RESUMO

The occurrence of powdery mildew (Microsphaera diffusa) in soybean (Glycine max L.) has increased in the last harvests. In order to study the efficiency of powdery mildew control due to the application of alternative products and conventional fungicide, trials were conducted in Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil, during the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 growing seasons. The design used was randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments for the experiments were: 1 - control; 2 - acibenzolar-S-methyl (Bion 500 WG®); 3 - calcium (Max Fruit®); 4 - Micronutrients: copper, manganese and zinc (Wert Plus®); 5 - Micronutrients: manganese, zinc and molybdenum (V6®); 6 - NK fertilizer (Hight Roots®); 7 - Ascophyllum nodosum (Acadian®) and 8 - fungicide (azoxystrobin + cyproconazole) (Priori XTRA®) with the addition of the adjuvant. Four applications of alternative products (phenological stages V3, V6, R1 and R5.1) and two of fungicide (phenological stages R1 and R5.1) were carried out. The parameters evaluated were powdery mildew severity and productivity. The severity data made it possible to calculate the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPG). Alternative products didn't reduce powdery mildew in the two harvests. The conventional fungicide treatment was the only one that controlled powdery mildew and didn't reduce the productivity in both experiments.

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RESUMO

Epidemics of coffee leaf rust (CLR) leads to great yield losses and huge depreciation of coffee marketing values, if no control measures are applied. Societal expectations of a more sustainable coffee production are increasingly imposing the replacement of fungicide treatments by alternative solutions. A protection strategy is to take advantage of the plant immune system by eliciting constitutive defenses. Based on such concept, plant resistance inducers (PRIs) have been developed. The Greenforce CuCa formulation, similarly to acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), shows promising results in the control of CLR (Hemileia vastatrix) in Coffea arabica cv. Mundo Novo. The molecular mechanisms of PRIs action are poorly understood. In order to contribute to its elucidation a proteomic, physiological (leaf gas-exchange) and biochemical (enzymatic) analyses were performed. Coffee leaves treated with Greenforce CuCa and ASM and inoculation with H. vastatrix were considered. Proteomics revealed that both PRIs lead to metabolic adjustments but, inducing distinct proteins. These proteins were related with photosynthesis, protein metabolism and stress responses. Greenforce CuCa increased photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, while ASM caused a decrease in these parameters. It was further observed that Greenforce CuCa reinforces the redox homeostasis of the leaf, while ASM seems to affect preferentially the secondary metabolism and the stress-related proteins. So, the PRIs prepare the plant to resist CLR but, inducing different defense mechanisms upon pathogen infection. The existence of a link between the primary metabolism and defense responses was evidenced. The identification of components of the plant primary metabolism, essential for plant growth and development that, simultaneously, participate in the plant defense responses can open new perspectives for plant breeding programs.

RESUMO

Tomato bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas spp., is a common disease in tomato fields that causes significant economic losses. Due to the difficulty with control of bacterial spot by conventional methods, new techniques such as biological control and induction of resistance are gaining prominence. This study aimed to select saprobe fungi from semi-arid regions of the Brazilian Northeast for the biological control of bacterial spot of tomato. To select the best isolates to control bacterial spot, a greenhouse experiment was initially conducted. Tomato plants (‘Santa Cruz Kada’) were treated with filtrates of 25 saprobe fungi and inoculated three days later with Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. Filtrates of Memnoniella levispora, Periconia hispidula, Zygosporium echinosporum, and Chloridium virescens var. virescens were selected as the most effective. Filtrates and volatile compounds from these four isolates were tested for their antibacterial activity in cultures of X. euvesicatoria and in tomato plants (‘Santa Cruz Kada’) inoculated with X. euvesicatoria. In vitro, the addition of nonvolatile fungal metabolites into the culture medium at 5% and 50% (v/v) inhibited bacterial growth by 28.9% and 53.8%, respectively. The volatile compounds produced by C. virescens var. virescens reduced the number of colony-forming units of X. euvesicatoria by 25.9%. In vivo, all treatments reduced from 62.4 to 71.3% the area under bacterial spot progress curve, showing the same control efficacy as the commercial resistance inducer used as a positive control (acibenzolar-S-methyl). Systemicity of the fungal filtrates was confirmed in a separate experiment, where application of the treatments exclusively to the third leaf decreased the severity of the disease on the fourth leaf (except for C. virescens var. virescens)...

