RESUMO
Introducción: Los extractos alergénicos Valergen® (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Blomia tropicalis y Dermatophagoides siboney), desarrollados en el Centro Nacional de Biopreparados para usarlos en pruebas cutáneas de pacientes con alergia, han demostrado altas sensibilidad y especificidad. Objetivo: Determinar la sensibilidad ante 2 concentraciones diferentes de extractos alergénicos de ácaros mediante pruebas cutáneas por punción. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal de 230 pacientes de 5 a 49 años de edad, atendidos en el Policlínico Docente Ernesto Guevara de la Serna de Niquero, provincia de Granma, durante el 2022. Las variables analizadas fueron respuestas positivas según la edad, tipo de extractos alergénicos, sensibilización según enfermedades alérgicas, así como reacción adversa local. Resultados: En ambas concentraciones, la de 20 000 UB/ml y la de 2000 UB/ml, predominaron el grupo etario de 5 a 13 años (47,0 %), las respuestas positivas (27,8 y 25,7 % para cada dilución) y el extracto alergénico Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (con 93,9 y 89,1 %, respectivamente). La rinitis fue la enfermedad alérgica con mayor sensibilización (29,1 % en la primera concentración y 28,3 % en la segunda). Los efectos adversos locales se presentaron solo en la de 20 000 UB/ml (3,9 %), con un diámetro promedio del habón de 15,9 mm (IC 95 %: 15,4 - 16,4 mm) para la reacción superior. Conclusiones: Los extractos alergénicos de ácaros con una concentración de 2000 UB/ml resultaron igualmente sensibles y seguros que la dilución establecida de 20 000 UB/ml, la cual es reconocida a escala nacional por su calidad como medio diagnóstico.
Introduction: The Valergen® allergenic extracts (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Blomia tropicalis and Dermatophagoides siboney), developed in the National Center for Biopreparations to use them in cutaneous tests to the patients with allergy, have demonstrated a high sensibility and specificity. Objective: To determine the sensibility considering 2 different concentrations of mite allergenic extracts by means of needle cutaneous tests. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 230 patients aged 5 to 49 was carried out. They were assisted in Ernesto Guevara de la Serna Teaching Polyclinic in Niquero, Granma province, during 2022. The analyzed variables were positive responses according to age, type of allergenic extracts, sensitization according to allergic diseases, as well as local adverse reaction. Results: In both concentrations, 20 000 UB/ml and 2000 UB/ml, there was a prevalence of the 5 to 13 age group (47.0%), the positive responses (27.8 and 25.7% for each dilution) and the Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergenic extract (93.9 and 89.1%, respectively). Rhinitis was the allergic disease with more sensitization (29.1 in the first concentration and 28.3% in the second one). The local adverse events were just presented in that of 20 000 UB/ml (3.9%) with an average wheal diameter of 15.9 mm (IC 95%: 15.4 - 16.4 mm) for the higher reaction. Conclusions: Mite allergenic extracts with a concentration of 2000 UB/ml were equally sensitive and safe than the established dilution of 20 000 UB/ml, which is recognized on a national scale by its quality as diagnosis method.
RESUMO
skin tests; Sensitization; IgE-mediated allergy; allergenic extract. After the discovery of IgE, technological advances have provided new laboratory tools for the quantification of allergen-specific IgE antibodies in serum and on the surface of basophils-mast cells. In vitro testing offers numerous advantages: accurate quantitation, lack of drug interference, safety, and long-term storage of samples. Quantitative immunoassays for IgE antibodies can be an adjunct to skin testing. The allergen reagent in solid phase (allergosorbent) or liquid is the main component of the assay that confers specificity to the IgE antibody test. It is the most complex and highly variable reagent in IgE antibody assays. The choice to use diagnostic recombinants on a single rather than multiple platforms is made on a case-by-case basis (considering prior history and clinical profile) and in an allergen-dependent manner. Although most food allergies are limited to a small number of possible triggers, these foods are very complex when evaluating their allergenic potential. The possibility of fractionating the allergen and understanding some of its components as potentially important to define the risk of clinical reaction, cross-reactivity, or persistence of allergy, opened a new era in the field of allergy, called molecular allergy. The identification of the allergenic component responsible for the reactions is an important tool to confirm the information and severity of the symptoms, natural history of the disease, possibility of cross-reactivity and clinical symptoms (allergy markers).
