RESUMO

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the seventh most common type of cancer in the world, with limited treatment options. A promising strategy to treat cancer is to associate chemotherapeutics and plant bioactive compounds. Here, we examined whether diallyl disulfide (DADS; 50-200 µM) and sorafenib (SORA; 8 µM), either alone or in combination, were toxic to hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) in vitro. We assessed whether DADS and/or SORA induced cell death (LIVE/DEAD assay and autophagy) and cell cycle changes (flow cytometry), altered expression of key genes and proteins (RT-qPCR and Western blot), and modulated tumorigenesis signatures, such as proliferation (clonogenic assay), migration (wound healing), and invasion (inserts). The DADS + SORA combination elicited autophagic cell death by upregulating LC3 and NRF2 expression and downregulating FOS and TNF expression; induced the accumulation of cells in the G1 phase which thereby upregulated the CHEK2 expression; and inhibited invasion by downregulating the MMP2 expression. Predictive analysis indicated the participation of the MAPK pathway in the reported results. The DADS + SORA combination suppressed both cell invasion and clonogenic survival, which indicated that it dampened tumor growth, proliferation, invasion, and metastatic potential. Therefore, the DADS + SORA combination is a promising therapy to develop new clinical protocols.

RESUMO

Prenatal screening in pregnant women between 35 and 37 weeks of gestation and intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis has successfully reduced the incidence of neonatal morbidity and mortality related to Streptococcus agalactiae. However, the contamination rates of newborns are still considerable. In traditional and folk medicines, it has been observed that garlic has been effective in treating S. agalactiae infection. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the active compounds from garlic that have antimicrobial activity against S. agalactiae. In order to do this, SP80 (Sep-Pak 80%) obtained from crude garlic extract (CGE) was fractionated by reverse-phase ultrafast liquid chromatography with UV (RP-UFLC-UV) using a Shim-pack PREP-ODS column. All fractions obtained were tested using a microbial growth inhibition test against the S. agalactiae strain (ATCC 12386). Five clinical isolates were used to confirm the action of the fractions with antimicrobial activity, and the bacterial growth curve was determined. Identification of the antimicrobial compounds was carried out through liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The active compounds found to exhibit antimicrobial activity were Ƴ-glutamyl-S-allyl-cysteine (fraction 18), Ƴ-glutamyl-phenylalanine (fraction 20), and the two stereoisomers (E and Z) of ajoene (fraction 42). The MICs of these fractions were 5.41 mg/ml, 4.60 mg/ml, and 0.16 mg/ml, respectively, and they inhibited the growth of the clinical isolates tested. Antimicrobial compounds from garlic may be a promising source in the search for new drugs against S. agalactiae. IMPORTANCE Invasive disease due to group B streptococcal (GBS) infection results in a wide spectrum of clinical disease in neonates. Maternal colonization by GBS is the primary risk factor for disease. The strategy recommended by the Centers for Disease Control to reduce neonatal GBS infection is the culture-based screening of all pregnant women at 35 to 37 weeks of gestation and intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP). However, indiscriminate use of antibiotics favors the selection and spread of resistant bacteria. The global scenario of antibacterial resistance has been of great concern for public health, and natural products can be a source of new substances to help us grapple with this problem.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Prenatal screening in pregnant women between 35 and 37 weeks of gestation and intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis has successfully reduced the incidence of neonatal morbidity and mortality related to Streptococcus agalactiae. However, the contamination rates of newborns are still considerable. In traditional and folk medicines, it has been observed that garlic has been effective in treating S. agalactiae infection. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the active compounds from garlic that have antimicrobial activity against S. agalactiae. In order to do this, SP80 (Sep-Pak 80%) obtained from crude garlic extract (CGE) was fractionated by reverse-phase ultrafast liquid chromatography with UV (RP-UFLC-UV) using a Shim-pack PREP-ODS column. All fractions obtained were tested using a microbial growth inhibition test against the S. agalactiae strain (ATCC 12386). Five clinical isolates were used to confirm the action of the fractions with antimicrobial activity, and the bacterial growth curve was determined. Identification of the antimicrobial compounds was carried out through liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The active compounds found to exhibit antimicrobial activity were Ƴ-glutamyl-S-allyl-cysteine (fraction 18), Ƴ-glutamyl-phenylalanine (fraction 20), and the two stereoisomers (E and Z) of ajoene (fraction 42). The MICs of these fractions were 5.41 mg/ml, 4.60 mg/ml, and 0.16 mg/ml, respectively, and they inhibited the growth of the clinical isolates tested. Antimicrobial compounds from garlic may be a promising source in the search for new drugs against S. agalactiae

