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Excimer light is a subtype of NB-UVB that emits a 308 nm wavelength, and can provide targeted phototherapy treatment. The absorption of 308 nm light by skin cells leads to therapeutic response in various common and ultraviolet-responsive skin diseases, such as psoriasis and vitiligo, and photo-resistant skin diseases such as prurigo nodularis, localized scleroderma, genital lichen sclerosis, and granuloma annulare, cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, among others. Excimer light has few adverse reactions and overall is well tolerated by patients, furthermore, it can be performed in places that are difficult to access. This article aims to explain the therapeutic bases and applications of excimer light in current dermatology.

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Introduction: Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by T cell-mediated attack on the hair follicle. Although there are a wide range of therapies, the majority of them are not satisfactory due to side effects, pain due to intralesional injections or limited efficacy. In this study, we sought to evaluate the efficacy, influence factors, and safety of 308 nm excimer lamp used in a monthly basis in a double-stacked pulse manner for the treatment of AA. Methods: This was a prospective study, using 308 nm excimer lamp in a double-stacked pulse therapy for AA. The primary endpoint was the improvement in SALT score. Results: A total of 40 patients with AA were enrolled in this study. Forty (100%) patients achieved clinical response. Hyperpigmentation and erythema occurred on the treated alopecic areas of all patients but they were considered tolerable. Patients of younger age or with a smaller area of affection had a better overall treatment response. Conclusion: 308 nm excimer lamp therapy is an excellent option for single or multiple AA because it achieves a good clinical response with less adverse effects than other therapies. This therapy may be useful for low-income countries where new JAK inhibitors are not available, however, for patients with extensive hair loss, it is not as effective and thus, it may be unfit for patients with alopecia totalis and alopecia universals.

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BACKGROUND: Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by non-scaring hair loss and preservation of hair follicles. The information available on disease course, and clinical features of AA is scarce worldwide, and almost nonexistent in Colombia. OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of patients diagnosed with AA who presented to a dermatology consultation in five Colombian cities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a retrospective and multicenter study on data from an ongoing National Registry of Alopecia Areata in Colombia (RENAAC) collected in Bogota, Cali, Cartagena, Barranquilla, and Medellin, Colombia from March 2022 through April 2023. Data was recorded in a standardized form by trained physicians. The variables were expressed as measures of central tendency and dispersion, and absolute and relative frequencies. RESULTS: A total of 562 patients were included, 59.4% of whom were women, aged between 15 and 49 years (63.9%) with a mean disease course of 1.7 years. The most common finding was multiple plaque (53.2%), the predominant AA subtype was patchy (71.4%), and 29.5% of the patients had a past dermatological history, 18.3% had a past endocrinological history, and 8.9% had a past psychiatric history. The treatments most widely used were steroid injections (76.4%), 5% topical minoxidil (46.4%), followed by high-potency corticosteroids (42.5%). STUDY LIMITATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS: AA was slightly predominant in women. As seen in other populations, this disease had an earlier onset in men vs women. Presentation in pediatric age was uncommon. The previous history of other dermatological diseases was checked in almost one third of the patients. Analysis of the co-presentation of AA with other autoimmune diseases is biased due to excluding patients with systemic erythematous lupus from the study.

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BACKGROUND: Alopecia Areata (AA) is an acquired autoimmune form of non-scarring hair loss. Adiponectin and its gene polymorphism were related to many autoimmune disorders. OBJECTIVE: Assessment of adiponectin serum levels and adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) (rs2241766) Single Nucleoid Polymorphism (SNP) in AA patients and correlating the results with the disease severity in those patients. METHODS: This study included 75 AA patients and 75 age and gender-matched healthy subjects (controls). The severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score assessment to evaluate AA severity was done. Adiponectin serum levels by ELISA and ADIPOQ (rs2241766) SNP using PCR were performed. RESULTS: Adiponectin serum levels were significantly lower in AA patients than controls (p = 0.001). ADIPOQ (rs2241766) TG genotype and G allele were significantly predominant in AA patients increasing its risk by 5 and 4 folds (OR = 5.17, p = 0.001), (OR = 3.82, p = 0.001) respectively. Serum adiponectin levels were negatively correlated with SALT score (r = -0.435, p = 0.001) and associated with alopecia totalis (p = 0.016). ADIPOQ (rs2241766) TG genotype was significantly associated with low serum adiponectin levels and higher SALT score (p = 0.001). STUDY LIMITATIONS: The small sample size. CONCLUSIONS: ADIPOQ (rs2241766) gene polymorphism (TG genotype and G allele) may modulate AA risk and contribute to the development of AA in Egyptian populations. Decreased circulating adiponectin levels may have a dynamic role in AA etiopathogenesis. Adiponectin serum concentration can be considered a severity marker of hair loss in AA.