Después del descubrimiento de la IgE, los avances tecnológicos han proporcionado nuevas herramientas de laboratorio para la cuantificación de anticuerpos IgE específicos de alérgenos en suero y en la superficie de basófilos-mastocitos. Las pruebas in vitro ofrecen numerosas ventajas: cuantificación precisa, falta de interferencia de fármacos, seguridad y almacenamiento a largo plazo de las muestras. Los inmunoensayos cuantitativos para anticuerpos IgE pueden ser un complemento de las pruebas cutáneas. El reactivo de alergeno en fase sólida (alergosorbente) o líquida es el componente principal del ensayo que confiere especificidad a la prueba de anticuerpos IgE. Es el reactivo más complejo y altamente variable en los ensayos de anticuerpos IgE. La elección de utilizar recombinantes de diagnóstico en una única plataforma en lugar de múltiples se realiza caso por caso (considerando el historial previo y el perfil clínico) y de manera dependiente de los alérgenos. Aunque la mayor parte de las alergias alimentarias se limitan a una pequeña cantidad de posibles desencadenantes, estos alimentos son muy complejos al momento de evaluar su potencial alergénico. La posibilidad de fraccionar el alérgeno y entender algunos de sus componentes como potencialmente importantes para definir el riesgo de reacción clínica, reactividad cruzada o persistencia de la alergia, abrió una nueva era en el campo de la alergia, denominada alergia molecular. La identificación del componente alergénico responsable de las reacciones supone una herramienta importante para confirmar la información y gravedad de los síntomas, historia natural de la enfermedad, posibilidad de reactividad cruzada y clínica (marcadores de alergia).
Assuntos
Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/diagnóstico , Alimentos , Reações Cruzadas , Alérgenos , Imunoglobulina ERESUMO
Skin tests, also known as prick tests, in food allergies are restricted to IgE-mediated food allergies, with results that barely indicate sensitization to a certain food and do not necessarily suggest food allergy. The clinical context of the patient is the decisive point before performing any type of food allergy skin test; Contextualizing and relating the patient's clinical picture with the immunological mechanism of IgE-mediated allergies will allow a better selection of the allergy test for each case. Positive tests should be interpreted more carefully, and consider that during early childhood it is common that several patients may have negative specific serum IgE tests in the blood for food allergens compared to those performed on the skin, which are positive. Skin testing can be carried out with standardized strata of foods, but they are not always available for all foods and some are very unstable. Skin tests can even be performed with raw foods, using the prick to prick technique to perform the puncture with fresh foods (especially fruits or vegetables) or other products that are not commercially available. The skin prick test is a test where, after having placed the allergenic extract in drops or with fresh food itself, the puncture must be carried out with a standardized lancet.
Las pruebas cutáneas, también conocidas como prick test, en alergia alimentaria están restrictas a las alergias a alimentos mediadas por IgE, con resultados que apenas indican sensibilización a cierto alimento y no necesariamente sugieren alergia alimentaria. El contexto clínico del paciente es el punto decisivo antes de realizar cualquier tipo de prueba cutánea de alergia a alimentos; contextualizar y relacionar el cuadro clínico del paciente con el mecanismo inmunológico de las alergias mediadas por IgE permitirá una mejor selección de la prueba de alergia para cada caso. Las pruebas positivas deben interpretarse con más cuidado, y considerar que durante la infancia precoz es común que varios pacientes pueden tener pruebas IgE séricas especificas negativas en sangre para alérgenos alimentarios comparadas con las realizadas en piel, que resultan positivas. La prueba cutánea puede llevarse a cabo con estratos estandarizados de alimentos, pero no siempre se encuentran disponibles para todos los alimentos y algunos son muy inestables. Incluso pueden realizarse pruebas cutáneas con alimentos in natura, mediante la técnica prick to prick para efectuar la punción con alimentos frescos (especialmente con frutas o vegetales) u otros productos que no estén disponibles comercialmente. El skin prick test es una prueba donde después de haber colocado el extracto alergénico en gotas o con el propio alimento fresco debe llevarse a cabo la punción con una lanceta estandarizada.
Assuntos
Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Pré-Escolar , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/diagnóstico , Testes Cutâneos , Pele , Frutas , Imunoglobulina ERESUMO
INTRODUCTION: People who live in highly allergenic regions have a greater risk of being sensitized; therefore, these areas have a higher prevalence of mono and polysensitized patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the allergen sensitization profiles in patients with asthma in an agricultural zone in Mexico. METHODS: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in a secondary care hospital in Obregon City, Mexico. The allergen sensitization pattern profiles were analyzed through a skin prick test (SPT) in 294 patients. Data was collected before SPT: asthma control was classified according to the Global Initiative for Asthma Criteria, nutritional status was assessed with the Body Mass Index (BMI) using Quetelet's index (BMI = weight/height2), and comorbidities, asthma, and smoking habits were collected from the patients' medical records. RESULTS: In this study, in a group of adults with asthma, the prevalence of sensitization was 77%. The most frequent categories of aeroallergens were in indoors, in zones with weeds and abundant trees. A low proportion of monosensitized patients (2%) was observed. House dust mites were the most common allergens. CONCLUSIONS: Our study describes the sensitization pattern among asthma patients. This study will help identify the panel of most common allergens in this region of Mexico, and aid in selection of specific treatment through immunotherapy.