RESUMO

Growth measurements such as leaf area (LA) and dry matter (DM) are important in experiments about plants population, fertilization, irrigation and others parameters of cultivation, in garlic crop. The LA and DM are commonly defined as destructive, lengthy and cause loss of plants in the experimental units. The objective of this study was to fit mathematical models using linear models that estimate the leaf area and dry matter of garlic plants - variety Ito. For that, garlic plants were collected at 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 115 and 120 days after planting. The measurements of width (W), length (L) of leaves, LA, DM, pseudostem diameter (PD), number of leaves per plant (NL) and height (H) were determined in each time. The models were fitted to estimate the LA or DM as function of the variables W, L, L*W, PD and LA. The statistical analysis of the linear regression, coefficient of determination of the linear regression (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), modified concordance index (d1) and the BIAS index were verified to determine the most representative models. It`s possible to estimate the LA and the leaf DM of garlic plants using the variables: length, width, pseudostem diameter and height of plants.

Medidas de crescimento como área foliar (AF) e matéria seca (MS) são importantes em experimentos com população de plantas, adubação, irrigação e outros parâmetros de cultivo, na cultura do alho. Muitas vezes a AF e MS são definidas por avaliações destrutivas, demoradas e com perdas de plantas nas unidades experimentais. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, definir modelos matemáticos através de medidas lineares, que estimem a área foliar e a matéria seca das folhas de plantas de alho da variedade Ito. Para isso, quinze plantas foram coletadas aos 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 115 e 120 dias após o plantio (DAP). As medidas de largura (L), comprimento (C) das folhas, AF, MS, diâmetro do pseudocaule (DP), número de folhas por planta (NF) e altura da planta (AP) foram determinadas em cada época. Ajustaram-se modelos para estimar a AF ou MS em função das variáveis L, C, L*C, DP e AF. Para determinar os modelos mais representativos foram verificados a análise estatística da regressão linear, o coeficiente de determinação da regressão linear (R2), raiz do quadrado médio do erro (RQME), índice de concordância modificado (d1) e o índice BIAS. É possível estimar a AF e MS foliar de plantas de alho através das variáveis comprimento, largura, diâmetro do pseudocaule e altura de plantas.

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This study determined the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and leek (Allium ampeloprasum L.), as well as evaluated their anticholesterol oxidation potential in fish burgers. The total phenolic contents were 1.1 ± 0.1 mg GAE/g FW to garlic and 1.3 ± 0.4 mg GAE/g FW for leek. Leek extract showed antioxidant activity index (1.3 ± 0.01) in DPPH and ß-carotene/linoleic acid assay (66.5 ± 1.6%); however, in ORAC assay, no statistic differences were observed (P > 0.05). Besides that, bioactive compounds of garlic and leek extracts were identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray by ionization-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS). Fish burgers were prepared using different concentrations of leek and garlic and stored at -18 °C for 90 days. Thus, at days 0, 30, 60, and 90, the samples were grilled and analyzed as to their cholesterol and cholesterol oxidation products contents. Storage and grilling led to an increase in cholesterol oxidation products; however, addition of garlic and leek minimized cholesterol oxidation products formation. After 90 days, samples containing 3% leek + 0.5% garlic ware the most effective in inhibiting the cholesterol oxides formation during storage and showed the lowest increase in cholesterol oxidation products content (21.16%). Thus, the findings of this research indicate the potential application of garlic and leek as natural inhibitors of cholesterol oxidation in food. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Garlic and leek have a set of bioactive compounds with a wide antioxidant capacity when used in meat foods such as fish burgers. Garlic and leek used as natural antioxidants perform well in the shelf life of fish burgers and can be substitutes for synthetic antioxidants in this type of product. The presence of both vegetables reduced the formation of prejudicial products to human health generated during the shelf life of the food.

