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BACKGROUND: (1)In limited-resource settings such as the Dominican Republic, many factors contribute to poor health outcomes experienced by adolescent mothers, including insufficient support and/or health knowledge. In response, we designed a digital educational support group, administered through WhatsApp Messenger, for new adolescent mothers. The purpose of this study was to assess if participation in this digital support group could improve health outcomes and health behaviors. METHODS: (2)Participants completed questionnaires with a health literacy screener, demographic items, knowledge questions, the Index of Autonomous Functioning, and five Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System scales before and after the moderator-led intervention. Differences between pre- and post-intervention scores were calculated and perceptions of the intervention were explored through in-depth interviews analyzed with content analysis. Participants' well-baby visit attendance and contraceptive use were compared to that of controls and a national sample. RESULTS: (3)Participants' (N = 58) knowledge scores increased (p < 0.05). Participants were 6.58 times more likely to attend well-baby visits than controls (95% CI: 2.23-19.4) and their contraceptive use was higher than that of the national sample (p < 0.05). Participants indicated the intervention was enjoyable and beneficial. CONCLUSION: (4)This adolescent-centered digital intervention is a promising method to improve health outcomes and health behaviors of young mothers in limited-resource settings.

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Este trabajo está enmarcado en el área temática de cuidado materno perinatal con el propósito de ampliar el conocimiento del vínculo afectivo madres e hijos recién nacidos a término, un fenómeno escasamente explorado por la enfermería en el contexto ecuatoriano, específicamente, en la provincia de Bolívar, Ecuador. El vínculo afectivo es un asunto de salud pública, que se relaciona con el ejercicio de la maternidad y la dinámica de la familia. Objetivo: Comparar el vínculo afectivo que existe entre las madres y sus hijos recién nacidos a término según edad y paridad. Metodología: Estudio de diseño cuantitativo, descriptivo, realizado en dos fases. La primera fase abarcó la validez facial del instrumento Vínculo entre padres e hijos neonatos en el contexto ecuatoriano, con la participación de 168 personas con bajo nivel de escolaridad. El resultado de este proceso arrojó una comprensibilidad por encima de 90% para el instrumento global y para cada uno de los ítems. La segunda fase de la investigación indagó el vínculo afectivo entre madres e hijos neonatos a término a un total de 157 díadas de puérperas con sus hijos recién nacidos a término sanos, con edades entre 15 y 19 años para el grupo de adolescentes, y de 20 años y más para el grupo de adultas primíparas y multíparas. Se consideraron los preceptos éticos contemplados en la Resolución 008430 de 1993 y las pautas éticas internacionales para la investigación biomédica en seres humanos para el protocolo de investigación. Los resultados fueron procesados en una base de datos y analizados posteriormente con el paquete estadístico IBM® SPSS Statistics, versión 23.0. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron una diferencia estadísticamente significativa al comparar los grupos madres adultas primíparas, madres adultas multíparas y madres adolescentes, (p-valor = 0,02) entre los tres grupos con desventaja para el grupo de adolescentes. Las medias reportadas fueron de 116,4 para el grupo de adultas primíparas y de 115,4 para el grupo de adultas, frente a una media de 113,3 en el grupo de adolescentes. Con respecto a las dimensiones del instrumento, hubo también diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las dimensiones Apoyo emocional (p-valor = 0,04) y Unión-interacción (p-valor = 0,02) con una visible desventaja para las adolescentes.

