RESUMO

Background and Hypothesis: Problematic gaming (PG) is an emerging mental health condition associated with significant adverse outcomes. Even though PG has been linked to other psychiatric disorders, its association with psychotic experiences (PEs) remains poorly explored to date. The aim of our study was to examine the association between both conditions in a large Brazilian community sample. We hypothesized that adolescents with PG were more likely to report PE compared with those without the disorder. Study Design: Our investigation was based on a cross-sectional subsample of a large Brazilian cohort (n = 1616; 13- to 21-year age range). Using the 7-item version of the Game Addiction Scale, participants were classified according to their gaming status: no PG, PG, or gaming addiction (GA). The association between PG, GA, and PE was assessed through linear regression analyses, which were adjusted for the presence of significant covariates, including other psychiatric conditions. Study Results: 9.5% (n = 154) presented PG and 2.7% (n = 43) had GA. 28.0% received any Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) diagnosis and the mean PE score was 9.39 (SD = 4.35). Participants presenting PG had greater levels of PE, compared with participants with no PG, even controlled by sociodemographic variables and the presence of any DSM-IV diagnosis (b = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.17-1.75, P = .017). Conclusions: According to our results, PG was significantly associated with PE, even in the presence of other covariates. Although preliminary, these results suggest that PG and PE may have shared neurobiological and/or behavioral pathways.

RESUMO

Although 1-14% of adolescents may experience problematic pornography use (PPU), psychometrically sound instruments for assessing PPU in Spanish-speaking adolescents are scarce. Given the advantages of the different forms of the Problematic Pornography Consumption Scale (PPCS), the aim of the present study was to assess the psychometric properties of the PPCS and PPCS-6, and to examine associations between PPU and age among boys and girls. Two school-based adolescent samples were recruited in Spain (n = 650; Mage = 16.0 [SD = 1.1]; 50% girls and 50% boys) and Mexico (n1, 160; Mage = 15.8 [SD = 1.1]; 68% girls) to assess the psychometric properties of the PPCS and PPCS-6. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied and convergent and discriminant validity with other measures related to PPU was also tested. The results provided empirical support for the six-factor structure of the PPCS and the one-factor structure of the PPCS-6. Boys with older age showed higher levels of tolerance than girls on the PPCS in both countries. Both the PPCS and the PPCS-6 may be considered valid psychometric instruments for the assessment of PPU in Spanish-speaking adolescents from Spain and Mexico.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The desire to escape from pressures/anxiety represents an important motivation for problematic engagement with short-term rewarding behaviors that could contribute to the development of recognized and candidate behavioral addictions, including problematic shopping, a prevalent condition among youth in the U.S.A. characterized by excessive shopping cognitions/behaviors that lead to distress/impairment. However, to date, the specific correlates of shopping to relieve anxiety or tension have yet to be evaluated. We aimed at addressing this gap by analyzing data (N = 2556) from a high-school survey from Connecticut in an exploratory fashion. Adolescents who acknowledged experiencing a growing tension or anxiety that could only be relieved by shopping were classified as having negative-reinforcement shopping and compared to the remaining students. Data were analyzed in chi-square and logistic regression models to examine negative-reinforcement shopping in relation to socio-demographics, health correlates, gambling-related perceptions/attitudes, and problem-gambling severity/gambling behaviors. Negative-reinforcement shopping was more frequent in female and Hispanic students, was linked to more permissive gambling attitudes and at-risk/problematic gambling, and was associated with the use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and other drugs, dysphoria/depression, and weapon-carrying and physical fighting. Taken together, these findings highlight adverse measures of health and functioning linked to negative-reinforcement shopping that may be particularly relevant to girls and Hispanic youth. Additional efforts to prevent negative outcomes are warranted.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Recreational and problem gambling have been linked with adverse health and functioning outcomes among adolescents. Youth may gamble and engage in other risk-taking behaviors in casinos. There are limited data available regarding casino gambling in high-school students, and factors linked to adolescent gambling in casinos have yet to be systematically investigated. To address this gap, we analyzed cross-sectional data from 2010 Connecticut high-school students with chi-square tests and logistic regression models to examine casino gambling in relation to at-risk/problem gambling (ARPG) with respect to sociodemographic characteristics, gambling perceptions & attitudes, health/functioning measures and gambling behaviors. Approximately 11 % of adolescents acknowledged gambling in casinos. ARPG was more frequent and gambling perceptions were more permissive among adolescents endorsing casino gambling. Stronger relationships between ARPG and heavy alcohol and drug use and weaker relationships between ARPG and engagement in extracurricular activities, gambling with friends, gambling with strangers and gambling for financial reasons were observed among adolescents endorsing casino gambling. In conclusion, gambling in casinos was endorsed by a sizable minority of adolescents who gamble, and prevention efforts should consider targeting permissive attitudes towards gambling, adolescent drinking and participation in extracurricular activities when addressing underage casino gambling.