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Abstract Background Alopecia Areata (AA) is an acquired autoimmune form of non-scarring hair loss. Adiponectin and its gene polymorphism were related to many autoimmune disorders. Objective Assessment of adiponectin serum levels and adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) (rs2241766) Single Nucleoid Polymorphism (SNP) in AA patients and correlating the results with the disease severity in those patients. Methods This study included 75 AA patients and 75 age and gender-matched healthy subjects (controls). The severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) score assessment to evaluate AA severity was done. Adiponectin serum levels by ELISA and ADIPOQ (rs2241766) SNP using PCR were performed. Results Adiponectin serum levels were significantly lower in AA patients than controls (p = 0.001). ADIPOQ (rs2241766) TG genotype and G allele were significantly predominant in AA patients increasing its risk by 5 and 4 folds (OR = 5.17, p = 0.001), (OR = 3.82, p = 0.001) respectively. Serum adiponectin levels were negatively correlated with SALT score (r = -0.435, p = 0.001) and associated with alopecia totalis (p = 0.016). ADIPOQ (rs2241766) TG genotype was significantly associated with low serum adiponectin levels and higher SALT score (p = 0.001). Study limitations The small sample size. Conclusions ADIPOQ (rs2241766) gene polymorphism (TG genotype and G allele) may modulate AA risk and contribute to the development of AA in Egyptian populations. Decreased circulating adiponectin levels may have a dynamic role in AA etiopathogenesis. Adiponectin serum concentration can be considered a severity marker of hair loss in AA.

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Background: Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) and alopecia areata (AA) are the most common types of non-cicatricial alopecia. Both diseases have limited effective therapeutic options and affect patient quality of life. Pharmacogenetic tests can help predict the most appropriate treatment option by evaluating the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) corresponding to genes related to alopecia. The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare selected SNPs and genes in AA and AGA patients from Romania and Brazil. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective study regarding the associations between AA and AGA and 45 tag SNPs of 15 genes in 287 Romanian and 882 Brazilian patients. The DNA samples were collected from oral mucosa using a swab. The SNPs were determined by the qPCR technique. Each genetic test displays the subject's genotype of the selected gene and the prediction of a successful treatment (e.g., genotype AA of the GR-alpha gene is related to a predisposition to normal sensibility to topical glucocorticoid, and, therefore, glucocorticoids should be effective). Results: The GR-alpha, GPR44-2, SULT1A1, and CRABP2 genes were statistically significantly different in Brazil compared to Romania. The SULT1A1 activity that predicts the response to minoxidil treatment showed in our analysis that minoxidil is recommended in half of the cases of AGA and AA. Patients with AGA and a high expression of SRD5A1 or PTGFR-2 may benefit from Dutasteride or Latanoprost treatment, respectively. Most of the studied genes showed no differences between the two populations. Conclusions: The DNA analysis of the patients with alopecia may contribute to a successful treatment.

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Introduction: Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune, inflammatory, non-scarring hair loss in which T-cells target hair follicles. Given that the available therapeutic options generally do not induce and sustain remission of AA effectively and many adverse effects may occur, monochromatic light sources have been recently gaining attention from clinicians. Therefore, the present paper aimed to report the first case in which photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) with a continuous wave red laser (660 nm) was used as monotherapy for AA. Case Presentation: An isolated round area of complete hair loss was subjected to daily PBMT sessions, resulting in significant regrowth (hair of normal coloration and thickness) within 7 days. On the 21st day, the patient's aesthetic concern was completely resolved. Conclusion: PBMT with a continuous wave red laser seems to be a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of AA; however, additional studies are necessary to obtain more robust evidence.