Assuntos
Alérgenos , Asma , Adulto , Asma/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Testes CutâneosRESUMO
A maioria das respostas alérgicas a alimentos é mediada por IgE, que pode ser detectada para fins de diagnóstico da alergia alimentar. No entanto, para isso é necessário que alérgenos purificados estejam disponíveis para a elaboração dos diferentes formatos de ensaio, inclusive por microarray, que se constitui em uma ferramenta bastante útil para análise simultânea, e também para a identificação de reatividade cruzada. A esse respeito, é imprescindível ampliar a plataforma de alérgenos que possam ser empregados para a confecção de microarrays. Atualmente, alguns alimentos que constituem objeto de interesse na clínica em função do número de casos de alergia, e sobre os quais as informações a respeito dos alérgenos são escassas, são: abacaxi, mamão, mandioca e manga. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi clonar, expressar e purificar proteínas potencialmente alergênicas de alimentos de importância regional. Após confirmadas por ensaios imunológicos, essas proteínas foram utilizadas na construção e validação de um microarray através de ensaios com os soros de pacientes alérgicos aos alimentos selecionados. Para atingir esse objetivo, foram selecionadas proteínas potencialmente alergênicas coincidentes, apontadas tanto pela similaridade com espécies taxonomicamente mais próximas, quanto pela técnica 2D Western Blotting acoplada à espectrometria de massas. Dezenove proteínas, sendo 4 de abacaxi, 5 de mamão, 6 de mandioca e 4 de manga, foram expressas em Pichia pastoris, purificadas e impressas em um microarray. Após incubar essas proteínas com os soros dos pacientes alérgicos aos alimentos estudados, 18 proteínas mostraram-se potencialmente alergênicas. Além disso, foi observada reatividade cruzada entre proteínas dos alimentos estudados e também em relação ao látex e outros frutos
The majority of allergic reactions to foods is IgE-mediated, which can be detected for the diagnosis of food allergy. However, purified allergens are necessary to produce different kinds of allergy tests, including microarray, which is a useful tool for simultaneous analysis, as well as for the identification of cross-reactivity. In this respect, it is essential to expand the platform of allergens to include them on microarrays. Nowadays, some foods that are object of interest in the clinical area in Brazil and it is necessary a further evaluation about their potential allergens, since there is a limited information about them, are: pineapple, papaya, cassava and mango. Therefore, the aim of this study was cloning, expressing and purifying potentially allergenic proteins of important Brazilian foods. After confirmed by immunological tests, these proteins were used in microarray production and validation by assays with sera from allergic patients to the selected foods. Achieving this goal, matching potentially allergenic proteins were selected, which were identified by comparison among taxonomically closer species (in silico) and 2D Western Blotting coupled with Mass Spectrometry. Nineteen proteins: 4 from pineapple, 5 from papaya, 6 from cassava and 4 from mango were expressed in Pichia pastoris, purified and printed on a microarray. After incubating those proteins with sera from allergic patients to the selected foods, 18 proteins were detected as potentially allergenic. In addition, cross-reactivity was observed among the proteins from the studied foods, and also regarding to the latex and other fruits
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Alérgenos/análise , Clonagem de Organismos/instrumentação , Análise em Microsséries/classificação , Alimentos , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/diagnóstico , Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Western Blotting/métodos , Estudo de Validação , Frutas/efeitos adversos , Hipersensibilidade/complicaçõesAssuntos
Alérgenos/efeitos adversos , Alergia e Imunologia , Asma/terapia , Medicina de Precisão/métodos , Rinite Alérgica/terapia , Alérgenos/metabolismo , Animais , Asma/sangue , Asma/genética , Asma/imunologia , Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus/imunologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , Imunoglobulina E/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica/imunologia , Rinite Alérgica/sangue , Rinite Alérgica/genética , Rinite Alérgica/imunologia , Terminologia como AssuntoRESUMO
Fish consumption plays an important role in human diet. Hoplias malabaricus, commonly known as traíra, is a freshwater fish widely appreciated in several Brazilian states and frequently infected by Eustrongylides sp. fourth-instar larvae (L4). The aim of the present study was to evaluate allergenic potential of Eustrongylides sp. L4 crude extract (CEE). BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally (IP) by 10 g CEE with 2 mg of aluminum hydroxide on days 0 and 35. Specific IgG and IgE antibody levels were determined after immunization and cellular immunity was evaluated by assessing intradermal reaction in ear pavilion. Epicutaneous sensitization was performed in dorsal region by antigen exposure using a Finn-type chamber containing 50 g of CEE or saline solution, followed by evaluation of specific antibody levels. IP immunization resulted in a gradual increase in IgG antibody levels and transitory IgE production. Significant increase in ear thickness was observed in cellular hypersensitivity reaction. In case of antigen exposure by epicutaneous route, CEE was able to induce meaningfully increased levels of specific IgG and IgE antibodies as well as heightened cellular immunity. Both intraperitoneal immunization and epicutaneous contact with Eustrongylides sp. larval antigens were observed for first time to be capable of inducing immunological sensitization in mice.(AU)
