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BACKGROUND: Fabry disease (FD) is a rare X-linked lysosomal storage disorder marked by alpha-galactosidase-A (α-Gal A) deficiency, caused by pathogenic mutations in the GLA gene, resulting in the accumulation of glycosphingolipids within lysosomes. The current screening test relies on measuring α-Gal A activity. However, this approach is limited to males. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a technique that can generate fingerprint spectra of a biofluid's molecular composition and has been successfully applied to screen numerous diseases. Herein, we investigate the discriminating vibration profile of plasma chemical bonds in patients with FD using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform IR (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. RESULTS: The Fabry disease group (n = 47) and the healthy control group (n = 52) recruited were age-matched (39.2 ± 16.9 and 36.7 ± 10.9 years, respectively), and females were predominant in both groups (59.6% and 65.4%, respectively). All patients had the classic phenotype (100%), and no late-onset phenotype was detected. A generated partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) classification model, independent of gender, allowed differentiation of samples from FD vs. control groups, reaching 100% sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. CONCLUSION: ATR-FTIR spectroscopy harnessed to pattern recognition algorithms can distinguish between FD patients and healthy control participants, offering the potential of a fast and inexpensive screening test.

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We report three patients diagnosed with Fabry disease through a screening study which included individuals suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD) at any stage. The study recruited 1740 male patients, and three Fabry patients were diagnosed, resulting in a frequency of 0.17%. The analysis by CKD stage group revealed frequencies of 3.03%, 0.77% and 0.17%, in CKD1, CKD3 and CKD5, respectively. Pedigree analysis was carried out for these families, with a high ratio index: pedigree (1:16). This study underlines the importance of considering Fabry disease in the differential diagnosis at every stage of CKD, including the early ones, and stresses the possibility of finding patients with late onset phenotypes.

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Introducción: la enfermedad de Fabry es un defecto lisosomal caracterizado por una alteración de la enzima alfa-galactosidasa y que produce el acúmulo de glucoesfingolípidos en diferentes tejidos. Este defecto enzimático está ligado al cromosoma X y por ende es más frecuente en hombres. Sus manifestaciones clínicas varían de acuerdo al grupo etario afectado e incluyen lesiones en piel, anhidrosis, opacidades corneales, crisis de dolor, daño renal, entre otros. Objetivo: calcular la incidencia de enfermedad de Fabry en pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). Materiales y métodos: estudio ambispectivo realizado en los pacientes con diagnóstico de ERC que asistían a controles médicos en tres centros de prevención renal ubicados en el departamento del Atlántico, Colombia, y que además cumplían los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se revisaron las historias clínicas y se tomaron muestras para confirmar la presencia de enfermedad de Fray. Resultados: se identificaron 471 pacientes con ERC y se estableció una incidencia global de 21,23 casos por cada 1.000 habitantes para baja actividad de la alfa-galactosidasa. Sin embargo, solo en el 20% se confirmó la presencia de enfermedad de Fray mediante pruebas genéticas. Conclusiones: la incidencia de la enfermedad de Fabry en la población estudiada es mayor a la reportada en otras cohortes y además fue más frecuente en el sexo femenino.

Introduction: Fabry's disease consists of a lysosomal defect linked to the X chromosome that produces the accumulation of glycosphingolipids in different tissues. The clinical manifestations depend on the age of presentation, and includes skin lesions, acroparesthesia, pain crisis, anhidrosis, corneal opacities and hearing loss, among others. Objectives: Calculate the incidence of Fabry disease in patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease Methodology: An ambispective study was designed, including all patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease under medical control in three renal prevention centers located in the department of Atlántico, and which also met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Subsequently, the review of the medical records and the sampling were carried out. Results: A total of 471 patients with chronic kidney disease were identified, with an overall incidence of 21.23 cases per 1000 people. However, only 20% were confirmed by genetic tests. Conclusions: The incidence of Fabry disease in the population studied is greater than that reported in other cohorts. In addition, it is more frequent in the female sex.

