiz.

Resumo Antecedentes: Os sistemas de produção animal em pequena escala têm um papel importante no fornecimento de alimentos de qualidade para atender uma demanda mundial crescente desses produtos, para melhorar a subsistência rural e para reduzir a pegada ambiental. Há uma necessidade, porem, de aumentar a produtividade através de estratégias de alimentação melhoradas. O girassol é nativo do México e o grão-de-bico é uma cultura comum na área de estudo que podem representar uma alternativa na alimentação de caprinos leiteiros. Objectivo: Avaliar através de investigação participativa na exploração o efeito da substituição da palha de milho tradicionalmente utilizada na alimentação de cabras leiteiras por uma forragem alternativa adaptada à região, mas não utilizada até o momento, em termos de rendimento, composição química de leite fresco de cabras. Métodos: Vinte e oito cabras leiteiras Saanen multipares foram designadas aleatoriamente a dois tratamentos (14 cabras/tratamento), em um experimento de 30 dias numa fazenda de pequena escala. Duas semanas antes do experimento, todos os caprinos receberam uma dieta de adaptação. Um tratamento (MZST) recebeu a dieta convencional de feno de alfalfa (200 g/caprino/dia) e concentrado (400 g/caprino/dia) mais 600 g/caprino/dia (50% da ração) de palha de milho. O segundo tratamento (SFCPT) tinha a mesma proporção de alfalfa e concentrado, mas com 600 g/caprino/dia de feno de girassol e grão-de-bico. O rendimento e composição do leite, o peso vivo e a condição corporal das cabras foram registrados de cada tratamento. Resultados: SFCPT aumentou significativamente o rendimento do leite e o conteúdo de proteínas e sólidos, mas não houve diferença no conteúdo de gordura láctea. Conclusão: O tratamento com girassol e feno de grão de bico aumentou a produção de leite, o teor de proteína e os sólidos totais.

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Small-scale dairy systems face reduced availability of water for irrigation of pastures and disruption in the amount or pattern of rains due to climate change, so research on alternative short-cycle rain-fed forages is needed. Grazing reduces feeding costs and small-grain cereals may be an option. The objective was to assess on-farm the performance of dairy cows grazing 6 h/day of three small-grain cereals: rye (RYE), wheat (WHT), and triticale (TRT), and supplemented 4.5 kg dry matter (DM)/cow/day of concentrate. Twelve Holstein cows were used in repeated 3 × 3 Latin squares with 14-day experimental periods. Pasture variables were analysed with a split-plot design, and economic analysis was performed with partial budgets. Sampling of forage (sward height, net herbage accumulation, botanical and chemical composition of herbage) and animal variables (milk yield and composition, live weight, and body condition score) were at the end of each period. The RYE showed a trend (P > 0.05) for higher net herbage accumulation (NHA) with highly significant differences (P < 0.001) among periods. The RYE had higher DM, a lower crude protein (CP) content (P < 0.05), and no differences for other chemical components between treatments (P > 0.05). The RYE proportion in pasture was consistently higher, whilst the lowest cereal proportion was in WHT. There were no differences (P > 0.05) for any animal variable. The RYE and TRT treatments proved useful as rain-fed forage alternatives under grazing. WHT showed lower crop and economic performance. However, given the higher cereal component in pastures, regrowth potential, and post-grazing herbage mass, as well as better economic performance, the RYE treatment was better ranked by the participating farmer.

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RESUMO

Small-scale dairy systems (SSDS) are important source of livelihood and socio-economic wellbeing for the rearers in general. The reduction of methane emissions with the inclusion of sunflower seed or seed-meal in rations for dairy cows has been reported in several studies. However, studies pertaining to the use of sunflower silage in dairy cattle feeding are lacking. The present study was conducted to assess the productive, economic, and environmental effects of the inclusion of graded levels of sunflower silage at 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60% (SFSL) along with maize silage (MZSL) on a dry matter basis. The silage was provided to eight Holstein cows in two 4×4 Latin-squares with 14-day periods. The study encompassed the productive performance of the cows, composition of feeds, besides the feeding costs, and enteric methane emissions estimated. The study indicated that inclusion of SFSL in the diet enhanced (P<0.001) the FCM by 3.5% and milk-fat content. SFSL increased feeding costs, but income/feeding costs ratios did not differ across the treatments. The higher inclusion of SFSL reduced methane emissions/kg of DM intake, / kg of milk, and in energy lost as methane. The inclusion of sunflower silage in feeding strategies for cows may be a viable alternative by increasing their milk yields and milk fat content and reducing methane emissions without affecting the income/feeding costs ratios.

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ABSTRACT Objective. This research aimed to evaluate the inclusion of Cucurbita foetidissima (BG) leaves as a partial or total substitution of alfalfa hay (AH) in beef cattle diets on in vitro methane output, gas kinetics and volatile fatty acids production. Materials and Methods. Five experimental treatments were formulated with the inclusion of BG as alfalfa hay (AH) substitute at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% in experimental treatments denominated CON (control), BG25, BG50, BG75 and BG100, respectively. Results. Lignin and organic matter decreased with BG inclusion (p<0.05). However, NDF, CT and TPC increased with higher levels of BG (p<0.05). Maximum gas production diminished with BG inclusion (p<0.05); whereas, microbial protein production, specific gas production rate and latency period were not affected (p>0.05). Methane production decreased linearly with BG inclusion (p<0.05). Nevertheless, CO2 production showed no changes with inclusion of graded levels of BG in the experimental treatments (p>0.05). Additionally, acetate and butyrate were not affected by BG inclusion (p>0.05); although, propionate increased linearly among treatments (p<0.05). Furthermore, inclusion of 75% of BG reduced 31% in vitro methane production without changes in CO2 production, suggesting an inhibition of endogenous methanogenesis. Conclusions. These results promote the inclusion of BG leaves as a potential and environmentally friendly forage source for beef cattle feeding.

RESUMEN Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la inclusión de hojas de Cucurbita foetidissima (BG) como sustituto parcial o total de la alfafa (AH) en la dieta de ganado de engorda sobre la cinética de producción de gas y producción ruminal in vitro de metano y ácidos grasos volátiles. Materiales y Métodos. Se formularon cinco dietas con la inclusión de BG como sustituto de heno de alfalfa a 0, 25, 50, 75 y 100% en los tratamientos experimentales que se denominaron CON (control), BG25, BG50, BG75 y BG100, respectivamente. Resultados. La lignina y la materia orgánica disminuyeron con la inclusión de BG (p<0.05). La máxima producción de gas disminuyó con la inclusión de BG (p<0.05); mientras que la producción de proteína microbiana, la tasa específica de producción de gas y el tiempo de latencia no mostraron cambios(p>0.05). La producción de metano disminuyó linealmente con la inclusión de BG (p<0.05). No obstante, la producción de CO2 no mostró cambios con la inclusión de BG en los tratamientos (p<0.05). Adicionalmente, el acetato y el butirato no fueron afectados por la inclusión de BG (p>0.05); a pesar de que el propionato se incrementó linealmente (p<0.05). Además, la inclusión de BG en un 75% redujo la producción de metano 31% sin afectar la producción de CO2, lo que sugiere una inhibición de la metanogenesis endógena. Conclusiones. Estos resultados promueven la inclusión de hojas de BG como una fuente de forraje potencial y amigable con el ambiente en la alimentación de ganado de engorda.

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