Consumir peixe constitui papel importante na dieta humana. Hoplias malabaricus, comumente chamado de traíra, peixe de água doce largamente apreciado no Brasil, é frequentemente infectado com larvas de quarto estágio (L4) de Eustrongylides sp. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o potencial alergênico do Extrato Bruto de L4 de Eustrongylides sp. (EBE). Camundongos BALB/c foram imunizados intraperitonealmente (IP) por 10 g de EBE com 2 mg de hidróxido de alumínio nos dias 0 e 35. Após imunização, determinaram-se níveis específicos de anticorpos IgG e IgE e avaliou-se a imunidade celular pela reação intradérmica no pavilhão auricular. Realizou-se sensibilização epicutânea na região dorsal pela exposição ao antígeno, utilizando-se câmara tipo Finn, contendo 50 g de CEE ou solução salina. Após exposições, foram avaliados níveis específicos de anticorpos. Na imunização via IP, houve aumento gradual nos níveis de anticorpos IgG e produção de IgE transitória. Foi observado aumento significativo na espessura do pavilhão auricular na reação de hipersensibilidade celular. Na exposição ao antígeno pela via epicutânea, o EBE induziu aumento significante nos níveis de anticorpos IgG e IgE específicos e induziu imunidade celular. Pela primeira vez, observou-se que a imunização intraperitoneal e contato epicutâneo com antígenos larvares de Eustrongylides sp. são capazes de induzir sensibilização imunológica em camundongos.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Peixes/parasitologia , Infusões Parenterais , Muridae , Infecções por Nematoides , Imunoglobulina G , Imunoglobulina ERESUMO
Abstract Fish consumption plays an important role in human diet. Hoplias malabaricus, commonly known as traíra, is a freshwater fish widely appreciated in several Brazilian states and frequently infected by Eustrongylides sp. fourth-instar larvae (L4). The aim of the present study was to evaluate allergenic potential of Eustrongylides sp. L4 crude extract (CEE). BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally (IP) by 10 μg CEE with 2 mg of aluminum hydroxide on days 0 and 35. Specific IgG and IgE antibody levels were determined after immunization and cellular immunity was evaluated by assessing intradermal reaction in ear pavilion. Epicutaneous sensitization was performed in dorsal region by antigen exposure using a Finn-type chamber containing 50 μg of CEE or saline solution, followed by evaluation of specific antibody levels. IP immunization resulted in a gradual increase in IgG antibody levels and transitory IgE production. Significant increase in ear thickness was observed in cellular hypersensitivity reaction. In case of antigen exposure by epicutaneous route, CEE was able to induce meaningfully increased levels of specific IgG and IgE antibodies as well as heightened cellular immunity. Both intraperitoneal immunization and epicutaneous contact with Eustrongylides sp. larval antigens were observed for first time to be capable of inducing immunological sensitization in mice.
Resumo Consumir peixe constitui papel importante na dieta humana. Hoplias malabaricus, comumente chamado de traíra, peixe de água doce largamente apreciado no Brasil, é frequentemente infectado com larvas de quarto estágio (L4) de Eustrongylides sp. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o potencial alergênico do Extrato Bruto de L4 de Eustrongylides sp. (EBE). Camundongos BALB/c foram imunizados intraperitonealmente (IP) por 10 μg de EBE com 2 mg de hidróxido de alumínio nos dias 0 e 35. Após imunização, determinaram-se níveis específicos de anticorpos IgG e IgE e avaliou-se a imunidade celular pela reação intradérmica no pavilhão auricular. Realizou-se sensibilização epicutânea na região dorsal pela exposição ao antígeno, utilizando-se câmara tipo Finn, contendo 50 μg de CEE ou solução salina. Após exposições, foram avaliados níveis específicos de anticorpos. Na imunização via IP, houve aumento gradual nos níveis de anticorpos IgG e produção de IgE transitória. Foi observado aumento significativo na espessura do pavilhão auricular na reação de hipersensibilidade celular. Na exposição ao antígeno pela via epicutânea, o EBE induziu aumento significante nos níveis de anticorpos IgG e IgE específicos e induziu imunidade celular. Pela primeira vez, observou-se que a imunização intraperitoneal e contato epicutâneo com antígenos larvares de Eustrongylides sp. são capazes de induzir sensibilização imunológica em camundongos.
Assuntos
Animais , Coelhos , Doenças dos Roedores , Nematoides , Brasil , Imunoglobulina E , Imunoglobulina G , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB CRESUMO
The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the chemical constitution and allergenic potential of red propolis extract (RPE). They were evaluated, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the release of ß-hexosaminidase, respectively. A plethora of biologically active polyphenols and the absence of allergic responses were evinced. RPE inhibited the release of ß-hexosaminidase, suggesting that the extract does not stimulate allergic responses. Additionally, the physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity of hydrogel membranes loaded with RPE were analyzed. Bio-polymeric hydrogel membranes (M) were obtained using 5% carboxymethylcellulose (M1 and M2), 1.0% of citric acid (M3) and 10% RPE (for all). Their characterization was performed using thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), total phenolic content, phenol release test and, antioxidant activity through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). The latter appointed to the similar antioxidant capacity of the M1, M2 and M3. The degradation profiles showed higher thermostability to M3, followed by M2 and M1. The incorporation of RPE into the matrices and the crosslinking of M3 were evinced by FTIR. There were differences in the release of phenolic compounds, with a higher release related to M1 and lower in the strongly crosslinked M3. The degradation profiles showed higher thermostability to M3, followed by M2 and M1. The antibacterial activity of the membranes was determined using the disc diffusion assay, in comparison with controls, obtained in the same way, without RPE. The membranes elicited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, with superior performance over M3. The hydrogel membranes loaded with RPE promote a physical barrier against bacterial skin infections and may be applied in the wound healing process.