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The objective of this study was to adjust nonlinear quantile regression models for the study of dry matter accumulation in garlic plants over time, and to compare them to models fitted by the ordinary least squares method. The total dry matter of nine garlic accessions belonging to the Vegetable Germplasm Bank of Universidade Federal de Viçosa (BGH/UFV) was measured in four stages (60, 90, 120 and 150 days after planting), and those values were used for the nonlinear regression models fitting. For each accession, there was an adjustment of one model of quantile regression (τ=0.5) and one based on the least squares method. The nonlinear regression model fitted was the Logistic. The Akaike Information Criterion was used to evaluate the goodness of fit of the models. Accessions were grouped using the UPGMA algorithm, with the estimates of the parameters with biological interpretation as variables. The nonlinear quantile regression is efficient for the adjustment of models for dry matter accumulation in garlic plants over time. The estimated parameters are more uniform and robust in the presence of asymmetry in the distribution of the data, heterogeneous variances, and outliers.(AU)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo ajustar modelos de regressão quantílica não linear para o estudo do acúmulo de matéria seca total em plantas de alho ao longo do tempo, e compará-los com modelos ajustados pelo método dos mínimos quadrados. A matéria seca total de nove acessos de alho pertencentes ao Banco de Germoplasma de Hortaliças da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (BGH/UFV) foi avaliada em quatro períodos (60, 90, 120 e 150 dias após plantio), e estes valores foram utilizados para o ajuste de modelos de regressão - não linear - logística. Para cada acesso, foram ajustados um modelo de regressão quantílica (τ=0,5) e um modelo pela metodologia dos mínimos quadrados. Para avaliar a qualidade de ajuste dos modelos foi utilizado o Critério de Informação de Akaike. Os acessos foram agrupados pelo algoritmo UPGMA, utilizando as estimativas dos parâmetros com interpretação biológica como variáveis. A regressão quantílica não linear foi eficiente no ajuste de modelos para descrição do acúmulo de matéria seca ao longo do tempo. As estimativas de parâmetros foram mais uniformes e robustas na presença de dados assimétricos, variâncias heterogêneas e de valores discrepantes.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to adjust nonlinear quantile regression models for the study of dry matter accumulation in garlic plants over time, and to compare them to models fitted by the ordinary least squares method. The total dry matter of nine garlic accessions belonging to the Vegetable Germplasm Bank of Universidade Federal de Viçosa (BGH/UFV) was measured in four stages (60, 90, 120 and 150 days after planting), and those values were used for the nonlinear regression models fitting. For each accession, there was an adjustment of one model of quantile regression (τ=0.5) and one based on the least squares method. The nonlinear regression model fitted was the Logistic. The Akaike Information Criterion was used to evaluate the goodness of fit of the models. Accessions were grouped using the UPGMA algorithm, with the estimates of the parameters with biological interpretation as variables. The nonlinear quantile regression is efficient for the adjustment of models for dry matter accumulation in garlic plants over time. The estimated parameters are more uniform and robust in the presence of asymmetry in the distribution of the data, heterogeneous variances, and outliers.

RESUMO: Este trabalho teve como objetivo ajustar modelos de regressão quantílica não linear para o estudo do acúmulo de matéria seca total em plantas de alho ao longo do tempo, e compará-los com modelos ajustados pelo método dos mínimos quadrados. A matéria seca total de nove acessos de alho pertencentes ao Banco de Germoplasma de Hortaliças da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (BGH/UFV) foi avaliada em quatro períodos (60, 90, 120 e 150 dias após plantio), e estes valores foram utilizados para o ajuste de modelos de regressão - não linear - logística. Para cada acesso, foram ajustados um modelo de regressão quantílica (τ=0,5) e um modelo pela metodologia dos mínimos quadrados. Para avaliar a qualidade de ajuste dos modelos foi utilizado o Critério de Informação de Akaike. Os acessos foram agrupados pelo algoritmo UPGMA, utilizando as estimativas dos parâmetros com interpretação biológica como variáveis. A regressão quantílica não linear foi eficiente no ajuste de modelos para descrição do acúmulo de matéria seca ao longo do tempo. As estimativas de parâmetros foram mais uniformes e robustas na presença de dados assimétricos, variâncias heterogêneas e de valores discrepantes.

