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OBJECTIVE: The goal of this review was to investigate factors associated with physical activity and sedentary behavior in people with Parkinson disease (PD). The magnitude of these associations were investigated in line with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health components. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted until February 2023, searching 4 databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus) for original articles investigating associations with physical activity or sedentary behavior in people with PD. Two independent researchers performed data extraction, and the risk of bias in the included studies was assessed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool. Meta-analyses were conducted to determine the magnitude of the associations, and significant regression models from the included studies were described. RESULTS: Forty-two studies were included. Twenty-one factors associated with overall physical activity were identified. Higher levels of physical activity had small association with cognition and body mass index, and fair association with 17 factors related to self-efficacy, physical function, mobility, quality of life, age, PD symptoms, and more. Better manual dexterity and functional gait had moderate to good association with higher levels of physical activity. The regression model with the higher magnitude was composed mostly of contextual factors, except for the body max index. The magnitude of factors associated with physical activity intensity or sedentary behavior could not be identified. CONCLUSION: Functional gait and manual dexterity were the strongest factors related to physical activity in people with PD. Further investigation is needed to understand the factors associated with physical activity intensity and sedentary behavior. IMPACT: This study emphasizes the significance of considering contextual factors alongside body function and structure, activity and participation, and the health condition to enhance physical activity improvement during the rehabilitation process. By adopting such holistic approach, rehabilitation professionals can optimize the overall health and wellbeing of individuals with Parkinson disease.

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The EISI study protocol aims to address the low participation rate in physical exercise programs among older individuals, emphasizing its significance as a non-pharmacological therapeutic approach for overall health and increased physical activity. The objectives include implementing physical activity (PA) and educational health programs in Jequié, Bahia, Brazil, targeting the Family Health Strategy population to enhance local physical activity levels among older individuals. The study also seeks to evaluate the program's feasibility, safety, and sustainability for large-scale implementation, along with assessing its impact on immune and inflammatory response biomarkers to the SARS-CoV virus, as well as physical-functional and brain health. Participants, aged 60 or above, will be divided into two groups: multicomponent exercise (MCE) and behavioral change interventions (BCI). The study employs a mixed-method approach, utilizing a non-randomized controlled short-term pathway model for a 4-8 weeks of pilot study and 16-week intervention impact assessment. Data collection encompasses various aspects such as sociodemographic information, mental health, physical fitness, fall risk, functional capacity, anthropometric measurements, hemodynamic assessment, habitual physical activity, and health-related quality of life. Blood and saliva samples are collected for cytokine and antibody biomarker analysis related to SARS-CoV immunity. Pre- and post-intervention evaluations for both groups will be conducted, with the hypothesis that MCE will yield more favorable responses compared to BCI. The study's holistic approach, including the assessment of feasibility, safety, and sustainability, aims to contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 3 and SDG 9 b y promoting accessible and sustainable healthcare initiatives for older individuals. This research aligns with global efforts to enhance health and well-being, emphasizing the importance of regular exercise in the aging population.

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Subclinical inflammation is linked to comorbidities and risk factors, consolidating the diagnosis of chronic non-communicable diseases, such as insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, hepatic steatosis, and some types of cancer. In this context, the role of macrophages is highlighted as a marker of inflammation as well as for the high power of plasticity of these cells. Macrophages can be activated in a wide range between classical or proinflammatory, named M1, and alternative or anti-inflammatory, also known as M2 polarization. All nuances between M1 and M2 macrophages orchestrate the immune response by secreting different sets of chemokines, while M1 cells promote Th1 response, the M2 macrophages recruit Th2 and Tregs lymphocytes. In turn, physical exercise has been a faithful tool in combating the proinflammatory phenotype of macrophages. This review proposes to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms in which physical exercise can help control inflammation and infiltration of macrophages within the non-communicable diseases scope. During obesity progress, proinflammatory macrophages predominate in adipose tissue inflammation, which reduces insulin sensitivity until the development of type 2 diabetes, progression of atherosclerosis, and diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this case, physical activity restores the balance between the proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory macrophage ratio, reducing the level of meta-inflammation. In the case of cancer, the tumor microenvironment is compatible with a high level of hypoxia, which contributes to the advancement of the disease. However, exercise increases the level of oxygen supply, favoring macrophage polarization in favor of disease regression.