A mancha bacteriana do tomateiro causada por Xanthomonas spp. é uma doença frequente nos campos de cultivo, provocando importantes perdas econômicas. Devido à dificuldade de controle com os métodos tradicionais, novas ferramentas de manejo para esta doença, como o controle biológico e a indução de resistência vêm ganhando destaque. O objetivo desse trabalho foi a seleção de fungos sapróbios do semiárido nordestino brasileiro para o controle biológico da mancha bacteriana do tomateiro. Inicialmente, com o objetivo de selecionar os isolados que apresentassem melhor controle da mancha bacteriana, foi montado um ensaio em casa de vegetação com tomateiros (‘Santa Cruz Kada’) tratados com os filtrados de 25 fungos sapróbios e inoculados com a bactéria Xanthomonas euvesicatoria três dias depois. Foram selecionados os isolados de Memnoniella levispora, Periconia hispidula, Zygosporium echinosporum e Chloridium virescens var. virescens. Filtrados e voláteis fúngicos desses quatro isolados foram testados in vitro, para se determinar a sensibilidade da bactéria fitopatogênica, e in vivo em tomateiros (‘Santa Cruz Kada’) tratados e inoculados com X. euvesicatoria. A incorporação de metabólitos não voláteis dos fungos no meio de cultura a 5% e 50% (v/v) controlou o crescimento da bactéria em até 28,9% e 53,8%, respectivamente. Os compostos voláteis produzidos por C. virescens var. virescens inibiram até 25,9% das unidades formadoras de colônias. Com relação ao experimento in vivo, todos os tratamentos testados reduziram de 62,4 a 71,3% a área abaixo da curva de progresso da mancha bacteriana, mostrando nível de controle igual ao indutor de resistência comercial utilizado como controle positivo (acibenzolar-S-metílico). A sistemicidade deste controle foi confirmada em outro experimento, onde a aplicação dos tratamentos somente na terceira folha determinou menor severidade da doença na quarta folha (exceto para C. virescens var. virescens)...

Assuntos

RESUMO

Tomato bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas spp., is a common disease in tomato fields that causes significant economic losses. Due to the difficulty with control of bacterial spot by conventional methods, new techniques such as biological control and induction of resistance are gaining prominence. This study aimed to select saprobe fungi from semi-arid regions of the Brazilian Northeast for the biological control of bacterial spot of tomato. To select the best isolates to control bacterial spot, a greenhouse experiment was initially conducted. Tomato plants (‘Santa Cruz Kada) were treated with filtrates of 25 saprobe fungi and inoculated three days later with Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. Filtrates of Memnoniella levispora, Periconia hispidula, Zygosporium echinosporum, and Chloridium virescens var. virescens were selected as the most effective. Filtrates and volatile compounds from these four isolates were tested for their antibacterial activity in cultures of X. euvesicatoria and in tomato plants (‘Santa Cruz Kada) inoculated with X. euvesicatoria. In vitro, the addition of nonvolatile fungal metabolites into the culture medium at 5% and 50% (v/v) inhibited bacterial growth by 28.9% and 53.8%, respectively. The volatile compounds produced by C. virescens var. virescens reduced the number of colony-forming units of X. euvesicatoria by 25.9%. In vivo, all treatments reduced from 62.4 to 71.3% the area under bacterial spot progress curve, showing the same control efficacy as the commercial resistance inducer used as a positive control (acibenzolar-S-methyl). Systemicity of the fungal filtrates was confirmed in a separate experiment, where application of the treatments exclusively to the third leaf decreased the severity of the disease on the fourth leaf (except for C. virescens var. virescens)...(AU)