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BACKGROUND: Fabry disease (FD) is a rare, X-linked, multisystemic lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) that results from a deficiency in the hydrolase alpha-galactosidase A (⍺-GalA). During childhood, classic FD symptomatology is rare. The majority of children may show non-specific symptoms, including in the musculoskeletal system. The prevalence of FD among juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients is unknown. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify the frequency of FD in a JIA cohort, characterizing early clinical symptoms, enzyme titers, and GLA genotyping. METHODS: Children with JIA followed in a tertiary Children Hospital cohort were selected. Clinical, laboratory and familiar information were recorded. Molecular genetic testing to detect GLA gene mutations was performed in girls and enzymatic analysis in boys. RESULTS: In 89 patients (56.2% female, age at disease onset: 8.93 ± 4.35 years), one male (1.12%) patient presented pathogenic mutation in GLA gene, c.1244 T > C p.L415P, one female patient had a variant of uncertain significance c.38C > T (p.Ala13Val). Three additional (3.4%) patients had the enzymatic activity of alpha-galactosidase slightly decreased. We observed the presence of intronic variants in 44.44% of patients in our cohort: c.1000-22C > T; c.370-81_-77del; c.640-16A > G; c.10C > T; c.548-125C > G and c.-12G > A. These variants and their combination were associated with clinical symptoms in our cohort. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of FD in our cohort was 1.12%. Intronic variants were associated with symptoms previously described in the literature. Screening for FD in JIA may be a reasonable strategy for those with an atypical pattern of pain.

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Fabry disease (FD) (Anderson-Fabry disease, OMIM 301500) is a genetic disorder caused by a pathogenic variant in the GLA gene on chromosome Xq22 that produces a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme alpha-galactosidase A. It is transmitted as an X-linked trait, although de novo mutations have been described. The objective of this report is to describe the clinical characteristics of a patient with FD who is a carrier of a mutation not previously studied, in order to provide information on the genotype-phenotype correlation in this pathology. 38-year-old patient who consulted Neurology for positional vertigo. He also reported acroparesthesia, anhidrosis, heat intolerance and episodes of abdominal pain, with postprandial discomfort from 10 years of age. Physical examination showed horizonto-rotatory nystagmus in both looks, the rest of the neurological evaluation did not present abnormalities. The presence of umbilical and thighs angiokeratomas was identified. Determination of Alpha-Galactosidase in blood was requested: 0.34 µmol/l/h (2.10-10.51 µmol/l/h). Genetic analysis detected a deletion of a guanine at position 448, in exon 3 of the GLA gene (c.448delG). This mutation was considered to be pathogenic, confirming the diagnosis of FD, although it is not described in the data bases. Genetic counseling and a family pedifree study were performed without finding relatives with this variant of the GLA gene or a family history of FD, which suggests a de novo mutation.

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OBJECTIVES: Fabry disease (FD) is a rare disease associated with sphingolipid accumulation. Sphingolipids are components of plasma membranes that are important in podocyte function and accumulate in various glomerular diseases such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Both FD and FSGS can cause podocyte damage and are classified as podocytopathies. In this respect, FD and FSGS share the same pathophysiologic pathways. Previous screening studies have shown that a significant proportion of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) have unsuspected FD, and the prevalence of low alpha-galactosidase A (αGLA) enzyme activity in these patients is higher than that in the normal population. We aimed to compare αGLA enzyme activity in patients with biopsy-proven FSGS and ESRD receiving HD. METHODS: The records of 232 patients [62 FSGS (F/M: 33/29); 170 HD (M/F: 93/79)] were evaluated retrospectively. The screening was performed based on the αGLA enzyme activity on a dried blood spot, with the confirmation of plasma LysoGb3 levels, and the known GLA mutations were tested in patients with low enzyme activities. The two groups were compared using these parameters. RESULTS: The mean level of αGLA enzyme activity was found to be lower in FSGS patients than in the HD group (2.88±1.2 μmol/L/h versus 3.79±1.9 μmol/L/h, p<0.001). There was no significant relationship between the two groups with regard to the plasma LysoGb3 levels (2.2±1.22 ng/ml versus 1.7±0.66 ng/ml, p: 0.4). In the analysis of GLA mutations, a D313Y mutation [C(937G>T) in exon p] was found in one patient from the FSGS group. CONCLUSIONS: We found that αGAL activity in patients with FSGS is lower than that in patients undergoing HD. The low enzyme activity in patients with FSGS may be explained by considering the similar pathogenesis of FSGS and FD, which may also lead to sphingolipid deposition and podocyte injury.