Assuntos

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to develop and examine the psychometric properties of the IGDS9-SF in a sample of Brazilian gamers and to find the best cut-off point for this instrument using a normative and clinically diagnosed sample of gamers. METHODS: A total of 610 participants were recruited to the present study. Construct validity was assessed through Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (EFA, CFA). Criterion-related validity was established through the associations with Game Addiction Scale (GAS) and weekly gameplay. Reliability analysis was performed using the Cronbach's alpha (α) as the indicator of internal consistency. A cut-off point was estimated using the Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve (ROC curve) where the results of a clinical assessment was used as the gold standard. RESULTS: EFA and CFA findings confirmed the single-factor structure of the IGDS9-SF. Positive correlations indicated adequate criterion-related validity, and the scale was shown to be reliable (α=0.82). Finally, the optimal cut-off point for risky gaming was found to be >16 points and for diagnosis to be >21 points. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides validity and reliability evidence for the use of the Brazilian version of the IGDS9-SF in the assessment of Internet Gaming Disorder, further supporting its usefulness as a robust psychometric tool that can be employed in clinical and research settings in Brazil.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Objective: While it has been shown that disordered gamblers with psychosis are at increased risk for comorbid psychopathology, it is unclear whether this dual-diagnosis population is also at greater risk of problematic engagement with comorbid addictive behaviors. Methods: We tested for association between disordered gambling with psychosis and comorbid addictive behaviors in a sample of 349 treatment-seeking disordered gamblers. Results: Twenty-five (7.2%) disordered gamblers met criteria for psychosis. Disordered gamblers with psychosis were no more likely to meet diagnostic criteria for current alcohol/substance use disorder than disordered gamblers without psychosis. However, this dual-disorder population reported greater misuse of shopping, food bingeing, caffeine, and prescription drugs. When controlling for multiple comparisons, binge eating was the only addictive behavior to remain significant. Conclusion: Given these findings, a comprehensive assessment of addictive behaviors - specifically food bingeing - in this population may be warranted.

Assuntos

RESUMO

RESUMEN Para reconstruir el origen y desarrollo de los dispositivos neopentecostales dirigidos al tratamiento de adicciones en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina, el artículo periodiza analíticamente los impulsos de "espiritualización terapéutica" de la conducta adictiva que emprenden los agentes evangélicos a partir de la década de 1970 y explora el modo en que el Estado y los grupos religiosos convergen en el Programa Recuperar Inclusión. Desde una metodología cualitativa y un enfoque sociológico entre 2015 y 2016, se realizaron catorce entrevistas a profesores, dirigentes y ex usuarios del programa, doce entrevistas a responsables estatales, observación participante en los cursos de formación y se conformó un corpus de documentos relativo a ambas instituciones. Los procesos emergentes de institucionalización política y religiosa se analizaron de acuerdo a tres dimensiones: a) el carisma y su par opuesto, la burocracia, b) al rol dinamizador de las segundas líneas y c) las estructuras de organización en red. Se concluye que existen encuentros y analogías entre las dinámicas de institucionalización evangélica y pública en el tratamiento de las adicciones.

