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BACKGROUND: Honey is a versatile and complex substance consisting of bioactive chemicals which vary according to many bee and environmental factors. The aim of this study was to assess the physical and antimicrobial properties of five honey samples obtained from three species of bees; two stingless bees, Frieseomelitta nigra and Melipona favosa and one stinging bee, Apis mellifera (fresh and aged honey). Samples were acquired from apiaries across Trinidad and Tobago. An artificial honey, made from sugar, was also used for comparison. METHODS: Physical properties such as appearance, pH, moisture content, sugar content and specific gravity were determined. Antimicrobial activity was assessed utilizing the agar diffusion assay and comparison to a phenol equivalence. The broth microdilution test was performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of the five honey samples against four common pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes and Haemophilus influenzae. RESULTS: All honey samples were acidic, with pH values ranging from 2.88 (M. favosa of Tobago) to 3.91 (fresh A. mellifera). Sugar content ranged from 66.0 to 81.6% with the highest values detected in stinging bee honeys of the A. mellifera (81.6 and 80.5°Bx). Moisture content ranged from 16.9% for aged A. mellifera honey (from Trinidad) to 32.4% for F. nigra honey (from Tobago). The MICs (2 to 16%) and MBCs (2 to 32%) of stingless bee honeys were lower than that of stinging bee and artificial honeys (16 to > 32%). Stingless bee honeys also exhibited a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms with higher phenol equivalence values (4.5 to 28.6%) than the A. mellifera honeys (0 to 3.4%) against the isolates tested. M. favosa honey of Tobago displayed the greatest antimicrobial activity as indicated by the high phenol equivalence and low MIC and MBC values. CONCLUSIONS: Stingless bee honeys from Tobago showed the greatest antimicrobial activity when compared to the other honeys used in this study. M. favosa honey of Tobago showed the most potential for use as medicinal honey.

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ABSTRACT Propolis, is a bee product collected from exudates and flower buds of several plants, has strong aroma and several biological applications. This study aimed at evaluating the chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of volatile oil from Brazilian brown propolis. It was extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Volatile oil from brown propolis exhibited strong antibacterial activity against H. pylori (MIC 3.25 µg/ml), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MIC 50 µg/ml) and M. avium (MIC 62.5 µg/ml). It was evaluated in vitro for antioxidant activity by DPPH (IC50 25.0 µg/ml) and ABTS (IC50 30.1 µg/ml) methods. Its cytotoxic property was evaluated in normal (human fibroblasts, GM07429A) and tumor (MCF-7-human breast adenocarcinoma; HeLa-human cervical adenocarcinoma and M059J-human glioblastoma) cell lines. IC50 values were 81.32 µg/ml for GM07429A and 85.00, 129.40 and 84.12 µg/ml for MCF-7, HeLa and M059J cells, respectively. Three major dereplicated components of volatile oil from brown propolis were acetophenone (15.2%), nerolidol (13.3%), and spathulenol (11.6%). Our results contribute to a better understanding of the chemical and biological properties of Brazilian brown propolis and provide evidence for its potential medicinal use.

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RESUMEN Introducción: los métodos empleados por la Medicina Natural y Tradicional son terapéuticos, económicos e inocuos. La lumbalgia es una afección que padecen los adultos mayores en algún momento de la vida. Objetivo: determinar la efectividad de la medicina tradicional en afecciones lumbosacras en el adulto mayor, del Policlínico Universitario Pedro Borrás Astorga, en el período de septiembre de 2016 a junio de 2017. Métodos: se realizó una investigación observacional, analítica, de casos y controles, con un universo de 562 adultos mayores que asistieron a consulta de medicina tradicional con dolor lumbosacro, se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria simple de 200 pacientes, separados en dos grupos, de 100 cada uno, el de casos que recibió tratamiento con medicina tradicional y el grupo de controles tratado con medicina convencional; se utilizaron métodos teóricos, empíricos la revisión de la historia clínica, la escala de Oswestry e índice Womac, se aplicaron técnicas estadísticas (porciento y Chi cuadrado). Resultados: predominaron en ambos grupos las edades entre 60-64 años, el sexo femenino, la ocupación de ama de casa en las féminas y trabajador agrícola en los hombres, la evolución de los síntomas utilizando la medicina tradicional resultó satisfactoria en un 95 %, el 36 % utilizó de 3 a 6 sesiones con ventosas, el 52 % de 7 a 10 sesiones con ventosas, el 88 % recibió tratamiento con digitopuntura y un 48 % presentó gastritis como reacción adversa ante el tratamiento convencional. Conclusiones: la medicina tradicional resultó ser un tratamiento efectivo para los adultos mayores aquejados de afecciones lumbosacras.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the methods used by Natural and Traditional Medicine are therapeutic, economical and harmless. Low back pain is a condition the elderly suffer from at certain moments throughout their lives. Objective: to determine the effectiveness of traditional medicine in lumbosacral conditions in the elderly, at Pedro Borrás Astorga University Polyclinic, from September 2016 to June 2017. Methods: an observational, analytical, case and control research was carried out with a target group of 562 old people who attended a traditional medicine consultation with low back pain, a simple random sample of 200 patients was chosen, who were separated into two groups, of 100 each of cases treated with traditional medicine and the control group treated with conventional medicine; theoretical methods were used, empirical review of clinical history, Oswestry scale and Womac index, along with statistical techniques were applied (percentage and Chi-square). Results: in both groups the ages between 60-64 years predominated, female sex prevailed, the occupation of housewives in women and agricultural workers in men, the development of symptoms using traditional medicine was satisfactory in 95 %, 36 % needed from 3 to 6 sessions with cups, 52 % from 7 to 10 sessions with cups, 88 % underwent treatment with acupressure and 48 % suffered from gastritis as an adverse reactions regarding the conventional treatment. Conclusions: traditional medicine proved to be an effective treatment for the elderly suffering from lumbosacral conditions.