A mancha bacteriana do tomateiro causada por Xanthomonas spp. é uma doença frequente nos campos de cultivo, provocando importantes perdas econômicas. Devido à dificuldade de controle com os métodos tradicionais, novas ferramentas de manejo para esta doença, como o controle biológico e a indução de resistência vêm ganhando destaque. O objetivo desse trabalho foi a seleção de fungos sapróbios do semiárido nordestino brasileiro para o controle biológico da mancha bacteriana do tomateiro. Inicialmente, com o objetivo de selecionar os isolados que apresentassem melhor controle da mancha bacteriana, foi montado um ensaio em casa de vegetação com tomateiros (‘Santa Cruz Kada) tratados com os filtrados de 25 fungos sapróbios e inoculados com a bactéria Xanthomonas euvesicatoria três dias depois. Foram selecionados os isolados de Memnoniella levispora, Periconia hispidula, Zygosporium echinosporum e Chloridium virescens var. virescens. Filtrados e voláteis fúngicos desses quatro isolados foram testados in vitro, para se determinar a sensibilidade da bactéria fitopatogênica, e in vivo em tomateiros (‘Santa Cruz Kada) tratados e inoculados com X. euvesicatoria. A incorporação de metabólitos não voláteis dos fungos no meio de cultura a 5% e 50% (v/v) controlou o crescimento da bactéria em até 28,9% e 53,8%, respectivamente. Os compostos voláteis produzidos por C. virescens var. virescens inibiram até 25,9% das unidades formadoras de colônias. Com relação ao experimento in vivo, todos os tratamentos testados reduziram de 62,4 a 71,3% a área abaixo da curva de progresso da mancha bacteriana, mostrando nível de controle igual ao indutor de resistência comercial utilizado como controle positivo (acibenzolar-S-metílico). A sistemicidade deste controle foi confirmada em outro experimento, onde a aplicação dos tratamentos somente na terceira folha determinou menor severidade da doença na quarta folha (exceto para C. virescens var. virescens)...(AU)

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RESUMO

Huanglongbing (HLB) is considered the most destructive citrus disease and occurs in the major citrus producing areas around the world. In Brazil, HLB is associated with the bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and Candidatus Liberibacter americanus (CLam). CLas is the most aggressive and widespread species of the HLB bacteria. Currently, there is no curative control measure for this disease, and the eradication of diseased trees and control of the insect vector are the basic management measures for HLB. The search for other measures with higher efficiency and lower economic and environmental impacts for control of HLB has become a research priority. The use of chemicals that activate plant resistance mechanisms is a novel method for disease control. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the use of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) inducers for control of HLB. Nursery trees of Valencia sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) grafted on Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) were inoculated with CLas by bud grafting technique using diseased material from HLB citrus trees, seven days after the first treatment with the SAR inducers, under greenhouse conditions. The SAR inducers imidacloprid (IMI), thiamethoxan (TMX), or acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), as well as the combination of ASM with IMI or TMX, were applied as soil drench. The nursery trees were

Huanglongbing (HLB) é considerada a mais destrutiva doença para a citricultura, e ocorre nos principais países produtores de citros ao redor do mundo. No Brasil, o HLB está associado às bactérias Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) e Candidatus Liberibacter americanus (Clam), sendo a primeira espécie a mais agressiva e disseminada nos pomares brasileiros. Atualmente, não existe controle curativo para esta doença, sendo a erradicação de plantas doentes e o controle do inseto vetor as medidas básicas para o manejo do HLB. A busca por outras medidas de maior eficiência e de menor impacto econômico e ambiental para o controle do HLB tem se tornado prioridade para diversos grupos de pesquisa. A utilização de produtos que ativam os mecanismos de resistência das plantas é uma das principais linhas de investigação. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar produtos indutores da resistência sistêmica adquirida (RSA) para controle do HLB. Mudas de laranja Valência (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), enxertadas sobre limão Cravo (Citrus limonia Osbeck) foram inoculadas com CLas pela enxertia de borbulhas provenientes de plantas com HLB, sete dias após o primeiro tratamento com indutores da RSA. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação, via solo, de imidaclopride (IMI), tiametoxam (TMX) ou acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM), e também da combinação do ASM com os neonicotinóides IMI e TMX. As pla

