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Resumen El progresivo interés en estudiar los efectos negativos en la fisiología y estructura cerebral producto de las experiencias adversas durante la niñez (EAN) ha propiciado el análisis de registros psicofisiológicos por medio de la electroencefalografía (EEG) en estados de reposo. Por tanto, el objetivo de este estudio permitió realizar una revisión sistemática basada en la metodología PRISMA para identificar las investigaciones adelantadas en los últimos 30 años. Para ello se utilizaron cuatro bases de datos: Scopus, PubMed, EBSCO y Redalyc; y dos listas de términos referentes a los tipos de EAN prevalentes en Colombia y al EEG en reposo. Inicialmente, se encontraron 21 556 artículos que contaron con los términos de búsqueda; se excluyeron 21 545 estudios que no cumplían con los criterios, y, finalmente, se seleccionaron 11 artículos de texto completo. Los resultados sugieren que la actividad de las bandas alfa α frontales derechas predicen mayor respuesta emocional a estímulos negativos, y mayor probabilidad de presentar problemas afectivos; contrario a la actividad electroencefalográfica en estas mismas bandas en regiones frontales izquierdas. Se espera que este estudio promueva investigaciones relacionadas con el análisis de perfiles electroencefalográficos y favorezca el avance de procesos terapéuticos más precisos y eficaces en la intervención del trauma.

Abstract The progressive interest in studying the negative effects on brain physiology and structure produced by Adverse Experiences during Childhood (AE), has led to the analysis of psychophysiological records by means of Electroencephalography (EEG) in resting states. Therefore, the objective of this study allowed a systematic review based on the PRISMA methodology to identify the research carried out in the last 30 years. Four databases were used for this purpose: Scopus, PubMed, EBSCO and Redalyc; and two lists of terms referring to the types of EANs prevalent in Colombia and to the EEG at rest. Initially 21,556 articles were found that had the search terms, 21,545 studies were excluded that did not meet the criteria, and finally 11 full text articles were selected. Results suggest that right frontal alpha band activity α predicts greater emotional response to negative stimuli, and greater likelihood of presenting affective problems; contrary to electroencephalographic activity in these same bands in left frontal regions. It is expected that this study will promote research related to the analysis of electroencephalographic profiles and will favour the advancement of more precise and effective therapeutic processes in trauma intervention.

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It has been suggested that the adaptive stress response may be disrupted by life adverse events such as childhood maltreatment. To investigate if the number of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) increases susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), spondyloarthritis (SpA), scleroderma (SSc), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we interviewed 315 patients with rheumatic disease (100 SLE; 40 SSc; 60 SpA; 115 RA) and 272 controls, using questions of the ACEs study questionnaire validated to ask about experiences of childhood abuse, negligence, domestic violence, and household dysfunctions. The questionnaire score ranges from zero (best result) to 8 (worst scenario). Patients and controls did not differ regarding the median number of ACEs (3 in both groups, patient IQR = 2.5-5 vs. control IQR = 2-5, p = 0.45). Among the patients, 63.8% (201/315) presented ACE score ≥ 3, compared with 59.9% (163/272) of the controls (p = 0.31). The proportion of patients with at least 3 ACEs did also not differ among those with different rheumatic diseases. Specifically, 64% (64/100) of those with SLE, 60% (24/40) of those with SSc, 60% (36/60) of those with SpA, and 66.9% (77/115) of those with RA reported at least 3 ACEs. There was also no difference between the distribution of ACE scores and number of individuals with ACEs ≥ 3 between patients with different rheumatic diseases and controls. Nevertheless, there was a trend for association between higher ACE score and susceptibility to RA (p = 0.06). In this setting, the occurrence of ACEs was not associated with susceptibility to rheumatic diseases in adulthood.

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Morpho-quantitative studies of the spleen indicate that the proportions of the compartments and sub-compartments are stable in normal conditions. However, disorders due to stress can influence the number and function of the immune cells in this organ. The aim of this study was to determine, through the model of altering the early mother-infant bond and altering the late social bond through isolation, the effect on the morpho-quantitative characteristics of the spleen in adult Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to intermittent chronic stress in adulthood. Twenty-five newborn female rats were used, kept under the standardized lactation and feeding conditions. The rats were assigned randomly to 2 control groups (C1 and C2) and 3 experimental groups, exposed to early (E1), late (E2) or early-late (E3) adverse experiences and then subjected to intermittent chronic stress in adulthood (C2, E1, E2 and E3). The spleen of each animal was isolated and its morphometric characteristics were determined: volume density (Vv) of the red pulp, white pulp, marginal zone, splenic lymph nodule, periarterial lymphatic sheath and germinal center; areal number density (Na), surface density (Sv), number density (Nv), diameter (D) and total number of splenic lymph nodules. The mass of each compartment was also determined. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffé's post hoc test were used for the statistical analysis. The p values were considered significant when they were less than 0.05 (*) and very significant at less than 0.025 (**). There were significant differences in the Vv of the red pulp, white pulp and their sub-compartments between the control and experimental groups. The white pulp increased significantly (P = 0.000) in E1, E2 and E3 compared to C1 and C2. The average Na and D values of the splenic lymph nodules were also higher in the experimental groups. The ANOVA for the mass of the spleen and the red pulp revealed no differences between the groups. The mass of the white pulp and its subcompartments was greater in the experimental groups. A higher proportion of white pulp in the experimental groups could be associated with an increase in spleen immune activity, with alterations depending on certain cell subsets. The chronic stress produced morpho-quantitative changes in the rat spleen, and these depended on the animal's history of stress, whether it had been previously stressed or not, with further exposure to stress in adulthood.