This study was carried out in the framework of research on the subject area of maternal and perinatal care in order to enhance the knowledge of affectional bond between mothers and full-term newborn infants, a phenomenon scarcely explored by nursing in the Ecuadorian context, particularly in the province of Bolívar, Ecuador. The mother-baby bonding involves a public health issue, which bears a relation to practice of motherhood and family dynamics. Objective: To compare the affective bond that exists between mothers and their full-term newborns children according to age and parity. Methodology: Quantitative, descriptive study, which was carried out in two phases. In first phase, the facial validity of the instrument Vínculo entre padres e hijos neonatos was conducted in the Ecuadorian context with the participation of 168 people with low levels of education. It resulted in comprehensibility above 90% for the global instrument and for each of the items. In the second phase, study inquired affectional bond between mothers and full-term newborn infants in total of 157 puerperal and their healthy-full-term-newborn-children dyads, aged between 15 and 19 years in thefor group of adolescent women, and 20 years and older for the group of primiparous and multiparous adult women. Ethical principles provided for Resolución 008430 de 1993 and international ethical guidelines for healthrelated research involving humans of CIOMS were considered. The results were processed in a database and they were analyzed using the IBM® SPSS Statistical 23.0. Results: The results showed a statistical significance when comparing groups primiparous adult mothers, multiparous adult mothers, and adolescent mothers (pvalor = 0,02) among three with the group of adolescents at a disadvantage. The averages reported were 116.4 for group of primiparous adults and 115.4 for multiparous adults, compared to 113.3 for group of adolescents. With regard to the instrument dimensions, there were also statistically significant differences in dimensions Apoyo emocional (p-value = 0.04) and Unión-interacción (p-value = 0.02) clearly with adolescents at a disadvantage.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the trans fatty acids (TFA) content and distribution in colostrum, mature milk, and diet of adolescent mothers, after TFA declaration in food labels became mandatory in Brazil. Participants were healthy adolescents (n 54, 15-19 years, 1-90 days postpartum) practicing exclusive breastfeeding. Milk samples were collected 3 days after delivery (colostrum) and in the third month postpartum (mature milk) by hand expression. The fatty acid composition of the milk samples was determined by gas chromatography. TFA intake corresponded to 1.23 % of total energy value. Total 18:2 TFA accounted for less than 0.5 % of the energy intake. The amount of total 18:1 TFA (mean ± SEM) was 1.9 % ± 0.14 in colostrum and 1.5 % ± 0.2 in mature milk. The total content of n-3 PUFA was inversely correlated with the total content of 18:1 TFA in colostrum. Both in colostrum and in mature milk, vaccenic acid (11t-18:1) was found to be the most abundant 18:1 trans isomer, followed by elaidic acid (9t-18:1), whereas rumenic acid (9c,11t-18:2 CLA) was the predominant 18:2 trans isomer. In conclusion, the levels of TFA of industrial sources found in the mother's diet and breast milk (colostrum and mature milk) showed a decrease in relation to those observed in studies conducted prior to the TFA labeling resolution in Brazil. However, the current low intake levels of n-3 LCPUFA and DHA content in the milk of lactating adolescents may be insufficient for supporting adequate neurological development of the infants.

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Mexico is recognized as a country with a high prevalence of gastroschisis, although the cause of this remains unclear. We define the prevalence and potential risk factors for gastroschisis in a public hospital from west México. A case-control study was conducted among 270 newborns, including 90 patients with nonsyndromic gastroschisis (cases) and 180 infants without birth defects (controls), born all during the period 2009 to 2013 at the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca" (Guadalajara, Mexico), from a total of 51,145 live births. Potential maternal risk factors for gastroschisis were compared using multivariate logistic regression analysis to evaluate the deviance explained by different variables of interest. The overall prevalence of gastroschisis in live births was 17.6 per 10,000 births (95% confidence interval [CI] 14.0-21.2), whereas in offspring of women ≤ 19 years old was 29.9 per 10,000 births (95% CI 21.9-38.0). Mothers ≤ 19 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.8: 95% CI 1.5-5.1), anemia during pregnancy (aOR 10.7; 95% CI 2.0-56.9), first-trimester exposure to hormonal contraceptives (aOR 3.7; 95% CI 1.0-13.0), and first-trimester alcohol consumption (aOR 3.4; 95% CI 1.6-7.3), were associated with gastroschisis. Contrarily, adjusted OR for pre-pregnancy body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m(2) has protective odds (aOR 0.2; 95% CI 0.1-0.5). Our results suggest an increased risk for gastroschisis among mothers under the age of 20, with anemia during pregnancy, and those who used hormonal contraceptives or consumed alcohol during early pregnancy, whereas, pre-pregnancy overweight has a protective OR, and they are discussed as clues in its pathogenesis.

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As práticas parentais possuem uma função primordial no desenvolvimento infantil e uma estreita relação com os seus repertórios comportamentais. O presente estudo objetivou analisar práticas de mães de bebês adultas e adolescentes, comparando-as com a idade dos bebês. Participaram 111 mães de bebês de um a doze meses de idade, sendo 59 adultas e 52 adolescentes. As participantes responderam a um inventário de estilos e práticas parentais. Considerando a idade dos bebês, foram encontradas diferenças significativas em relação a algumas práticas. Ao comparar as mães, adultas e adolescentes, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas. Este trabalho mostra a importância de se conhecerem as práticas parentais de mães de bebês, para fornecer subsídios na elaboração de programas de intervenções