RESUMO

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) have different mechanisms of action in the development of plants, such as growth promotion, production of phytohormones and antibiotic substances and changes in root exudates. These help to control plant diseases. In order to evaluate the potential of microorganisms in the control of Meloidogyne javanica and Ditylenchus spp., five rhizobacteria isolated from rhizosphere of garlic cultivated in the Curitibanos (SC) region were tested. Hatching chambers were set on Petri dishes, in which were added 10 mL of bacterial suspension and 1 mL of M. javanica eggs suspension, at the rate of 4500, on the filter paper of each chamber. The same procedure was performed with 300 juvenile Ditylenchus spp. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. The evaluations were performed every 72 h for nine days. The antagonized population of nematodes was determined in Peters counting chamber, determining the percentage hatching (for M. javanica) and motility (for Ditylenchus spp). Isolates CBSAL02 and CBSAL05 significantly reduced the hatching of M. javanica eggs (74% and 54.77%, respectively) and the motility of Ditylenchus spp. (55.19% and 53.53%, respectively) in vitro. Isolates were identified as belonging to the genera Pseudomonas (CBSAL05) and Bacillus (CBSAL02).(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) have different mechanisms of action in the development of plants, such as growth promotion, production of phytohormones and antibiotic substances and changes in root exudates. These help to control plant diseases. In order to evaluate the potential of microorganisms in the control of Meloidogyne javanica and Ditylenchus spp., five rhizobacteria isolated from rhizosphere of garlic cultivated in the Curitibanos (SC) region were tested. Hatching chambers were set on Petri dishes, in which were added 10 mL of bacterial suspension and 1 mL of M. javanica eggs suspension, at the rate of 4500, on the filter paper of each chamber. The same procedure was performed with 300 juvenile Ditylenchus spp. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. The evaluations were performed every 72 h for nine days. The antagonized population of nematodes was determined in Peters counting chamber, determining the percentage hatching (for M. javanica) and motility (for Ditylenchus spp). Isolates CBSAL02 and CBSAL05 significantly reduced the hatching of M. javanica eggs (74% and 54.77%, respectively) and the motility of Ditylenchus spp. (55.19% and 53.53%, respectively) in vitro. Isolates were identified as belonging to the genera Pseudomonas (CBSAL05) and Bacillus (CBSAL02).

Assuntos

RESUMO

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) have different mechanisms of action in the development of plants, such as growth promotion, production of phytohormones and antibiotic substances and changes in root exudates. These help to control plant diseases. In order to evaluate the potential of microorganisms in the control of Meloidogyne javanica and Ditylenchus spp., five rhizobacteria isolated from rhizosphere of garlic cultivated in the Curitibanos (SC) region were tested. Hatching chambers were set on Petri dishes, in which were added 10mL of bacterial suspension and 1mL of M. javanica eggs suspension, at the rate of 4500, on the filter paper of each chamber. The same procedure was performed with 300 juvenile Ditylenchus spp. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications. The evaluations were performed every 72h for nine days. The antagonized population of nematodes was determined in Peters counting chamber, determining the percentage hatching (for M. javanica) and motility (for Ditylenchus spp). Isolates CBSAL02 and CBSAL05 significantly reduced the hatching of M. javanica eggs (74% and 54.77%, respectively) and the motility of Ditylenchus spp. (55.19% and 53.53%, respectively) in vitro. Isolates were identified as belonging to the genera Pseudomonas (CBSAL05) and Bacillus (CBSAL02).

Assuntos

RESUMO

ABSTRACT: Plant growth analyses are important because they generate information on the demand and necessary care for each development stage of a plant. Nonlinear regression models are appropriate for the description of curves of growth, since they include parameters with practical biological interpretation. However, these models present information in terms of the conditional mean, and they are subject to problems in the adjustment caused by possible outliers or asymmetry in the distribution of the data. Quantile regression can solve these problems, and it allows the estimation of different quantiles, generating more complete and robust results. The objective of this research was to adjust a nonlinear quantile regression model for the study of dry matter accumulation in garlic plants (Allium sativum L.) over time, estimating parameters at three different quantiles and classifying each garlic accession according to its growth rate and asymptotic weight. The nonlinear regression model fitted was a Logistic model, and 30 garlic accessions were evaluated. These 30 accessions were divided based on the model with the closest quantile estimates; 12 accessions were classified as of lesser interest for planting, 6 were classified as intermediate, and 12 were classified as of greater interest for planting.