Assuntos
Própole/química , Administração Tópica , Alérgenos/química , Animais , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Bandagens , Materiais Biocompatíveis/administração & dosagem , Materiais Biocompatíveis/química , Materiais Biocompatíveis/farmacologia , Biopolímeros/administração & dosagem , Biopolímeros/química , Biopolímeros/farmacologia , Brasil , Linhagem Celular , Fenômenos Químicos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Composição de Medicamentos , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Humanos , Hidrogéis , Técnicas In Vitro , Mastócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Mastócitos/enzimologia , Mastócitos/imunologia , Membranas Artificiais , Fenóis/química , Própole/administração & dosagem , Própole/farmacologia , Ratos , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus epidermidis/efeitos dos fármacos , Termogravimetria , beta-N-Acetil-Hexosaminidases/metabolismoRESUMO
We conducted the first study of air pollen and fungal spores for Hermosillo, Sonora, where the human population is exposed to high temperatures and high levels of dust and suffers from diseases related to air quality. We sampled pollen and fungal spores daily in the air during 2016 using a volumetric spore trap Hirst-type sampler. We used simple linear correlation to investigate the association between pollen and spore counts and daily weather conditions. We found an Annual Pollen Integral of 16,243 pollen day/m3 and an Annual Spore Integral higher 222,365 spore day/m3. We identified 32 pollen taxa and 15 different spores. We found two periods of higher pollen and spore concentrations: March to May and August to October, the latter was the most severe. Spore and pollen concentrations in the air increased at higher temperature and higher relative humidity but decreased at higher precipitation. We detected negative impacts during summer and fall on population health, with 13,454 cases of people who presented diseases related to allergies. A peak in allergies is centered during October and correlates well with our peaks in pollen and spore concentrations; it seems that pollen of Poaceae is the one that generates most effects in allergic people.
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Alérgenos/isolamento & purificação , Saúde Ambiental/estatística & dados numéricos , Monitoramento Ambiental , Pólen , Esporos Fúngicos/isolamento & purificação , Tempo (Meteorologia) , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade/etiologia , México , Estações do AnoRESUMO
Celiac disease (CD) is an immunogenic disorder that affects the small intestine. It is caused by the ingestion of gluten, a protein network formed by prolamins and glutelins from cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and, possibly, oats. For predisposed people, gluten presents epitopes able to stimulate T-cells causing symptoms like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, among others unrelated to the gastrointestinal system. The only treatment for CD is to maintain a gluten-free diet, not exceeding 20 mg/kg of gluten, what is generally considered the safe amount for celiacs. Due to this context, it is very important to identify and quantify the gluten content of food products. ELISA is the most commonly used method to detect gluten traces in food. However, by detecting only prolamins, the results of ELISA tests may be underestimated. For this reason, more reliable and sensitive assays are needed to improve gluten quantification. Because of high sensitivity and the ability to detect even trace amounts of peptides in complex matrices, the most promising approaches to verify the presence of gluten peptides in food are non-immunological techniques, like liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Different methodologies using this approach have been developed and described in the last years, ranging from non-targeted and exploratory analysis to targeted and specific methods depending on the purpose of interest. Non-targeted analyses aim to define the proteomic profile of the sample, while targeted analyses allow the search for specific peptides, making it possible to quantify them. This review aims to gather and summarize the main proteomic techniques used in the identification and quantitation of gluten peptides related to CD-activity and gluten-related allergies.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: In Mexico, allergen immunotherapy (AIT) and immunotherapy with hymenoptera venom (VIT) is traditionally practiced combining aspects of the European and American school. In addition, both types of extracts (European and American) are commercially available in Mexico. Moreover, for an adequate AIT/VIT a timely diagnosis is crucial. Therefore, there is a need for a widely accepted, up-to-date national immunotherapy guideline that covers diagnostic issues, indications, dosage, mechanisms, adverse effects and future expectations of AIT (GUIMIT 2019). METHOD: With nationwide groups of allergists participating, including delegates from postgraduate training-programs in Allergy/Immunology-forming, the guideline document was developed according to the ADAPTE methodology: the immunotherapy guidelines from European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology, The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology and American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology were selected as mother guidelines, as they received the highest AGREE-II score among international guidelines available; their evidence conforms the scientific basis for this document. RESULTS: GUIMIT emanates strong or weak (suggestions) recommendations about practical issues directly related to in vivo or in vitro diagnosis of IgE mediated allergic diseases and the preparation and application of AIT/VIT and its adverse effects. GUIMIT finishes with a perspective on AIT modalities for the future. All the statements were discussed and voted on until > 80 % consensus was reached. CONCLUSIONS: A wide and diverse group of AIT/VIT experts issued transculturized, evidence-based recommendations and reached consensus that might improve and standardize AIT practice in Mexico.