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Abstract Fabry disease, caused by deficient alpha-galactosidase A lysosomal enzyme activity, remains challenging to health-care professionals. Laboratory diagnosis in males is carried out by determination of alpha-galactosidase A activity; for females, enzymatic activity determination fails to detect the disease in about two-thirds of the patients, and only the identification of a pathogenic mutation in the GLA gene allows for a definite diagnosis. The hurdle to be overcome in this field is to determine whether a mutation that has never been described determines a ''classic'' or ''nonclassic'' phenotype, because this will have an impact on the decision-making for treatment initiation. Besides the enzymatic determination and GLA gene mutation determination, researchers are still searching for a good biomarker, and it seems that plasma lyso-Gb3 is a useful tool that correlates to the degree of substrate storage in organs. The ideal time for treatment initiation for children and nonclassic phenotype remains unclear.

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Abstract Anderson-Fabry disease (AFD) is a rare inherited X-linked disease, caused by mutations of the gene encoding the α-galactosidase A enzyme, that leads to a deficiency or absence of its activity with consequent accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and other glycosphingolipids in the lysosomes of several cells types in the organism, mainly the endothelial, nervous system, cardiac, and renal cells. Its heterogeneous and nonspecific presentation, similar to other common pathologies, delays the diagnosis and leads to incorrect therapy. In the presence of attenuated phenotypes with predominant involvement of an organ, it is even harder to identify patients with AFD. It is highly important to be aware of this diagnosis, since enzyme replacement therapy is currently available. This review aims to approach the clinical manifestations of AFD and the phenotypes related to the differential diagnosis for each manifestation and the frequency of follow-up recommended.

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BACKGROUND: Due to the importance and the difficulty still present in determining the biochemical diagnosis of Fabry disease (FD), the aim of this study was to establish and compare the biochemical and kinetic properties of alpha-galactosidase A (GLA) in dried blood spots (DBS), plasma and leukocyte samples of FD patients and healthy subjects to evaluate the possible use of these parameters as an auxiliary tool in the diagnosis of this disease. METHODS: GLA activity in DBS, plasma and leukocyte samples from Fabry disease patients and healthy subjects was compared and characterized in terms of optimal pH, Km and Vmax and heat stability. RESULTS: A difference was observed between the Km and Vmax of FD patients and healthy controls using DBS, plasma and leukocyte samples. In leukocytes, pre-incubation at 50°C for 60 min was effective to differentiate FD patients from healthy controls. CONCLUSION: These results can be used as an auxiliary method to the FD diagnosis, especially in cases of patients whose GLA activity is within normal range.

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La enfermedad de Fabry es un trastorno hereditario de depósito lisosomal progresivo y multisistémico del catabolismo de los glicoesfingolípidos, ligado al cromosoma X, que es causado por un defecto en el gen que cataliza la enzima lisosomal alfa-galactosidasa A (alfa-GAL A), y origina el depósito intracelular, especialmente de globotriaosil-ceramida (Gb-3), en el endotelio vascular y otros tejidos. La deficiencia parcial o total de la actividad de la enzima lisosomal conduce a la incapacidad de catabolizar ciertos glicoesfingolípidos causando el daño principal, es decir, el depósito intralisosomal de sustrato Gb-3 en diferentes tipos de células. En particular, son afectadas progresivamente las células vasculares endoteliales, lo cual puede causar isquemia tisular e infarto. Es una enfermedad progresiva que causa manifestaciones derivadas de la disfunción del órgano afectado por los depósitos, principalmente riñón, corazón, sistema nervioso, tracto gastrointestinal y piel, aunque puede participar cualquier órgano y sistema de la economía. Antes de la disponibilidad de la terapia de reemplazo enzimático, el tratamiento para esta enfermedad consistía principalmente de cuidados sintomáticos y medidas correctivas no específicas. Se describen las características clínicas y la evolución de un hombre de 47 años con enfermedad de Fabry en terapia de reemplazo enzimático. (ActaMed Colomb 2014; 39: 202-206).