RESUMO: Análises de crescimento de plantas são importantes, pois geram informações sobre a demanda e os cuidados necessários para cada etapa de seu desenvolvimento. Modelos de regressão não linear são apropriados para descrever curvas de crescimento por apresentarem parâmetros com interpretação prática biológica. Entretanto, estes modelos apresentam informações em termos médios, e estão sujeitos a problemas no ajuste proporcionados por possíveis valores extremos ou assimetria na distribuição dos dados. A regressão quantílica pode contornar estes problemas, e ainda permite estimativas de diferentes quantis, gerando resultados mais completos e robustos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi ajustar um modelo de regressão quantílica não linear para o estudo do acúmulo de matéria seca em plantas de alho (Allium sativum L.) ao longo do tempo, estimando seus parâmetros em três diferentes quantis e classificando cada acesso de alho de acordo com sua taxa de crescimento e peso assintótico. O modelo de regressão não linear ajustado foi o Logístico, e foram utilizados 30 acessos de alho. Estes foram divididos de acordo com a curva do quantil de estimativas mais próximas, sendo classificados 12 acessos como de baixo interesse para o plantio, 6 de interesse intermediário e 12 como de alto interesse.

RESUMO

Plant growth analyses are important because they generate information on the demand and necessary care for each development stage of a plant. Nonlinear regression models are appropriate for the description of curves of growth, since they include parameters with practical biological interpretation. However, these models present information in terms of the conditional mean, and they are subject to problems in the adjustment caused by possible outliers or asymmetry in the distribution of the data. Quantile regression can solve these problems, and it allows the estimation of different quantiles, generating more complete and robust results. The objective of this research was to adjust a nonlinear quantile regression model for the study of dry matter accumulation in garlic plants (Allium sativum L.) over time, estimating parameters at three different quantiles and classifying each garlic accession according to its growth rate and asymptotic weight. The nonlinear regression model fitted was a Logistic model, and 30 garlic accessions were evaluated. These 30 accessions were divided based on the model with the closest quantile estimates; 12 accessions were classified as of lesser interest for planting, 6 were classified as intermediate, and 12 were classified as of greater interest for planting.(AU)

Análises de crescimento de plantas são importantes, pois geram informações sobre a demanda e os cuidados necessários para cada etapa de seu desenvolvimento. Modelos de regressão não linear são apropriados para descrever curvas de crescimento por apresentarem parâmetros com interpretação prática biológica. Entretanto, estes modelos apresentam informações em termos médios, e estão sujeitos a problemas no ajuste proporcionados por possíveis valores extremos ou assimetria na distribuição dos dados. A regressão quantílica pode contornar estes problemas, e ainda permite estimativas de diferentes quantis, gerando resultados mais completos e robustos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi ajustar um modelo de regressão quantílica não linear para o estudo do acúmulo de matéria seca em plantas de alho (Allium sativum L.) ao longo do tempo, estimando seus parâmetros em três diferentes quantis e classificando cada acesso de alho de acordo com sua taxa de crescimento e peso assintótico. O modelo de regressão não linear ajustado foi o Logístico, e foram utilizados 30 acessos de alho. Estes foram divididos de acordo com a curva do quantil de estimativas mais próximas, sendo classificados 12 acessos como de baixo interesse para o plantio, 6 de interesse intermediário e 12 como de alto interesse.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Dehydrated garlic is an importance spice in pre-cooked and processed food products, but studies of the drying variables of this product are scarce. Thus, this work aimed to model and study the kinetics of garlic drying at three different temperatures (40, 50 and 60 °C) and analyze the thermodynamic parameters during the process. The drying was analyzed using pre-established mathematical models for agricultural products and equations that describe the thermodynamics of product dehydration. The best mathematical adjustment for all drying temperatures was the Midilli equation. The moisture ratio was seen to decrease during the process for all situations. The effective diffusivity increased with increasing temperature. The enthalpy change was positive during the process and decreased with increasing temperature. The study entropy was negative, indicating a non-spontaneous reaction. In addition, the Gibbs free energy increased with increasing drying temperature. The thermodynamic standards were satisfactory and correctly described the moisture loss by the garlic samples.