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Alopecia Areata (AA) is a multifactorial, dermatological disease characterized by non-scarring hair loss. Alterations in candidate genes, such as HR (Hairless), could represent a risk factor for its development. The aim of this study was to search for and analyze variants in exons 3, 15 and 17 of the HR gene in Mexican patients with AA. A total of 30 samples from both AA patients and healthy donors were analyzed in this study. Exons were amplified and sequenced using the Sanger method. Descriptive statistics and χ2 tests were used in the analysis of clinical-demographic characteristics and the comparison of allelic/genotypical frequencies between groups, respectively. The effect on protein function for the non-synonymous variants was determined with three bioinformatics servers. Three gene variants were identified in the HR gene of the evaluated patients. The benign polymorphism c.1010G > A p.(Gly337Asp) (rs12675375) had been previously reported, whereas the variants c.750G > A p.(Gln250Gln) and c.3215T > A (Val1072AGlu) have not been described in other world populations. Both non-synonymous variants proved to be significant (p ≤ 0.05). The variant c.3215T > A p.(Val1072Glu) is of particular interest due to its deleterious effect on the structure and function of the protein; therefore, it could be considered a risk factor for the development of AA.

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The JAK-STAT signaling pathway mediates important cellular processes such as immune response, carcinogenesis, cell differentiation, division and death. Therefore, drugs that interfere with different JAK-STAT signaling patterns have potential indications for various medical conditions. The main dermatological targets of JAK-STAT pathway inhibitors are inflammatory or autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis, vitiligo, atopic dermatitis and alopecia areata; however, several dermatoses are under investigation to expand this list of indications. As JAK-STAT pathway inhibitors should gradually occupy a relevant space in dermatological prescriptions, this review presents the main available drugs, their immunological effects, and their pharmacological characteristics, related to clinical efficacy and safety, aiming to validate the best dermatological practice.

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Scalp microinfusion is a promising novel drug delivery technique for hair loss treatment. We discuss the MMP® technique and review its possible use in alopecias. MMP® technique provides a small amount of drugs delivered homogeneously into the skin combined with micro-needling and can, therefore, provide optimal delivery. However, literature on this technique is limited to a few case reports despite its wide use in some countries. Further studies are needed to standardize protocols.

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COVID-19 vaccines have positively changed the course of the pandemic. They entered the market after only one year of the initial trials, which that yielded positive results in terms of safety and efficacy. However, after inoculating billions of people in the most extensive vaccination campaign worldwide, mild but common and some rare but potentially fatal adverse events have been reported. Among several self-reported adverse events, hair loss and alopecia have been linked to COVID-19 mRNA or viral vector vaccines. We tracked and followed a series of five cases with post-vaccine telogen effluvium and alopecia development in Ecuador. Here, we reported the clinical presentation of two women and three men with the diagnosis of post-vaccine hair loss. All patients received a heterologous vaccination scheme (mRNA and attenuated virus vaccine) with an additional viral vector booster associated with the apparition of telogen effluvium and alopecia universalis between 3 and 17 days after the vaccine was administered.

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Alopecia areata (AA) represents an underrecognized burden in Latin America (LA), severely impacting quality of life (QoL). This impact is exacerbated by limited access to specialized dermatologic care and therapies for AA within and among nations. Many of the unmet needs for AA globally also exist in LA. The region has geographic, ethnic, cultural, and economic conditions. With new AA medicines targeting immunologic pathways on the horizon, LA must prepare regarding regulatory issues, reimbursement, awareness, and education to give adequate and timely treatment for patients with AA. To address these issues, the Americas Health Foundation convened a panel of six dermatologists from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico who are experts in AA and its comorbidities for a 3-day virtual meeting to discuss AA diagnosis and treatment in LA and create a manuscript offering recommendations to address discussed barriers. This publication examines unmet AA needs in LA, treatment, and innovative therapies and recommends improving AA care. Access constraints to conventional and novel medicines hinder appropriate treatments for patients. Therapy initiation delays can affect QoL, mental health, and disease progression. People with AA face stigmas, discrimination, and misconceptions owing to a lack of disease awareness. With promising new treatments for AA on the horizon, all stakeholders must coordinate efforts to enhance LA's AA management landscape and improve patient outcomes.