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BACKGROUND: In this study, we aimed to investigate the specific-antibody response to the COVID-19 vaccination and the immunophenotyping of T cells in older adults who were engaged or not in an exercise training program before the pandemic. METHODS: Ninety-three aged individuals (aged between 60 and 85 years) were separated into 3 groups: practitioners of physical exercise vaccinated with CoronaVac (PE-Co, n = 46), or vaccinated with ChadOx-1 (PE-Ch, n = 23), and non-practitioners vaccinated with ChadOx-1 (NPE-Ch, n = 24). Blood samples were collected before (pre) and 30 days after vaccination with the second vaccine dose. RESULTS: Higher IgG levels and immunogenicity were found in the PE-Ch and NPE-Ch groups, whereas increased IgA levels were found only in the PE-Ch group post-vaccination. The PE-Co group showed a positive correlation between the IgA and IgG values, and lower IgG levels post-vaccination were associated with age. Significant alterations in the percentage of naive (CD28+CD57-), double-positive (CD28+CD57+), and senescent (CD28-CD57+) CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells were found post-vaccination, particularly in the PE-Ch group. CONCLUSIONS: The volunteers vaccinated with the ChadOx-1 presented not only a better antibody response but also a significant modulation in the percentage of T cell profiles, mainly in the previously exercised group.

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AIMS: The synthesis of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) can be stimulated by aerobic training, but few is known about this effect associated or not with non-voluntary daily activities. We examined the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training in MCTs on the skeletal muscle and hypothalamus of less or more physically active mice, which can be achieved by keeping them in two different housing models, a small cage (SC) and a large cage (LC). MAIN METHODS: Forty male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups. In each housing condition, mice were divided into untrained (N) and trained (T). For 8 weeks, the trained animals ran on a treadmill with an intensity equivalent to 80 % of the individual critical velocity (CV), considered aerobic capacity, 40 min/day, 5 times/week. Protein expression of MCTs was determined with fluorescence Western Blot. KEY FINDINGS: T groups had higher hypothalamic MCT2 than N groups (ANOVA, P = 0.032). Significant correlations were detected between hypothalamic MCT2 and CV. There was a difference between the SC and LC groups in relation to MCT4 in the hypothalamus (LC > SC, P = 0.044). Trained mice housed in LC (but not SC-T) exhibited a reduction in MCT4 muscle (P < 0.001). SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings indicate that aerobically trained mice increased the expression of MCT2 protein in the hypothalamus, which has been related to the uptake of lactate in neurons. Changes in energy metabolism in physically active mice (kept in LC) may be related to upregulation of hypothalamic MCT4, probably participating in the regulation of satiety.

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Resumen Objetivo. Conocer la experiencia de personas físicamente activas por un largo plazo desde tres etapas: inicio de la vida activa, motivación actual y afrontamiento a las barreras. Método. Se realiza un análisis fenomenológico a partir de entrevistas examinadas a profundidad. N = 11 de personas adultas que han sido activas a un nivel suficiente por los últimos 10 años. Resultados. Surgieron cuatro categorías que describen: la vivencia autónoma, la decisión, el gusto adquirido desde la infancia y el hábito para regular emociones. A manera de conclusión, al conocer las características de la experiencia en la actividad física en personas activas, se confirmó aspectos sobre la motivación autodeterminada, lo que sugiere la presencia de elementos útiles en la intervención dirigida a la activación a largo plazo.

Abstract Objective. To know the experience of long-term active people to understand their relationship with physical practice in three stages: beginning of active life, current motivation, and facing barriers. Method. A phenomenological analysis was done on in-depth interviews. N = 11 adults have been active at a sufficient level for, at least, the last 10 years. Results. Four categories were found: the autonomous experience, the decision making, the preference for an active life acquired since childhood, and the habit through which they regulate their emotions. As a conclusion, the characteristics of the experience of active people with physical activity confirmed aspects about self-determined motivation. Useful elements are suggested in the intervention aimed at long-term activation.

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Aim: Due to the increased prevalence of mood disorders and the detrimental effects of sedentary behavior on health, a better understanding of the association between physical exercise (PE), TV viewing and mood in older adults is paramount. This is based on the fact that mood has been recognized as an important predictor of longevity, well-being, and quality of life. This study examined the effects of an acute bout of physical exercise (PE) and television viewing (TV) on positive and negative mood states of older active women. Methods: Fifty-four women aged 60 years and older were asked to complete the Abbreviated and Illustrated Mood States Inventory (LEA-RI) before and immediatly after two distinct activities: 1) single bout of PE; and 2) a single bout of TV. Participants further completed questionnaires to provide information on demographics, physical activity and sedentary behavior for sample characterization. Differences between conditions (PE and TV) on positive and negative mood state were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA followed by paired sample t-test adopting a significance level of P<.05. Results: Positive mood states significantly increased for the PE (P=0.001) but not for the TV condition (P=0.388). Negative mood states significantly increased for the PE condition (P=0.003) but significantly reduced for the TV condition (P=0.011). Conclusions: The findings suggest that a single bout of PE may be more beneficial to improve positive mood compared to a single bout of TV. However, the TV may be able to reduce negative mood in older active women.(AU)