Antecedentes: En México, la inmunoterapia con alérgenos (ITA) y con veneno de himenópteros (VIT) se practica tradicionalmente combinando criterios de las escuelas europea y estadounidense; los dos tipos de extractos están comercialmente disponibles en México. Para una ITA adecuada es crucial un diagnóstico oportuno. Objetivo: Presentar GUIMIT 2019, Guía Mexicana de Inmunoterapia 2019, de base amplia, actualizada, que abarca temas de diagnóstico, indicaciones, dosificación, mecanismos, efectos adversos de la ITA y expectativas con esta modalidad de tratamiento. Método: Con la participación de múltiples grupos mexicanos de alergólogos, que incluían los centros formadores universitarios en alergia e inmunología, se desarrolló el documento de la guía según la metodología ADAPTE. Las guías de inmunoterapia de la European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology y del American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology se seleccionaron como guías fuente, ya que recibieron la puntuación AGREE-II más alta entre las guías internacionales disponibles; su evidencia conforma la base científica de GUIMIT 2019. Resultados: En GUIMIT 2019 se emiten recomendaciones fuertes o débiles (sugerencias) acerca de temas directamente relacionados con el diagnóstico in vivo o in vitro de las enfermedades alérgicas mediadas por IgE, la preparación y aplicación de ITA o VIT y sus efectos adversos; se incluye la revisión de las modalidades de ITA para el futuro. Todos los argumentos que se exponen fueron discutidos y votados con > 80 % de aprobación. Conclusión: Un grupo amplio y diverso de expertos en ITA y VIT emitió recomendaciones transculturizadas basadas en evidencia, que alcanzaron consenso; con ellas se pretende mejorar y homologar la práctica de la inmunoterapia en México.
Assuntos
Hipersensibilidade/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidade/terapia , Imunoglobulina E , Imunoterapia/normas , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade/imunologia , Imunoglobulina E/imunologiaRESUMO
Introducción: La presencia de hongos en las vías respiratorias puede provocar en personas susceptibles diversas manifestaciones alérgicas. Objetivo: Determinar si las especies fúngicas aisladas de la mucosa nasal de pacientes alérgicos respiratorios pueden ser definidas como alergenos sensibilizantes a través de las pruebas cutáneas. Métodos: Estudio observacional, prospectivo y de corte transversal, donde el universo estuvo constituido por todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de alergia respiratoria o inicio de asma bronquial variable descompensada, mayores de 2 años y menores de19,que se asistieron en las consultas de alergia en La Habana, desde enero 2016 a enero 2017. La muestra obtenida fue de 80 pacientes alérgicos respiratorios. Resultados: Del total de pacientes con clínica de asma, rinitis o ambas, se obtuvieron pruebas cutáneas por el test de Prick positivas a hongos en 52 de ellos (65 por ciento) con una polisensibilización en 24 para 46,1 por ciento. La reactividad cruzada de mayor relevancia se produjo con los alérgenos de Aspergillus, Penicillium y Alternaria. El cultivo resultó positivo en 54 muestras nasales (67 por ciento). El género de hongos predominante en los pacientes alérgicos fue el Aspergillus en 70,3 por ciento y dentro de este el Aspergillus fumigatus en 52,6 por ciento. Conclusiones: El estudio de la micobiota nasal es una prueba que debe interpretarse junto con las pruebas cutáneas para el diagnóstico de enfermedades alérgicas por hongos ambientales y tener en cuenta su importancia para el control epidemiológico en la exposición a hongos(AU)
Introduction: The presence of fungi in the respiratory tract can cause different allergic manifestations in sensitive persons. Objective: To determine if fungi species isolated from the nasal mucosa of respiratory allergic patients can be defined as allergen-sensitive by means of skin tests. Methods: Observational, prospective and cross-sectional study, where the overall sample consisted of all patients with a diagnosis of respiratory allergy or onset of decompensated variable bronchial asthma, over 2 years old and under 19 years old who attended to Allergy consultations in Havana, from January 2016 to January 2017. The sample obtained was 80 respiratory allergic patients. Results: Of the total number of patients with symptoms of clinical asthma, rhinitis or both, Prick´s skin tests were obtained by fungal positive test in 52 of them (65 percent) with a polysensitization in 24 (46.1 percent). The most relevant cross reactivity occurred with the allergens of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Alternaria. The culture was positive in 54 nasal samples (67 percent). The predominant fungal genus in allergic patients was Aspergillus in 70.3 percent and within this Aspergillus fumigatus in 52.6 percent. Conclusions: The study of nasal mycobiota is a test that should be interpreted together with skin tests for the diagnosis of allergic diseases due to environmental fungi and it must be taken into account its importance for epidemiological control in fungal exposure(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Infecções Respiratórias/imunologia , Microscopia Intravital/métodos , Micobioma/imunologia , Hipersensibilidade/imunologia , Mucosa Nasal/imunologia , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudos Transversais , Estudo ObservacionalRESUMO
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) in combination with magnetic nanoparticles, in a core@shell format, were studied for selective detection of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), a powerful allergenic substance. Magnetic nanoparticles were prepared by the co-precipitation method and mixed with oleic acid (OA). This material was then encapsulated in three types of hydrophobic polymeric matrix, poly-(MA-co-EDGMA), poly-(AA-co-EDGMA), and poly-(1-VN-co-EDGMA), by the mini-emulsion method. These matrices were used due to their ability to interact specifically with the functional groups of the analyte. Finally, the MIP-CDNB was obtained on the magnetic-hydrophobic surfaces using precipitation polymerization in the presence of the analyte. XRD diffraction patterns suggested the presence of magnetite in the composite and SEM analysis revealed a nanoparticle size between 10 and 18nm. Under the optimized adsorption conditions, the magnetic-MIP material showed a higher adsorption capacity (5.1mgg-1) than its non-magnetic counterpart (4.2mgg-1). In tests of the selectivity of the magnetic-MIP towards CDNB, α-values of 2.5 and 10.4, respectively, were obtained for dichlorophenol and o-nitrophenol, two structurally similar compounds, and no adsorption was observed for any other non-analogous analyte. The magnetic-MIP and magnetic-NIP were applied using water enriched with 0.5mgL-1 of CDNB, achieving recovery values of 83.8(±0.8)% and 66(±1)%, respectively, revealing the suitability of the material for detection of CDNB.