ABSTRACT In order to reconstruct the origin and development of neo-Pentecostal devices for the treatment of addictions in the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina, the article analytically puts into historical context the "therapeutic spiritualization" of addictive behavior undertaken by evangelical agents since the 1970s and explores the way in which the State and religious groups converge in the Recover Inclusion Program. Based on qualitative methodology and a sociological approach and carried out in 2015 and 2016, the study includes fourteen interviews with teachers, leaders and former users of the program, twelve interviews with state officials, participant observation in training courses and a corpus made up of documents related to both institutions. The emergent processes of political and religious institutionalization were analyzed according to three dimensions: a) charisma and its opposite, bureaucracy, b) the dynamic role of the second lines of leadership and c) the networked organization structures. It is concluded that points of convergence and analogies exist in the dynamics of evangelical and public institutionalization in addiction treatment.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Varios enfoques de la psicoterapia para adicciones analizan los procesos cognitivos y evalúan su impacto para lograr el cambio de conductas adictivas. Este trabajo explora dichos procesos y sistematiza el modelo que venimos aplicando, bajo el supuesto que los alcohólicos elaboran argumentos o “guiones” mentales para su conducta, que pueden ser determinantes para el mantenimiento de la sobriedad.

Several psychotherapeutic methods for addictions use cognitive processes and evaluate their impact in the attainment of change for addictive behaviors. This paper addresses some of these processes and summarizes the model we use in our practice, under the assumption that recovering alcoholics utilize “sobriety scripts” for their behavior, and that these may be a positive determinant for their sobriety

Várias abordagens para a psicoterapia de dependência analisam os processos cognitivos e avaliam seu impacto para obter mudanças nos comportamentos de dependência. Este trabalho explora esses processos e sistematiza o modelo que estamos aplicando, partindo do pressuposto de que os alcoólatras elaboram argumentos mentais ou "roteiros" para seu comportamento, o que pode ser decisivo para a manutenção da sobriedade

RESUMO

La Terapia Ocupacional es una disciplina cuyo marco conceptual, objetivos y métodos están bien establecidos. Uno de los ámbitos en los que interviene es el de la adicción. Sin embargo, los textos y artículos ocupacionales disponibles carecen, en muchos casos, de un marco explicativo propio, recurriendo con demasiada frecuencia a otros importados de disciplinas preponderantes. Ello lleva, por una parte, a una pobre producción científica y, por otra, a un rol secundario de nuestra disciplina en los programas terapéuticos. El presente trabajo recoge la propuesta de un marco explicativo de la adicción desde una perspectiva ocupacional. Algunos autores parten de considerar que la propia adicción es, en sí misma, una ocupación, en la medida en que proporciona un rol y una significación al propio adicto. Desde esta perspectiva, toman sentido ocupacional paradigmas experimentales recientes, como el del enriquecimiento ambiental, o conceptos como el de empoderamiento. La rehabilitación cognitiva funcional, ampliamente aplicada en clínica del daño cerebral, representa otro enfoque complementario en la clínica de la adicción. Existen instrumentos de evaluación propios que cuantifican o sistematizan las variables ocupacionales relevantes. La Terapia Ocupacional está en condiciones de asumir un rol propio, protagonista e irrenunciable en el tratamiento de la adicción.

Occupational Therapy is a discipline whose conceptual framework, objectives and methods are well established. Addiction is one of the areas in that is involved. However, the available occupational texts lacking in many cases its own explanatory framework, resorting too often to other imported from prevailing disciplines. This leads, on the one hand, to a poor scientific production and, on the other one, to a secondary role for our discipline in therapeutic programs. This paper presents a proposed explanatory framework of addiction from an occupational perspective. Some authors start considering that addiction is itself an occupation, to the extent that it provides a role and significance to the addict himself. From this perspective, it makes occupational sense some recent experimental paradigms, such as environmental enrichment, or concepts such as empowerment. The functional cognitive rehabilitation, widely applied in clinical of brain injury, represents another complementary approach to addiction clinic. There are own assessment instruments that measure or systematize the relevant occupational variables. Occupational Therapy is able to take its own role, main and indispensable prominence in the treatment of addiction.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Objective: To conduct the first systematic literature review of clinical trials of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) for the treatment of substance abuse disorders and addictive behaviors. Methods: A search of the MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO databases was conducted. The inclusion criteria for the review were clinical trials that used NAC in the treatment of a disorder related to substance use and/or addictive behaviors, limited to texts in English, Spanish, or French. The selected studies were evaluated with respect to type of trial, sample size, diagnostic input, intervention, length of follow-up, outcome variables, and results. Results: Nine studies analyzing a total of 165 patients met the eligibility criteria and were included in qualitative analysis. These studies evaluated the role of NAC in cocaine dependence (three studies), cannabis dependence (two studies), nicotine dependence (two studies), methamphetamine addiction (one study), and pathological gambling (one study). Five of these trials were double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled. Conclusions: The studies analyzed suggest a potential role for NAC in the treatment of addiction, especially of cocaine and cannabis dependence. These results are concordant with the hypothesis of the involvement of glutamatergic pathways in the pathophysiology of addiction. .