O alho desidratado é um tempero de suma importância em produtos pré-cozidos e processados, no entanto, o estudo das variáveis de secagem desse produto é escasso. Diante disso, objetivou-se com esse trabalho estudar a cinética e a modelagem da secagem de alho, em três temperaturas distintas (40, 50 e 60 °C), e analisar os parâmetros termodinâmicos durante o processo. O estudo da secagem foi feito por meio de modelos matemáticos pré-estabelecidos para produtos agrícolas e por equações que descrevem a termodinâmica da desidratação de produtos. O melhor ajuste matemático foi à equação de Midilli para todas as temperaturas de secagem. A razão de umidade apresentou-se decrescente durante o processo para todas as situações. A difusividade efetiva aumentou com o aumento da temperatura. A variação de entalpia apresentou-se positiva durante o processo de secagem e diminui com o aumento da temperatura. A entropia estudada foi negativa, indicando uma reação não-espontânea. E a energia livre de Gibbs aumentou com a elevação da temperatura de secagem. Os padrões termodinâmicos foram satisfatórios e descreveram como ocorreu a perda de umidade pelas amostras de alho.

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Multivariate techniques have become a useful tool for studying the phenotypic diversity of Germplasm Bank accessions, since they make it possible to combine a variety of different information from these accessions. This study aimed to characterize the phenotypic dispersion of garlic (Allium sativum L.) using two multivariate techniques with different objective functions. Twenty accessions were morphologically characterized for bulb diameter, length, and weight; number of cloves per bulb; number of leaves per plant; and leaf area. Techniques based on generalized quadratic distance of Mahalanobis, UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) clustering, and nMDS (nonmetrric MultiDimensional Scaling) were applied and the relative importance of variables quantified. The two multivariate techniques were capable of identifying cultivars with different characteristics, mainly regarding their classification in subgroups of common garlic or noble garlic, according to the number of cloves per bulb. The representation of the phenotypic distance of cultivars by multidimensional scaling was slightly more effective than that with UPGMA clustering.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Multivariate techniques have become a useful tool for studying the phenotypic diversity of Germplasm Bank accessions, since they make it possible to combine a variety of different information from these accessions. This study aimed to characterize the phenotypic dispersion of garlic (Allium sativum L.) using two multivariate techniques with different objective functions. Twenty accessions were morphologically characterized for bulb diameter, length, and weight; number of cloves per bulb; number of leaves per plant; and leaf area. Techniques based on generalized quadratic distance of Mahalanobis, UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean) clustering, and nMDS (nonmetrric MultiDimensional Scaling) were applied and the relative importance of variables quantified. The two multivariate techniques were capable of identifying cultivars with different characteristics, mainly regarding their classification in subgroups of common garlic or noble garlic, according to the number of cloves per bulb. The representation of the phenotypic distance of cultivars by multidimensional scaling was slightly more effective than that with UPGMA clustering.

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RESUMO

Objetivou-se avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana do alho (Allium sativum Liliaceae), in natura, e do extrato aquoso, frente à Candida albicans (Ca) e a Estreptococos do grupo B (EGB). O alho in natura e os extratos aquosos 30% e 170%, foram submetidos à avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana usando os métodos de Difusão em Ágar pela técnica do disco e do poço. Os resultados mostraram que o alho, in natura, apresentou halo de inibição de 55,3 ± 2,6 milímetros (mm) frente a Ca e de 27,1 ± 2,6 mm frente à EGB, enquanto o halo de inibição do miconazol foi de 24 ± 0,5 mm e o da Penicilina G de 29,8 ± 0,3 mm. O extrato aquoso de alho a 30% não apresentou atividade antimicrobiana frente à Ca e à EGB Já o extrato aquoso de alho a 170% apresentou halo de inibição frente a Ca, de 11,3 ± 0,7 mm na técnica do disco e de 14,5 ± 0,9 mm na técnica do poço, porém não inibiu o crescimento da EGB Conclui-se que o alho in natura apresentou melhor efeito inibitório frente às cepas de Ca e de EGB.

This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of fresh garlic (Liliaceae Allium sativum) and its aqueous extracts against Candida albicans (Ca) and group B Streptococcus (GBS). Fresh garlic and its aqueous extract in concentrations of 30% and 170% were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity using the agar diffusion technique. The results showed that fresh garlic showed a halo of inhibition of 55.3 ± 2.6 millimeters (mm) towards Ca and 27.1 ± 2.6 mm towards GBS while the inhibition halo of miconazole was 24 ± 0.5 mm and the inhibition halo of Penicillin G was 29.8 ± 0.3 mm. The aqueous extract of garlic in the concentration of 30% showed no antimicrobial activity towards Ca and GBS The aqueous extract of garlic at 170%, showed a halo of inhibition towards Ca, of 11.3 ± 0.7 mm in the disk technique and 14.5 ± 0.9 mm in the well technique, but did not inhibit the growth OF GBS We conclude that the fresh garlic showed a better inhibitory effect against the strains of Ca and GBS.