Assuntos
Alérgenos/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Dinitroclorobenzeno/análise , Nanopartículas de Magnetita/química , Impressão Molecular , Polímeros/química , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Ácido Oleico/química , Tamanho da Partícula , Polímeros/síntese química , Porosidade , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
Los componentes activos del polen a partir del cual se obtienen los extractos alergénicos pueden variar considerablemente deacuerdo al momento, el lugar dónde se recolecta y el períodocomprendido entre la recolección y su utilización.El presente trabajo pretende evaluar si la temperatura de conservacióndel grano de polen influye en la expresión de proteínasy en la antigenicidad de las mismas, al momento de prepararun extracto alergénico. La especie elegida para estudio fue Chenopodiumalbum L. ya que es de gran interés alergológico en laciudad de Bahía Blanca. Los granos de polen se conservaron a temperatura ambiente, 4 °Cy -18 °C por el término de dos meses. El contenido proteico de losextractos se determinó por el Método de Bradford. La expresiónproteica y la antigenicidad se estudiaron mediante electroforesisvertical Tricina-PAGE-SDS 12, 5 % e Inmunoblot respectivamente.Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que la concentración proteicatotal fue menor para los extractos obtenidos del polen conservadoa temperatura ambiente que para las otras dos condiciones.La expresión de proteínas varía cuantitativamente en todoslos extractos y si bien la expresión cualitativa prácticamente seconserva, aparece para el polen conservado a temperatura ambiente,una banda de PM menor a 12 kDa. Esta banda podríaser consecuencia de la degradación proteica que experimenta elpolen a esa temperatura de almacenamiento. En cuanto a la antigenicidadde los extractos no hay diferencias cualitativas aunquepueden apreciarse diferencias cuantitativas significativas.Concluimos que la conservación del polen a 4°C o a -18°C seríanlas más adecuadas, ya que permiten obtener una mayor concentraciónproteica partiendo de la misma masa de polen.
The active components from which pollen allergen extracts are obtainedcan change considerably according to the time or the placewhere collect and the time period between harvesting and use.This work aims to assess if the storage temperature of the pollengrain influences protein expression and its antigenicity when preparingan allergen extract. The species chosen for our study wasChenopodium album L, since it is of great allergologic interest inthe city of Bahía Blanca.Pollen grains were stored at room temperature 4ºC and -18ºC ,for a period of two months. The protein content of the extractswas determined by the Bradford method. Protein expressionand antigenicity were studied by vertical electrophoresis TricineSDS-PAGE 12, 5% and Immunoblot. The obtained results show that the total protein concentrationwas lower in the extracts of pollen stored at room temperaturethan in those under two conditions. Protein expression differsquantitatively in all extracts and even if the qualitative expressionis kept practically the same, in the Tricine SDS-PAGE geland the pollen stored at room temperature there appear a bandof MW inferior to 12 kDa. This band could result from the proteindegradation experienced by pollen stored at that temperature.As regards extract antigenicity, there are no qualitative differenceseven though there are significant quantitative differences.We conclude that pollen preservation at 4ºC or -18ºC would bethe most appropriate since it allows greater protein concentrationfor the same mass of pollen.
