RESUMO
Esters of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and glycidol are reported vegetable fats and oils contaminants formed during processing. During digestion, esterified forms are hydrolyzed making the free forms, with high toxicity to human health, possibly available in the digestive system, which could depend, among other factors, on the phase condition stablished in the gastrointestinal tract between contaminants and lipids. Therefore, this work was aimed at evaluating the solid-liquid equilibrium (SLE) of binary and pseudobinary mixtures of fatty acids (palmitic, oleic and stearic), triacylglycerols (tripalmitin, triolein and tristearin) and a partial acylglycerols, with 3-MCPD and glycidol, by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermodynamic modeling with Margules 2 and 3 suffixes, UNIFAC and ideal models. Melting properties of the contaminants were determined by DSC thermograms, with microstructure micrographs and compared to some predictive group contribution models (GC). 14 complete SLE phase diagrams could be determined. Results showed that the lipid compounds had high affinity with the free contaminants with probably the formation of liquid crystalline structures and/or solid solutions. The Margules 3 suffixes model showed the best fit with the lowest average relative deviations, no higher than 1%, although the parameters probably incorporated the non-ideality promoted by the crystalline phase behavior. The formation of mesophases and/or solid solutions with very high melting temperature probably means a difficulty of separating the contaminants from the lipid matrix in which, on the other hand, could avoid separation process or affect (probably decreasing) their absorption during digestion.
Assuntos
alfa-Cloridrina , alfa-Cloridrina/química , Compostos de Epóxi , Óleos , PropanóisRESUMO
The thermodynamic properties of the 3-chloro-N-phenyl-phthalimide in acetone + methanol cosolvent mixtures were obtained from solubility data report in literature. The solubility was higher in near acetone and lower in pure methanol at all temperatures studied. A non-linear plot of ∆solnH° vs. ∆solnG° shows a negative slope from pure acetone up to x1 = 0.691. Beyond this composition, a variable positive slope is obtained with the exception of mixtures with x1 = 0.121, x1 = 0.272 and x1 = 0.356 which is a not common trend in these systems. The preferential solvation of 3-chloro-N-phenyl-phthalimide by the components of the solvents was estimated by means of the inverse Kirkwood-Buff integral method, showing the 3-chloro-Nphenyl-phthalimide is preferential solvated by methanol in more polar mixtures and by acetone in less polar ones.
Las propiedades termodinámicas de 3-cloro-N-fenil-ftalimida en mezclas cosolventes acetona + metanol fueron obtenidas a partir de los datos de solubilidad reportados en la literatura. La mayor solubilidad se presentó en acetona y la menor en metanol puro en todas las temperaturas estudiadas. La grafica ΔsolnH° vs. ΔsolnG° presenta una tendencia no lineal, con una pendiente negativa desde la acetona pura hasta x1 = 0,691 a partir de esta composición hasta el metanol puro se obtiene una pendiente positiva variable con la excepción de las mezclas con x1 = 0,121, x1 = 0,272 y x1 = 0,356, la cual es una tendencia poco común en estos sistemas. La solvatación preferencial de 3-cloro-N-fenil-ftalimida por cada uno de los solventes de la mezcla se estimó por medio del método de las integrales inversas de Kirkwood-Buff mostrando que la 3-cloro-N-fenil-ftalimida se solvata preferencialmente por metanol en las mezclas más polares y por acetona en las menos polares.
RESUMO
Se describe un equipo isopiéstico para la determinación de los coeficientes osmóticos de soluciones acuosas, usando cloruro de sodio como sustancia de referencia a temperaturas de 288,15 K, 293,15 K y 298,15 K. Los tiempos de equilibrio estuvieron entre 12 y 20 días para concentraciones de 0,1 a 0,6 m. Los coeficientes osmóticos de las soluciones acuosas de KCl obtenidos a partir del método isopiéstico y los coeficientes de actividad calculados fueron comparados con datos de literatura.
An isopiestic apparatus for determination of osmotic coefficients of aqueous solutions using NaCl reference solutions is described. Measurements were made at 288,15 K, 293,15 K and 298,15 K. Equilibrium times between 12 and 20 days were required for molalities between 0,1 and 0,6 m. Osmotic coefficients of aqueous KCl solutions obtained by the isopiestic method and calculated activity coefficients are compared with literature data.