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Viral diseases have been promoting significant losses in garlic plant production. The main strategy to overcome these problems has been the use of healthy propagation material obtained by tissue culture. The initial procedure for producing garlic in vitro consists in choosing bulbs of larger size and better phytossanitary aspect. After the cloves are vernalizated and submitted to thermotherapy. From this material, the explants are excised and inoculated in MS medium under concentrations of inductor growth regulators, in order to promote in sequence shoot, rooting and in vitro bulbification. The obtained microbulblets are vernalizated and acclimatized at a protected environment. A posteriori, the obtained plantlets are indexed to the main viruses that infected the culture. This process is repeated until the material is clearly virus-free. Finally, these materials are multiplied in field conditions and distributed to seed farmers. It was concluded that in vitro garlic culture is the main method employed for clonal recovering virus-free plants.

As doenças causadas por vírus em plantas de alho têm causado perdas significativas de produção e produtividade. A principal estratégia utilizada para superar tais problemas tem sido o uso de material propagativo sadio oriundo do cultivo in vitro. O procedimento inicial para produção in vitro consiste na escolha de bulbos de maior tamanho e melhor aspecto sanitário. Posteriormente, os bulbilhos são vernalizados e submetidos à termoterapia. Após, são excisados meristemas que serão inoculados em meio de cultura MS sob concentrações de reguladores de crescimento indutoras da parte aérea. O material é então transferido em meio MS para a promoção do enraizamento e bulbificação in vitro. Os microbulbos obtidos são então vernalizados e levados à climatização. Posteriormente, as plantas obtidas são indexadas para os principais vírus que infectam a cultura, processo repetido até o momento em que se tenha certeza que o material encontra-se livre de vírus. Finalmente, os materiais são multiplicados em campo e distribuídos a produtores de alho-semente. Conclui-se que o cultivo in vitro de meristemas é o principal método de obtenção de plantas livres de viroses na cultura do alho.

RESUMO

Viral diseases have been promoting significant losses in garlic plant production. The main strategy to overcome these problems has been the use of healthy propagation material obtained by tissue culture. The initial procedure for producing garlic in vitro consists in choosing bulbs of larger size and better phytossanitary aspect. After the cloves are vernalizated and submitted to thermotherapy. From this material, the explants are excised and inoculated in MS medium under concentrations of inductor growth regulators, in order to promote in sequence shoot, rooting and in vitro bulbification. The obtained microbulblets are vernalizated and acclimatized at a protected environment. A posteriori, the obtained plantlets are indexed to the main viruses that infected the culture. This process is repeated until the material is clearly virus-free. Finally, these materials are multiplied in field conditions and distributed to seed farmers. It was concluded that in vitro garlic culture is the main method employed for clonal recovering virus-free plants.

As doenças causadas por vírus em plantas de alho têm causado perdas significativas de produção e produtividade. A principal estratégia utilizada para superar tais problemas tem sido o uso de material propagativo sadio oriundo do cultivo in vitro. O procedimento inicial para produção in vitro consiste na escolha de bulbos de maior tamanho e melhor aspecto sanitário. Posteriormente, os bulbilhos são vernalizados e submetidos à termoterapia. Após, são excisados meristemas que serão inoculados em meio de cultura MS sob concentrações de reguladores de crescimento indutoras da parte aérea. O material é então transferido em meio MS para a promoção do enraizamento e bulbificação in vitro. Os microbulbos obtidos são então vernalizados e levados à climatização. Posteriormente, as plantas obtidas são indexadas para os principais vírus que infectam a cultura, processo repetido até o momento em que se tenha certeza que o material encontra-se livre de vírus. Finalmente, os materiais são multiplicados em campo e distribuídos a produtores de alho-semente. Conclui-se que o cultivo in vitro de meristemas é o principal método de obtenção de plantas livres de viroses na cultura do alho.