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Abstract The JAK-STAT signaling pathway mediates important cellular processes such as immune response, carcinogenesis, cell differentiation, division and death. Therefore, drugs that interfere with different JAK-STAT signaling patterns have potential indications for various medical conditions. The main dermatological targets of JAK-STAT pathway inhibitors are inflammatory or autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis, vitiligo, atopic dermatitis and alopecia areata; however, several dermatoses are under investigation to expand this list of indications. As JAK-STAT pathway inhibitors should gradually occupy a relevant space in dermatological prescriptions, this review presents the main available drugs, their immunological effects, and their pharmacological characteristics, related to clinical efficacy and safety, aiming to validate the best dermatological practice.

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O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a descrição de um caso clínico de Alopecia Areata, em um paciente pediátrico submetido a tratamento alopático por 8 meses, com corticósteróides sistêmicos e trichosol. Foi acrescido tratamento homeopático individualizado com rápida resposta e boa evolução até os dias atuais. Após a repertorização e análise da matéria médica homeopática chegou-se ao medicamento Staphisagria, que mostrou resposta efetiva e sustentada, sem efeitos colaterais e sem recorrência de novos episódios de queda capilar.

The present work aims to describe a clinical case of Alopecia Areata, in a pediatric patient submitted to allopathic treatment for 8 months, with systemic corticosteroids and tricosol. Individualized homeopathic treatment was added with rapid response and good evolution until the present day. After repertorizing and analyzing the homeopathic materia medica, we arrived at the drug Staphisagria, which showed an effective and sustained response, without side effects and without recurrence of new episodes of hair loss.

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Introducción: La alopecia areata en una enfermedad autoinmune caracterizada por la pérdida no cicatricial de pelo; puede ser catalogada como un problema estético, sin tener en cuenta que tiene alto impacto en la calidad de vida de quien la padece. Objetivo: Identificar las comorbilidades, el impacto psicosocial y los factores asociados en pacientes con alopecia areata. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 50 pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de alopecia areata, atendidos en el Hospital General Docente Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso de Santiago de Cuba, desde 2018 hasta 2020. Resultados: En la casuística prevalecieron los pacientes de 29-39 años de edad (46,0 %), el sexo masculino (58,0 %), el estrés y la ansiedad como factores emocionales (76,0 %), seguidos de los focos sépticos (40,0 %); el nivel de escolaridad de técnico medio (52,0 %), el estado civil acompañado (44,0 %) y el tiempo de evolución de la alopecia entre 4 y 12 meses (76,0 %). Conclusiones: Se evidenció que la mayoría de los pacientes presentaron algún episodio emocional o una crisis de ansiedad, previos al inicio de la alopecia areata.

Introduction: The alopecia areata in an autoimmune disease characterized by the non-cicatricial loss of hair; that can be classified as a cosmetic problem, without taking into account that has high impact in the life quality of the one who suffers from the disease. Objective: To identify the comorbidities, psychosocial impact and associated factors in patients with alopecia areata. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 50 patients with clinical diagnosis of alopecia areata was carried out, they were assisted in Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from 2018 to 2020. Results: In the case material there was a prevalence of the 29-39 years patients (46.0 %), the male sex (58.0 %), stress and anxiety as emotional factors (76.0 %), followed by the septic focus (40.0 %); the school level of technician (52.0 %), accompanied as marital status (44.0 %) and the time of evolution of the alopecia between 4 and 12 months (76.0 %). Conclusions: It was evidenced that most of the patients presented some emotional event or a crisis of anxiety before the beginning of the alopecia areata.