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The literature indicates that early rupture of the maternal bond and social isolation are variables involved in social and emotional behaviors and in increase in anxiety, particularly in stressful situations. The liver plays a role in the adaptation to stress, yet the possible morphologic changes that its structure can suffer have been studied very little. Therefore, the aim here was to ascertain, through the model of altering the early mother-infant bond and the late social bond through isolation, the effect on the stereologic characteristics of the liver in adult Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to intermittent chronic stress. Twenty-five newborn female rats were used, distributed into 5 groups, under standardized lactation and feeding conditions. The experimental groups were exposed to early (E1), late (E2), and early-late (E3) adverse experiences and then subjected to intermittent chronic stress in adulthood. The liver of each animal was isolated, and the stereologic characteristics of Nv, Vv, and Sv of the hepatocytes were determined. The results from the experimental groups were significantly higher than those obtained in the control groups. The highest values were found in group E3 (Nv = 4.43 ± 0.89 x 10(5)/mm(3), Vv = 68.74 ± 2.01%, Sv = 68.78 ± 3.77 mm(2)/mm(3)). Considering these results, the hepatic morphology can be affected by exposure to chronic stress; however, when the individuals have been subjected to previous adverse experiences, the changes are more evident.

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La ruptura temprana del vínculo materno y el aislamiento social son variables que están involucradas con los comportamientos social y emocional y también con el aumento de la ansiedad, especialmente en situaciones estresantes. Sin embargo, no se dispone de investigaciones que expliquen los cambios morfológicos de la glándula suprarrenal (GSR). Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer experimentalmente, a través del modelo de alteración del vínculo social temprano madre-cría y alteración del vínculo social tardío por aislamiento, el efecto sobre las características morfométricas y estereológicas de la GSR, en ratas de la cepa Sprague Dawley sometidas a estrés crónico intermitente en la vida adulta. Utilizamos 35 ratas hembras recién nacidas, distribuidas en grupos de 7, en condiciones de lactancia y alimentación estandarizadas. Los grupos experimentales fueron expuestos a experiencias adversas temprana (E1), tardía (E2), temprana-tardía (E3) y posteriormente, sometidas a estrés crónico intermitente en la adultez. Se aisló la GSR izquierda de cada animal determinando características morfométricas y parámetros estereológicos. El peso absoluto fue mayor en los grupos control C2 y grupo experimental (E1). El número de células por mm3, el porcentaje de tejido glandular y la densidad de superficie en la zona fascicular de la GSR fue menor en el grupo E3. Las características estereológicas de la GRS en ratas, no sólo pueden ser afectadas por la exposición al estrés en la adultez, sino que también las experiencias adversas temprana y/o tardía juegan un rol importante en los cambios de los parámetros morfológicos cuantitativos observados en esta glándula.

The early break in maternal bonding and social isolation are variables involved with social and emotional behaviors and also with increased anxiety, especially in stressful situations. However, there is no research to explain the morphological changes of the adrenal gland (GSR). Therefore, our objective was to experimentally study through alteration model of social ties and early mother-cub bond alteration belated social isolation, the effect on the morphometric and stereological characteristics of the GSR in rats of the Sprague Dawley subjected to intermittent chronic stress in adulthood. We used 35 newborn female rats, divided into groups of 7 under lactating and standardized feeding conditions. The experimental groups were exposed to adverse experiences early (E1), late (E2), and early/late (E3) and subsequently, subject to intermittent chronic stress in adulthood. Left GSR was isolated from each animal determining morphometric characteristics and stereological parameters. The absolute weight was higher in control group C2 and the experimental group E1. In the group E3 number of cells per mm3, the percentage of glandular tissue and density of the surface in the fascicular area of the GSR was lower. Stereological characteristics of the GRS in rats, not only can be affected by exposure to stress in adulthood, but also early and / or late adverse experiences play an important role in the changes of quantitative morphological parameters observed in this gland.

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