RESUMO

Extratos vegetais podem auxiliar no controle de doenças de plantas, por sua atividade antimicrobiana ou pela ativação de mecanismos de defesa. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito dos extratos aquosos de alho e alecrim autoclavados e não autoclavados sobre o crescimento micelial de Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, a produção de faseolina em feijoeiro e a severidade de antracnose em campo. O fungo foi incubado em meio de cultura contendo os extratos, e o crescimento foi mensurado por 18 dias. Para avaliação de faseolina, os extratos foram aplicados sobre hipocótilos de feijão, a extração foi feita em etanol e a leitura foi realizada em espectrofotômetro. A severidade da antracnose foi avaliada em plantas de feijão pulverizadas com os extratos e inoculadas com o fungo. Para o extrato de alho, a maior redução (57,6 por cento) no crescimento micelial foi com a dose de 3,0 por cento do extrato não autoclavado. Já para o extrato de alecrim, a maior redução (18,6 por cento) foi com o extrato autoclavado. A autoclavagem não teve efeito sobre a indução de faseolina. À campo, os extratos não reduziram significativamente a severidade de antracnose. O extrato de alho não autoclavado mostrou-se mais eficiente na redução do crescimento de C. lindemuthianum, enquanto que o de alecrim, autoclavado ou não, foi mais efetivo na indução de faseolina.

Plant extracts may assist in controlling plants diseases due to its antimicrobial activity and activation of defense mechanisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of aqueous extracts of garlic and rosemary, autoclaved or non autoclaved, on the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, production of phaseollin by beans and severity of anthracnose in the field. The fungus was incubated in medium containing the extracts and its growth measured for 18 days. For phaseollin evaluation the extracts were applied on bean hypocotyls, the phytoalexin extracted in ethanol and read in spectrophotometer. The severity of anthracnose was evaluated in bean plants sprayed with the extracts and inoculated with the fungus. For the garlic extract, the greater reduction (57,6 percent) in micelial growth was at 3 percent in the non autoclaved extract, as for the rosemary extract, the greater reduction (18,6 percent) was in the autoclaved extract. Autoclaving had no effect on the induction of phaseollin. At field conditions, the extracts did not reduce significantly the severity of anthracnose. The non autoclaved garlic extract showed to be more efficient in reducing the mycelial growth of C. lindemuthianum, while rosemary, autoclaved or not, proved to be more effective in the induction of phaseollin.

RESUMO

The use of chemicals that promote and standardize the sprouting and flowering on temperate fruit trees is causing great concern due to its toxicity to humans and the dependence on few products for that purpose. In order to seek a solution to this problem, An experiment was installed in a commercial orchard of Fuji Kiku apple trees in the county of Guarapuava-PR, using the following treatments: control (untreated), OM (Mineral Oil-Assist ®) 30ml L-1, BA (Bioalho ®) 5mL L-1 + OM 30ml L-1, BA 10mL L-1 + OM 30ml L-1, GN (Natural Garlic) 5mL L-1 + OM 30ml L-1, GN 10mL L-1 + OM 30ml L-1, CH (Cyanamide Hydrogen-Dormex ) 5mL L-1 + OM 20ml L-1. The following variables were evaluated: percentage of sprouting, number of fruits per plant, weight, total soluble solids, total acidity and yield. The treatments with garlic extract took effect on break dormancy, not interfering in the physical and chemical characteristics of the fruit. In general the shooting was low due to low amount of accumulated chilling units and dry period after the break dormancy.

A utilização de produtos químicos, que promovam e uniformizem a brotação e a floração, em frutíferas de clima temperado vem trazendo grande preocupação devido ao seu efeito tóxico para o homem e pela dependência de poucos produtos para essa finalidade. No intuito de buscar uma solução para esse problema, o experimento foi instalado em pomar comercial de macieiras Fuji kiku no município de Guarapuava-PR, utilizando os seguintes tratamentos: Testemunha (sem tratamento), OM (Óleo Mineral- Assist®) 30mL L-1, BA (Bioalho®) 5mL L-1 + OM 30mL L-1, BA 10mL L-1 + OM 30mL L-1, AN (Alho Natural) 5mL L-1 + OM 30mL L-1, AN 10mL L-1 + OM 30mL L-1,CH (Cianamida hidrogenada- Dormex) 5mL L-1 + OM 20mL L-1. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: porcentagem de brotação, número de frutos por planta, massa do fruto, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável e produtividade. Os tratamentos com extrato de alho tiveram efeito na superação da dormência, não interferindo nas características físico-quimicas dos frutos. De maneira geral a brotação foi baixa devido a baixa quantidade de frio acumulado e o período de seca após quebra da dormência.

Assuntos