Fabry disease is an inherited disorder of progressive and multisystemic lysosomal storage of glycosphingolipids catabolism, X-linked, which is caused by a defect in the gene that catalyzes the lysosomal enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-GAL A), and causes the intracellular deposition, especially of globotriaosyl ceramide (Gb3) in the vascular endothelium and other tissues. Partial or total deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme activity leads to the inability to catabolize certain glycosphingolipids causing the main damage, namely the intralysosomal deposit of Gb3 substrate in different cell types. In particular, vascular endothelial cells are progressively affected, which may cause tissue ischemia and infarction. It is a progressive disease that causes manifestations derived from the dysfunction of the organ affected by the deposits, mainly kidney, heart, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract and skin, although any organ and system of the economy may be involved. Before the availability of enzyme replacement therapy, treatment for this condition consisted mainly of symptomatic care and no specific remedies. Clinical characteristics and evolution of a 47 year old man with Fabry disease on enzyme replacement therapy are described. (Acta Med Colomb 2014; 39: 202-206).

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This study aimed to determine the enzymatic activity in dried blood samples collected on filter paper (DBS) for the diagnosis of the following diseases: Fabry, Pompe, Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) and Mucopolysaccharosis type VI (MPS VI). DBS was used for high risk patientscreening, according to clinical suspicion. Plasma, leukocytes and cultured fibroblasts were used to confirm the diagnosis when necessary. Among the 529 DBS samples sent to the laboratory, 164 had abnormal results. Confirmatory materials of 73 individuals were rerouted. The frequency of diagnosis for lysosomal storage disorders was 5.9%. DBS is an alternative screening technique used in high risk populations, which should lead to earlier diagnosis for lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), help patients get treatment sooner and improve the outcome of the disease.

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Abstract Fabry disease (FD) is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by deficient/absent activity of lysosomal enzyme alpha-galactosidase A, which results in systemic accumulation of glycosphingolipids and progression to renal failure, heart and cerebrovascular disease, and small-fiber peripheral neuropathy. This article describes a Brazilian family affected by FD caused by a novel mutation in exon 6 of the alpha-galactosidase A (GLA) gene (c.812G>C). Signs and symptoms identified were pain crisis, acroparesthesia, hypohidrosis, abdominal cramps and diarrhea, chronic kidney disease, cornea verticillata, left ventricular hypertrophy, and complete heart block. Headache was a common complaint and 1 of the patients presented with aseptic meningitis. The novel missense mutation in the GLA gene identified in this Brazilian family is consistent with the classic FD phenotype.

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Fabry disease (FD) is an X-linked inborn error of metabolism caused by alpha-galactosidase A deficiency. The Fabry Registry is an ongoing observational database that compiles clinical data on patients with FD. We analyzed the Fabry Registry data of patients enrolled in Brazil to characterize the demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of this patient population. As of October 2010, 126 Brazilian patients were enrolled in the Registry (61 males, 65 females). The median age at onset of symptoms in males was 9.8 years, compared to 11.4 years in females. Males were diagnosed at a median age of 31.9 years and females at 27.1 years. The median time between the onset of first symptoms and diagnosis was 20.3 years in males and 14.3 years in females. Neurologic pain was the presenting symptom most frequently reported by both genders. Renal events were the most common clinical events reported in males, while cardiac events were the most common events in females. The results of these analyses indicate that Brazilian patients were frequently not diagnosed with FD until many years after the onset of symptoms. Many Brazilian Fabry Registry patients report experiencing neurological pain, and many Brazilian women with FD exhibit substantial signs and symptoms. The prevalence of neurological pain as a presenting symptom among Brazilian Registry patients is consistent with previous reports from the overall Registry population. FD is treatable, and earlier diagnosis will allow for prompt initiation of appropriate treatment that may avert irreversible damage that could occur during the time from symptom onset to diagnosis.

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Fabry's disease is an X-linked recessive inborn error of metabolism of glycosphingolipids, caused by the deficiency of the lisosomal enzyme alpha-galactosidase. It is a rare disease with an estimated incidence rate of approximately 1:80.000 to 1:117,000 births in the general population. Recently, the growing knowledge about this disease has permitted the development of enzyme replacement therapy, which has modified the prognosis and quality of life of these patients. In Chile, the real incidence is unknown, but the increase in the number of patients diagnosed during the last five years, mainly in the north of the country. This guide was prepared with the intention of establishing a consensus for the diagnosis, treatment and monitoring of the patients with Fabry disease based on the present available scientific evidence.