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A Doença Hepática Gordurosa Não Alcoólica pode evoluir para a esteatose hepática (EH) sendo derivada do acúmulo de lipídeos nos hepatócitos, quando representa mais de 5% do peso desse órgão. Como a EH promove lesões hepáticas, tem sido considerada como uma das causas mais comuns de doenças hepáticas crônicas nos países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Considerando a forte associação com o estilo de vida, o objetivo do presente estudo foi apresentar, através de uma revisão na literatura, os principais fatores relacionados ao risco do desenvolvimento de EH e sua associação com o nível de atividade física. Assegura-se que o desenvolvimento da EH esteja relacionado ao estilo de vida, em especial com o histórico de inatividade física e hábitos alimentares pouco saudáveis, fatores associados ao desenvolvimento da síndrome metabólica. A prevalência da EH está associada ao excesso de peso e a obesidade; diabetes melitus do tipo 2 e inatividade fisica, apresentando prevalência entre 10 e 24% dapopulação mundial. A atividade física é considerada como um dos fatores moduladores mais eficazes na prevenção de doenças como a esteatose hepática, e a promoção da saúde. Assim, aumentar o nível de atividade física através das atividades da vida diária e pelo envolvimento em programas de exercícios são comportamentos desejáveis na prevenção de doenças crônicas. O presente estudo permite concluir que a EH como doença metabólica se associa com o ganho de peso e baixo nível de atividade física populacional. Os estudos indicaram que aumentar o nível de atividade física pode colaborar com a diminuição de gordura no fígado e prevenir o aparecimento do quadro de esteatose hepática. Importante frisar que outros hábitos na vida diária poderiam se associar a EH, destacando neste caso, o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas.

The nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, can be progress to hepatic steatosis (HS) or fatty liver that is derived from the accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes, representing more than 5 % by liver weight. As HS promotes liver injury, has been considered as one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease in developed countries and developing countries. The HS has a strong association with the lifestyle, so, the objective of this study was to present the principals risk factors related to the development of HS and the association with the level of physical activity. It ensures that the development of HS is related to lifestyle, especially with the history of physical inactivity and unhealthy eating habits, factors associated with the development of metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of HS is associated with weight gain and obesity, diabetes mellitus type 2 and physical inactivity, with prevalence between 10 and 24% of the world. Physical activity is considered as one of the factors modulating more effective in preventing diseases such as hepatic steatosis, and health promotion. Thus, increasing the level of physical activity through the activities of daily living and involvement in exercise programs are desirable behaviors in the prevention of chronic diseases. The present study shows that the HS as metabolic disease is associatedwith weight gain and low physical activity level population. Studies have indicated that increasing the level of physical activity can help in reducing fat in the liver and prevent the onset of hepatic steatosis frame. Important to note that other habits in daily life could be associated with HS, highlighting this case, the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

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Esta investigação teve como objetivo comparar a qualidade de vida de dois grupos de mulheres fisicamente ativas, das cidades de Ponta Grossa e Palmeira, Estado do Paraná. Participaram do estudo 49 mulheres fisicamente ativas residentes nas cidades paranaenses de Palmeira, (n = 27) e Ponta Grossa (n = 22). Para mensurar a QV dos grupos estudados utilizou-se o questionário WHOQOL-Bref. Utilizou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney para observar diferenças entre os grupos. O grupo de mulheres residentes na cidade Palmeira apresentou melhores índices para o Domínio Ambiental quando comparado com as mulheres residentes em Ponta Grossa (p = 0,001). Para os Domínios Físico, Psicológico e Relações Sociais não se observou diferença significativa entre os grupos (p = 0,096; p = 0,379 e p = 0,926, respectivamente). Em conclusão, o domínio Meio Ambiente foi a faceta mais preocupante da QV de mulheres da cidade de Ponta Grossa, demonstrando a urgência na implementação de estratégias de políticas públicas para melhoria das condições de vida deste grupo.

This research aimed to compare the Quality of Life (QOL) of two groups of physically active women from the cities of Ponta Grossa and Palmeira, Paraná State. The study participants were 49 physically active women: 27 of them residing in Palmeira, Paraná State, and 22 others residing in Ponta Grossa, Paraná State. To measure QOL of the two studied groups, the WHOQOL-Bref questionnaires were applied. The Mann-Whitney test was used to detect differences in QOL between the groups. The group of women residing in Palmeira presented better indexes for the Environmental Domain when compared to the ones residing in Ponta Grossa (p = 0.001). For the Physical, Psychological and Social Relationships Domains, no significant differences were observed between the two groups (p = 0.096; p = 0.379 and p = 0.926, respectively). In conclusion, the Environment was the most worrying QOL domain for those women from Ponta Grossa, showing the urgent need for strategies implementing innovative public policies for improvement of the conditions of life of this group.

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