RESUMO

Huanglongbing (HLB) is considered the most destructive citrus disease and occurs in the major citrus producing areas around the world. In Brazil, HLB is associated with the bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and Candidatus Liberibacter americanus (CLam). CLas is the most aggressive and widespread species of the HLB bacteria. Currently, there is no curative control measure for this disease, and the eradication of diseased trees and control of the insect vector are the basic management measures for HLB. The search for other measures with higher efficiency and lower economic and environmental impacts for control of HLB has become a research priority. The use of chemicals that activate plant resistance mechanisms is a novel method for disease control. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the use of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) inducers for control of HLB. Nursery trees of Valencia sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) grafted on Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) were inoculated with CLas by bud grafting technique using diseased material from HLB citrus trees, seven days after the first treatment with the SAR inducers, under greenhouse conditions. The SAR inducers imidacloprid (IMI), thiamethoxan (TMX), or acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), as well as the combination of ASM with IMI or TMX, were applied as soil drench. The nursery trees were

Huanglongbing (HLB) é considerada a mais destrutiva doença para a citricultura, e ocorre nos principais países produtores de citros ao redor do mundo. No Brasil, o HLB está associado às bactérias Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) e Candidatus Liberibacter americanus (Clam), sendo a primeira espécie a mais agressiva e disseminada nos pomares brasileiros. Atualmente, não existe controle curativo para esta doença, sendo a erradicação de plantas doentes e o controle do inseto vetor as medidas básicas para o manejo do HLB. A busca por outras medidas de maior eficiência e de menor impacto econômico e ambiental para o controle do HLB tem se tornado prioridade para diversos grupos de pesquisa. A utilização de produtos que ativam os mecanismos de resistência das plantas é uma das principais linhas de investigação. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar produtos indutores da resistência sistêmica adquirida (RSA) para controle do HLB. Mudas de laranja Valência (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), enxertadas sobre limão Cravo (Citrus limonia Osbeck) foram inoculadas com CLas pela enxertia de borbulhas provenientes de plantas com HLB, sete dias após o primeiro tratamento com indutores da RSA. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação, via solo, de imidaclopride (IMI), tiametoxam (TMX) ou acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM), e também da combinação do ASM com os neonicotinóides IMI e TMX. As pla

RESUMO

In recent years coffee productivity has been harmed by diseases caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Cg), for example, anthracnose, dieback and blister spot. Therefore, it has become necessary to develop alternative measures to control these diseases, since there are no fungicides registered in Brazil for their control. The aims of this work were: to evaluate the effect of potassium phosphite on the germination, fungal appressorium formation and mycelial growth of Cg and to verify this action in the reduction of disease severity of anthracnose in coffee leaves. The treatments used in an in vitro experiment were: potassium phosphite at doses of 1.25, 2.50, 5.0 and 10.0 mL.L-1, Acibenzolar-S-methyl at dose 0.1g.L-1 and Chlorothalonil fungicide at dose 2.0 g.L-1. In an in vivo experiment, beyond the treatments used in the in vitro experiment, we used a control sprayed with water without inoculation and another inoculated with Cg. Potassium phosphite at doses of 5.0 mL.L-1 and 10.0 mL.L-1 and the Chlorotalonil fungicide showed greater inhibition of conidial germination, greater inhibition of appressorium formation and further reduction of mycelial growth of the pathogen. In the in vivo experiment, Potassium phosphite at a dose of 10.0 mL.L-1 provided a greater reduction in disease severity, around 62.5%. This work demonstrated the potential of potassium phosphite in the management of diseases caused by fungi from the Colletotrichum complex in coffee plants.