La enfermedad de Fabry es un error innato del catabolismo de los glucoesfingolipidos, de herencia recesiva ligada al cromosoma X, causado por la deficiencia de la enzima lisosomal alfa-galactosidasa A (alfa-gal A). Es un defecto poco frecuente, con una incidencia estimada de 1:80.000 a 1:117.000, entre la población general. Recientemente, el creciente conocimiento acerca de esta enfermedad, ha permitido el desarrollo de la terapia de reemplazo enzimático, la cual ha modificado el pronóstico y calidad de vida de los pacientes. En Chile, se desconoce la incidencia real, pero el aumento del número de pacientes diagnosticados durante los últimos cinco años, principalmente en la zona norte del país, ha generado un mayor interés por esta enfermedad. Esta guía fue elaborada con la intención de establecer un consenso para el diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento de los pacientes con enfermedad de Fabry, basado en la evidencia científica, actualmente disponible.

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Introdução: A Doença de Fabry é uma doença genética de depósito lisossômico caracterizada pela deficiência da enzima α-galactosidase A (ceramidatrihexosidase). Isso gera acúmulo de globotriaosilceramida (GL-3) no endotélio vascular, podendo ocasionar complicações renais, cardíacas ecerebrovasculares. Diante da terapia de reposição enzimática, torna-se essencial o diagnóstico desta doença, o que pode ser conseguido através de umrastreamento de pacientes em hemodiálise. Objetivos: O presente estudo objetivou determinar a prevalência da doença em pacientes portadores dedoença renal crônica em hemodiálise na cidade de Natal – RN, avaliando as principais co-morbidades associadas. Métodos: Foram selecionadosindivíduos do sexo masculino em hemodiálise, entre 18 e 65 anos, excluindo-se pacientes cuja etiologia da falência renal era: diabetes mellitus, lupuseritematoso sistêmico, nefropatia obstrutiva, pielonefrite crônica e doença renal policística. Uma amostra sanguínea foi coletada para avaliação da atividadeda α-galactosidase A em papel de filtro. Os pacientes com valores inferiores a 2,5μmol/L/h tiveram a atividade enzimática testada em leucócitos eresponderam a um questionário sobre as manifestações clínicas relacionadas. Resultados: Dos 191 pacientes, 16 (8,3%) cursaram com atividadeenzimática em papel de filtro inferior a 2,5μmol/L/h. Apenas um paciente (0,52%) apresentou dosagem da atividade enzimática em leucócitos inferior aovalor da normalidade, sendo compatível com Doença de Fabry. Não foram encontradas as manifestações típicas da doença neste paciente. Conclusão:Observou-se uma prevalência da Doença de Fabry de 0,52% dentre os pacientes estudados nos centros de hemodiálise de Natal – RN no ano de 2006.

Introduction: Fabry Disease is a genetic illness of lisosomic deposition characterized by the deficiency of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (ceramidetrihexosidase), generating an accumulation of globotriaosilceramide (GL-3) in the vascular endothelium, capable of leading to renal, cardiac andcerebrovascular complications. Faced with the therapeutic possibility of enzymatic supplementation, the diagnosis of this disease becomes essential, andcan be achieved through the screening of hemodialysis patients. Aims: The present study aimed at determining the prevalence of Fabry Disease in patientswith chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis in the city of Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, evaluating the main associated comorbidities.Methods: The sample consisted of male subjects between 18 and 65 years of age, undergoing hemodialysis, excluding patients whose etiology of renalfailure was diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, obstructive nephropathy, chronic pyelonephritis, or polycystic kidney disease. A blood samplewas collected for an evaluation of alpha-galactosidase A activity in filter paper. Patients with values inferior to 2.5 μmol/L/h had their enzymatic activity testedin leukocytes, and a questionnaire about related clinical manifestations was applied. Results: From 191 patients, 16 (8.3%) had an enzymatic activity infilter paper inferior to 2.5 μmol/L/h. Only one patient (0.52%) exhibited a level of enzymatic activity in leukocytes inferior to the normal value, compatible withFabry Disease. The typical manifestations of the disease were not found in this case. Conclusion: A prevalence of Fabry Disease of 0.52% was observedamong patients studied in hemodialysis centers in Natal in 2006.

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