Parental practices have a primordial role in the children development and is closely related to with behavioral repertoires. The study aimed at examining of mothers, both adult and adolescent ones considering also their babies'age. It identified the parental practices of 111 mothers of babies between one and twelve months, of whom 59 were adults and 52 adolescents. They participated in the study answering an inventory of parental practices. When the age of the babies was taken into consideration, some practices showed significant differences, but when adult mothers' practices were compared to those of the adolescent ones differences were not significant. Results show the importance of understanding the nature of these mothers of babies' practices, as foundation for the development of interventionist programs

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever os estilos e práticas parentais de mães adolescentes, analisando a influência da participação num programa de intervenção de práticas parentais. Participaram desta pesquisa 14 mães adolescentes. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizado o Inventário de Estilos Parentais para Mães de Bebês (IEPMB). Os resultados demonstraram que as participantes antes de iniciarem o grupo apresentaram em média o Estilo Parental Bom, após a participação no grupo as participantes apresentaram em média o Estilo Parental Ótimo. O grupo de intervenção se apresentou de forma efetiva, promovendo a aquisição e/ou manutenção das práticas parentais positivas e a diminuição das práticas negativas.

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As práticas parentais possuem uma função primordial no desenvolvimento infantil e uma estreita relação com os seus repertórios comportamentais. O presente estudo objetivou analisar práticas de mães de bebês adultas e adolescentes, comparando-as com a idade dos bebês. Participaram 111 mães de bebês de um a doze meses de idade, sendo 59 adultas e 52 adolescentes. As participantes responderam a um inventário de estilos e práticas parentais. Considerando a idade dos bebês, foram encontradas diferenças significativas em relação a algumas práticas. Ao comparar as mães, adultas e adolescentes, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas. Este trabalho mostra a importância de se conhecerem as práticas parentais de mães de bebês, para fornecer subsídios na elaboração de programas de intervenções.(AU)

Parental practices have a primordial role in the children development and is closely related to with behavioral repertoires. The study aimed at examining of mothers, both adult and adolescent ones considering also their babies'age. It identified the parental practices of 111 mothers of babies between one and twelve months, of whom 59 were adults and 52 adolescents. They participated in the study answering an inventory of parental practices. When the age of the babies was taken into consideration, some practices showed significant differences, but when adult mothers' practices were compared to those of the adolescent ones differences were not significant. Results show the importance of understanding the nature of these mothers of babies' practices, as foundation for the development of interventionist programs.(AU)

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OBJETIVO: entender os mecanismos de transmissão das dificuldades psicossociais, diante dos processos de interação entre a mãe-adolescente e filho. A hipótese é que a qualidade das trocas mãe-filho depende de fatores de riscos associados às características da mãe e características da criança. MÉTODO: OBSERvação direta da qualidade das trocas entre 97 adolescentes primíparas e filhos, de 4 meses de idade. As adolescentes estavam na faixa de 13-18 anos na 26ª semana de gravideze. As gestantes completaram questionários relativos à preparação à maternidade e história de abusos emocional. RESULTADOS: a falta de conhecimentos sobre o desenvolvimento e a natureza dos cuidados dispensados à criança está associada a trocas maternas insensíveis com a criança aos 4 meses. Observou-se um efeito de interação entre as características da mãe (conhecimentos da maternidade e abuso sexual antes do seu nascimento) e o sexo do bebê. CONCLUSÃO: Estes efeitos de interação entre as características da mãe e de seu filho podem favorecer o ciclo de reciprocidade negativa que, com o tempo, interfere cada vez mais em relações interpessoais harmoniosas, mais freqüentemente observado quando os parceiros são reativos perante a adversidade, os quais estão em menor condições de pacificar as trocas.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the transmission mechanisms of psychosocial difficulties prompted by teenage mother and baby interactions. The hypothesis is that the quality of the mother-child exchanges relies on linked with the characteristics of the mother, such as being abused and poor preparation for motherhood, as well as the characteristics of the child. METHOD: Direct observation of the quality of exchanges between 97 primipara adolescents and their four month old babies. The teens were 13-18 years old, in the 26th week of pregnancy, from four homes run by the Youth Center in Montréal and Rosalie-Jetté School. They completed questionnaires on their preparation for motherhood and histories of emotional abuse. RESULTS: The lack of knowledge (during pregnancy) on the development and types of care needed by babies is linked with insensitive maternal exchanges with the four month old child. An interactive effect was seen between the characteristics of the mother and baby. CONCLUSION: The interaction between the characteristics of the mother and her baby may trigger a negative feedback cycle that will hamper harmonious interpersonal relationships to an increasing extent over time, noted most frequently when the partners react to adversity, being less able to soothe the exchanges.

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