Assuntos
Humanos , Alérgenos/imunologia , Antígenos de Plantas/administração & dosagem , Antígenos de Plantas/imunologia , Argentina , Pólen , TemperaturaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There are no data on atmospheric pollen in Talca. In the present work, our aim is to describe the amount of pollen grain in the atmosphere of the city of Talca likely to cause pollinosis of its inhabitants. METHODS: A volumetric Hirst sampler (Burkard seven-day recording device) was used to study pollen levels. It was placed in the centre of Talca from May 2007 to April 2008. RESULTS: The highest airborne presence of pollen, as measured in weekly averages, was Platanus acerifolia with a maximum weekly daily average of 203 grains/m³ registered during September and October. The second highest was Acer pseudoplatanus with a maximum weekly daily average of 116 grains/m³. Populus spp. had a maximum weekly daily average 103 grains/m³. Olea europaea reached 19 grains/m³ in November. Grasses presented high levels of pollen counts with a maximum weekly daily average of 27 grains/m³ from the end of August until the end of January. Pollens of Plantago spp. Rumex acetosella and Chenopodium spp. had a similar distribution and were present from October to April with maximum weekly daily average of 7 grains/m³, 7 grains/m³ and 3 grains/m³ respectively. Significant concentrations of Ambrosia artemisiifolia were detected from February until April. CONCLUSION: The population of Talca was exposed to high concentrations of allergenic pollen, such as P. acerifolia, A. pseudoplatanus, and grasses in the months of August through November. The detection of O. europaea and A. artemisiifolia is important as these are emergent pollens in the city of Talca. Aerobiological monitoring will provide the community with reliable information about the level of allergenic pollens, improving treatment and quality of life of patients with respiratory allergy.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Poluição do Ar/estatística & dados numéricos , Alérgenos/análise , Cycadopsida , Monitoramento Ambiental , Magnoliopsida , Pólen , Poluição do Ar/análise , Chile , Monitoramento Ambiental/instrumentação , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Estações do AnoRESUMO
La implicación de los hongos en las reacciones alérgicas se conoce desde hace mucho tiempo. Más de 80 géneros de hongos se han asociado con síntomas de alergias del tracto respiratorio. Se resume la clasificación taxonómica de los géneros de hongos que más se han relacionado con enfermedades alérgicas respiratorias y el mecanismo fisiopatológico de daño al huésped causado por hongos en asma, rinitis, sinusitis, micosis pulmonares y pneumonitis por hipersensibilidad, y se presentan las bases de la nomenclatura de los determinantes alergénicos fúngicos según su caracterización bioquímica. El uso de alérgenos recombinantes de hongos permite aclarar el perfil alergénico que presentan algunos pacientes polisensibilizados y reconocer la sensibilización a alérgenos potencialmente peligrosos, como es el caso de alérgenos alimentarios, e identificar la presencia de éstos en diversas fuentes; además, sirven para estudiar la reactividad cruzada entre alérgenos de la misma especie o de otras especies, y con éstos podría superarse la limitación de los extractos fúngicos convencionales los cuales son muy variables en cuanto a potencia y contenido alergénico. Se comentan la complejidad y las indicaciones de la inmunoterapia específica para desensibilización de pacientes hiperreactivos a hongos alergénicos. (AU)
The involvement of fungi in allergic reactions has been known for a long time. More than 80 genera of fungi have been associated with symptoms of respiratory allergies. This review summarize the taxonomic classification of genera of fungi that have been linked to the most prevalent allergic diseases and also commented the pathophysiological mechanisms of damage to the host caused by fungi in asthma, rhinitis sinusitis and pulmonary fungal hypersensitivity pneumonitis and presents the bases of nomenclature of fungal allergenic determinants according to their biochemical characterization. The use of recombinant allergens helps clarify the profile fungal allergen present in some patients polysensitized and recognize their presence in various sources. This also serves well to study cross-reactivity between allergens of the same species or other species. With the use of recombinant allergens could overcome the limitation of the conventional fungal extracts which are very variable in terms of potency and allergen content. We comment of the complexity and indications of specific immunotherapy for desensitization of hyperreactive patients to allergenic fungi. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Asma/imunologia , Alérgenos , Fungos , Asma , Rinite , Dessensibilização Imunológica , Imunoterapia , Antígenos de Fungos/imunologiaRESUMO
Objetivo: Avaliar a associação das variaveis ambientais temperatura e velocidade dos ventos com o perfil de atendimento de crianças asmáticas. Métodos: Por intermédio de estudo retrospectivo dos arquivos públicos do Hospital e Pronto Socorro Municipal de cuiaba/ MT(HPSMC) foram separados 25.803 prontuários de crianças menores de cinco anos, realizando-se, posteriormente, análises das associações entre as com diagnóstico de asma nos atendimentos ambulatoriais e internações com as variáveis ambientais temperatura e velocidade dos ventos. Para mensuração do desfecho foram empregadas análises de regressão linear simples e múltipla. Resultados: A variável ambiental temperatura apresentou-se como preditora (p
Objective: To evaluate the association of environmental variety temperature and wind velocity whit profile on asthmatic children. Methods: Across the public files at Cuiaba' s Hospital and First-Aid Clinic, 25803 promptbooks about 0-5-year-old children were taken apart, accomplishing, afterwards, analysis of association among those children who has gotten asthma diagnosis on outpatient service and admission with environmental variants, temperature and wind velocity. For analysis of outcome were utilized linear regression sim pie and multiple. Results: The environmental variety temperature has presented as a predictor (pAssuntos
Alérgenos
, Dessensibilização Imunológica
, DNA Recombinante
, Imunoterapia
, Técnicas de Laboratório Clínico
, Imunoglobulina E