Nos últimos anos a produtividade de café tem sido prejudicada por doenças causadas por Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Cg), como por exemplo, antracnose, seca de ponteiros e mancha manteigosa. Portanto torna-se necessário desenvolver medidas alternativas de controle para essas doenças, visto que não existem fungicidas registrados no Brasil para seu controle. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: avaliar o efeito do fosfito de potássio na germinação, formação de apressórios e no crescimento micelial de Cge verificar a ação do mesmo na redução da severidade da antracnose em folhas de cafeeiro. Os tratamentos utilizados no experimento in vitro foram: fosfito de potássio nas doses de 1,25; 2,50; 5,0 e 10,0 mL.L-1; acibenzolar-S-metil 0,1g.L-1; fungicida clorotalonil 2,0 g.L-1. Já in vivo, além dos tratamentos anteriores, foi utilizada uma testemunha pulverizada com água sem inoculação e outra inoculada com Cg.O fosfito de potássio nas doses de 5,0 mL.L-1 e 10,0 mL.L-1 e o fungicida clorotalonil proporcionaram maior inibição da germinação de conídios, maior inibição da formação de apressórios e maior redução do índice de velocidade de crescimento micelial do patógeno. No experimento in vivo, o fosfito de potássio na dose de 10,0mL.L-1 proporcionou maior redução na severidade da antracnose, em torno de 62,5 %.Este trabalho demonstrou o potencial do fosfito de potássio no manejo de doenças causadas por fungos do complexo Colletotrichum em cafeeiro.

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Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o efeito da aplicação de indutores na resistência de duas cultivares de soja à mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci biótipo B. O experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Entomologia - UFLA. As sementes de soja, cultivar IAC-19 e MONSOY-8001, foram previamente tratadas com o fungicida captan. Foram testados os seguintes tratamentos: T1- irrigação no solo, ao redor das plantas de cada vaso, de 250 mL de solução de ácido silícico a 1 por cento; T2- pulverização das plantas, até o ponto de escorrimento, com solução a 0,3 por cento de acibenzolar-s-methyl; T3- pulverização das plantas, até o ponto de escorrimento, com calda a 0,24 por cento de pyraclostrobin+epoxiconazole e T4- testemunha. As plantas foram infestadas com 100 adultos da mosca-branca por vaso que liberados oito dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos. Avaliaram-se o número de ovos na face abaxial de cada folha, que foi marcada para posterior avaliação de ninfas; teores de taninos e de lignina; peso seco das raízes e da parte aérea. Não houve diferença para número de ovos e ninfas entre as cultivares de soja, porém, a viabilidade média de B. tabaci foi menor a cultivar IAC-19. O cultivar de soja IAC-19 demonstrou moderada resistência ao biótipo B de B. tabaci. A aplicação de silício ou acibenzolar-s-methyl induz um aumento no teor de lignina na cultivar de soja IAC-19.

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of the application of inducers on the resistance of two soybean cultivars to the whitefly B. tabaci Biotype B. The experiment was carried out at the Entomology Department - UFLA. The soybean seeds of cultivars IAC-19 and MONSOY-8001 were previously treated with Captan fungicide. The following treatments were tested: T1- irrigating the soil around the plants of each pot with 250 mL of solution of 1 percent silicic acid; T2- spraying of the plants, to the 'point of dripping', with a solution of 0.3 percent acibenzolar-s-methyl; T3- spraying of the plants, to the 'point of dripping', with a solution of 0.24 percent pyraclostrobin+epoxiconazole, and T4- control. The plants were infested with 100 adult whiteflies that were released eight days after applying the treatments. The number of eggs on the abaxial face of each leaf, which was marked for further evaluation of nymphs, tannin and lignin contents, dry weight of the aerial parts and roots, was evaluated. There was no difference for the number of eggs and nymphs among the soybean cultivars. Nevertheless, the average survival rate of B. tabaci was lower on cultivar IAC-19. The application of silicon or acibenzolar-s-methyl induces an increase in lignin content in the soybean cultivar IAC-19.