Assuntos

RESUMO

Se evaluaron cinco cursos virtuales impartidos en el quinquenio 2007-2011 fundamentalmente en la temática de las conductas adictivas a través de la Universidad Virtual de Salud. Se realizó una investigación descriptiva transversal. Los resultados más sobresalientes son que de la matrícula total, el 67,34 por ciento participó en los cursos y de ellos el 72,72 por ciento obtuvo la máxima calificación; un 80 por ciento consideró que se cumplieron todas sus expectativas con el curso y un 20 por ciento planteó que algunas. El curso influyó en la vida profesional de los alumnos porque aumentó el nivel de conocimientos (90 por ciento); los parámetros que obtuvieron los mayores porcentajes de aprobación por los alumnos fueron: actualidad de materiales y temas, formas de enseñanza, enfoques de los problemas de salud, ordenamiento de los módulos y utilidad de los contenidos que ofrece. Se concluye que los cursos virtuales representan una efectiva forma de aprendizaje de alcance universal por lo que debe incrementarse la alfabetización informacional, así como la duración de los módulos que los conforman(AU)

Five online courses, mainly focused on addictive behaviors, were offered by the Virtual University of Health in the 2007-2011 five-year period. To this end, a cross-sectional descriptive research study was conducted. The most remarkable outcomes were as follows: 67.34 percent of the total registered number participated in these courses; 72.72 percent of them had the highest marks; 80 percent stated that all their expectations had been met whereas 20 percent said that just some of them had. This type of course had an impact on the professional life of the students since their level of knowledge raised (90 percent); those parameters with the highest acceptance percentages were the use of updated materials and topics, the teaching styles, the approaches to health problems, the module arrangement and the usefulness of the provided contents. It was concluded that the online courses are an effective method of learning of universal scope; therefore, the number of informational literacy courses should be increased as well as the length of their modules(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Se evaluaron cinco cursos virtuales impartidos en el quinquenio 2007-2011 fundamentalmente en la temática de las conductas adictivas a través de la Universidad Virtual de Salud. Se realizó una investigación descriptiva transversal. Los resultados más sobresalientes son que de la matrícula total, el 67,34 por ciento participó en los cursos y de ellos el 72,72 por ciento obtuvo la máxima calificación; un 80 por ciento consideró que se cumplieron todas sus expectativas con el curso y un 20 por ciento planteó que algunas. El curso influyó en la vida profesional de los alumnos porque aumentó el nivel de conocimientos (90 por ciento); los parámetros que obtuvieron los mayores porcentajes de aprobación por los alumnos fueron: actualidad de materiales y temas, formas de enseñanza, enfoques de los problemas de salud, ordenamiento de los módulos y utilidad de los contenidos que ofrece. Se concluye que los cursos virtuales representan una efectiva forma de aprendizaje de alcance universal por lo que debe incrementarse la alfabetización informacional, así como la duración de los módulos que los conforman

Five online courses, mainly focused on addictive behaviors, were offered by the Virtual University of Health in the 2007-2011 five-year period. To this end, a cross-sectional descriptive research study was conducted. The most remarkable outcomes were as follows: 67.34 percent of the total registered number participated in these courses; 72.72 percent of them had the highest marks; 80 percent stated that all their expectations had been met whereas 20 percent said that just some of them had. This type of course had an impact on the professional life of the students since their level of knowledge raised (90 percent); those parameters with the highest acceptance percentages were the use of updated materials and topics, the teaching styles, the approaches to health problems, the module arrangement and the usefulness of the provided contents. It was concluded that the online courses are an effective method of learning of universal scope; therefore, the number of informational literacy courses should be increased as well as the length of their modules