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Introduction: Lupus erythematosus (LE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that frequently causes hair loss and scalp lesions. Hair loss can be scarring and nonscarring, diffuse, or patchy. The nonscarring patchy alopecia is usually related to systemic LE (SLE) and may simulate alopecia areata (AA), reason why it is named areata-like lupus. Our case was diagnosed with areata-like lupus but did not meet criteria for SLE. Case Report: A 63-year-old woman presented with irregular nonscarring patchy alopecia in the temporal and frontoparietal scalp. Trichoscopy showed exclamation mark hairs, vellus hairs, and sparse yellow dots. Histology revealed epidermal vacuolar interface dermatitis, lymphohistiocytic infiltrate around the bulbs of anagen follicles, and eccrine glands. Direct immunofluorescence showed deposits of C3, IgA, and IgG in the basement membrane zone. Discussion: Patients with cutaneous LE can also manifest as nonscarring patchy alopecia that is clinically similar to AA, despite the absence of systemic manifestations. Areata-like lupus is secondary to the lupus autoimmune infiltrate that affects the skin including the hair follicles. Trichoscopy, histology, and direct immunofluorescence are important to differentiate this form of alopecia from AA, which is believed to have a higher incidence in lupus patients.

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Introduction: All types of lupus erythematosus (LE) may cause hair loss. Nonscarring alopecia was correlated with systemic LE, based on its high specificity. Discoid LE can also appear as nonscarring patches in early stages. Patchy alopecia LE-specific may also mimic alopecia areata (AA) - which can co-occur with LE. The distinction is fundamental to early diagnosis and effective treatment. This study aims to analyze clinical, epidemiological, trichoscopic, and histopathological features of patients with patchy LE-specific alopecia, nonscarring type, mimicking AA. Methods: This is a multicentric retrospective study. We reviewed the medical records of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of LE mimicking AA. Results: Ten patients were included (90% female) with a mean age of 45.9 years. Clinically, 60% showed erythema and 70% presented incomplete hair loss. The most common trichoscopic findings were interfollicular arborizing vessels (90%) and scattered brown discoloration (80%). On histopathology, perivascular inflammation (85.7%), peribulbar lymphocytes (85.7%), and dermal pigment incontinence (71.4%) were present in most cases. Discussion/Conclusion: Trichoscopy was found as an essential first step for the patchy alopecia diagnosis, enabling to differentiate LE from AA. Putting it mildly, trichoscopy raises the suspicion that leads to a biopsy, increasing the diagnostic accuracy with better outcome for patients.

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The human skin harbors a wide variety of microbes that, together with their genetic information and host interactions, form the human skin microbiome. The role of the human microbiome in the development of various diseases has lately gained interest. According to several studies, changes in the cutaneous microbiota are involved in the pathophysiology of several dermatoses. A better delineation of the human microbiome and its interactions with the innate and adaptive immune systems could lead to a better understanding of these diseases, as well as the opportunity to achieve new therapeutic modalities. The present review centers on the most recent knowledge on skin microbiome and its participation in the pathogenesis of several skin disorders: atopic and seborrheic dermatitis, alopecia areata, psoriasis and acne.

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Atopic dermatitis predisposes to skin infections, and on the other hand, some therapies used for atopic dermatitis may worsen viral infections whose lesions may be more diffuse and resistant to treatment. The authors present a patient with severe atopic dermatitis and disseminated molluscum contagiosum infection. The molluscum contagiosum did not clear with topical treatment, and it worsened her atopic dermatitis even more, so the authors started treatment with dupilumab. After two months, the patient's dermatitis went into clinical remission and there was resolution of the infection with no recurrence at the 12-month follow-up. Dupilumab is nowadays a promising treatment for severe atopic dermatitis. To our knowledge, only four reports of molluscum contagiosum during dupilumab therapy have been reported in the literature, with contrasting effects. According to the authors' experience, treatment with dupilumab appears to be a safe alternative for patients with severe atopic dermatitis who are also infected with molluscum contagiosum, as opposed to other treatments such as systemic corticosteroids or cyclosporine.

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