Assuntos

RESUMO

Introducción: en el mundo de hoy las conductas adictivas constituyen un grave problema para la humanidad. En la República de Ecuador la atención a pacientes consumidores de sustancias psicoactivas se ha desarrollado tradicionalmente desde la instancia privada pero actualmente se reconoce que ello ha devenido en un problema de salud que debe ser atendido por las políticas públicas. Objetivo: identificar la percepción sobre los comportamientos adictivos en el Centro de Docencia e Investigación para el Desarrollo Humano y el Buen Vivir y sus comunidades aledañas, en Guayaquil. Métodos: el trabajo se realizó en el 2011, con un diseño etnográfico en el que se incluyeron análisis de documentos, observación participante, entrevistas en profundidad y entrevistas grupales focalizadas. Los informantes clave se seleccionaron mediante muestreo intencional. La información obtenida fue sometida a un análisis de contenido. Resultados: se revelaron percepciones limitadas al modelo clínico en las dimensiones de gestión comunitaria, docente-asistencial e investigativa. Conclusiones: tanto en el Centro como en sus comunidades aledañas, la percepción sobre comportamientos adictivos está constreñida al modelo clínico-asistencial, lo que constituye una barrera para el posicionamiento del modelo salubrista(AU)

Introduction: In today's world, the addictive behaviors are a serious problem for the humanity. The care of patients who consume psychoactive substances in the Republic of Ecuador has mainly been given on a private basis, but at present, it is recognized that addiction is a health problem to be managed by the public policies. Objective: to identify the perception of addictive behaviours in the Center of Education and Research for the Human Development and the Good Living and neighboring communities in Guayaquil. Methods: the study was conducted in 2011 and adopted an ethnographic design in which document analysis, observation of participants, in-depth interviews and focused group interviews were included. The key informants were selected from an intentional sampling. The gathered information underwent a content analysis. Results: The study revealed perceptions limited to the clinical model in the community management, the teaching-assistance and the research dimensions. Conclusions: Both the Center and the neighboring communities have perceptions on addictive behaviors that are limited to the clinical-assistance model, which is a kind of barrier to the positioning of the public health model(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Introducción: en el mundo de hoy las conductas adictivas constituyen un grave problema para la humanidad. En la República de Ecuador la atención a pacientes consumidores de sustancias psicoactivas se ha desarrollado tradicionalmente desde la instancia privada pero actualmente se reconoce que ello ha devenido en un problema de salud que debe ser atendido por las políticas públicas. Objetivo: identificar la percepción sobre los comportamientos adictivos en el Centro de Docencia e Investigación para el Desarrollo Humano y el Buen Vivir y sus comunidades aledañas, en Guayaquil. Métodos: el trabajo se realizó en el 2011, con un diseño etnográfico en el que se incluyeron análisis de documentos, observación participante, entrevistas en profundidad y entrevistas grupales focalizadas. Los informantes clave se seleccionaron mediante muestreo intencional. La información obtenida fue sometida a un análisis de contenido. Resultados: se revelaron percepciones limitadas al modelo clínico en las dimensiones de gestión comunitaria, docente-asistencial e investigativa. Conclusiones: tanto en el Centro como en sus comunidades aledañas, la percepción sobre comportamientos adictivos está constreñida al modelo clínico-asistencial, lo que constituye una barrera para el posicionamiento del modelo salubrista

Introduction: In today's world, the addictive behaviors are a serious problem for the humanity. The care of patients who consume psychoactive substances in the Republic of Ecuador has mainly been given on a private basis, but at present, it is recognized that addiction is a health problem to be managed by the public policies. Objective: to identify the perception of addictive behaviours in the Center of Education and Research for the Human Development and the Good Living and neighboring communities in Guayaquil. Methods: the study was conducted in 2011 and adopted an ethnographic design in which document analysis, observation of participants, in-depth interviews and focused group interviews were included. The key informants were selected from an intentional sampling. The gathered information underwent a content analysis. Results: The study revealed perceptions limited to the clinical model in the community management, the teaching-assistance and the research dimensions. Conclusions: Both the Center and the neighboring communities have perceptions on addictive behaviors that are limited to the clinical-assistance model, which is a kind of barrier to the positioning of the public health model

Assuntos