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Introducción: El origen de la Medicina Natural y Tradicional está íntimamente unido con la historia del hombre en su lucha por la supervivencia. Las diferentes modalidades de la misma ofrecen grandes potencialidades a la medicina actual. Objetivo: Describir el uso terapéutico de algunas modalidades de la medicina natural y tradicional en la actualidad. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cualitativo descriptivo mediante la técnica de revisión bibliográfica, a través del análisis, desde una visión integradora, de 40 artículos con calidad científica, publicados en los últimos 5 años, referentes a las modalidades de la Medicina Natural y Tradicional como tratamiento alternativo de múltiples enfermedades. Conclusiones: La Medicina Natural y Tradicional constituye una alternativa más de tratamiento para diferentes enfermedades. Dentro de las principales modalidades utilizadas en Cuba se encuentran: Acupuntura, fitoterapia, apiterapia, moxibuxtión, homeoterapia y ozonoterapia. Algunos de sus usos terapéuticos son: expectorantes, antihipertensivos, antifúngicos, antinflamatorios, analgésicas, estimulantes inmunológicos, sedantes, entre otros. En Cuba se aprobó un programa para su aplicación y una guía para la prescripción de productos naturales, que se convirtió en una herramienta de trabajo para el médico(AU)

Introduction: The origin of natural and traditional medicine is closely associated with the history of mankind in the struggle for survival. Its different modalities offer great potentialities to present-day medicine. Objective: To describe the therapeutic use of some modalities of natural and traditional medicine at present. Methods: A qualitative, descriptive study was carried out using the bibliographic review technique, through the analysis, from an integrating view, of 40 articles with scientific quality, published in the last five years, referring to the modalities of natural and traditional medicine as alternative treatment for multiple diseases. Conclusions: Natural and traditional medicine is another treatment alternative for different diseases. Among the main modalities used in Cuba are acupuncture, herbal medicine, apitherapy, moxibustion, homeotherapy, and ozone therapy. Some of its therapeutic uses are as expectorants, antihypertensive, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, immune stimulants, and sedatives. In Cuba, a program was approved for its application, as well as it was a guide for prescribing natural products, which became a working tool for the physician(AU)

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ABSTRACT Objective. The objective of the present paper was to test the in vitro antibacterial activity of the Mandaçaia (Melipona quadrifaciata) bee's geopropolis. Materials and methods. The experiment was carried out with secretion samples collected from animals with ear diseases evaluated at Unifeso's Clinic School of Veterinary Medicine, where in vitro tests took place, antibiograns with alcoholic extract of geopropolis were made 10 test tubes (two tubes for each concentration of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%). Results. Were not identified microorganisms at concentrations of 70, 80 and 90%. Conclusions. The geopropolis of Melipona quadrifasciata showed antibacterial activity in vitro against microorganisms from ear secretion of dogs with otitis externa.

RESUMEN Objetivo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue probar la actividad antibacteriana in vitro de la geopropólea de la abeja Mandaçaia (Melipona quadrifasciata). Materiales y métodos. Se realizó el experimento con muestras de secreciones obtenidas de animales con enfermedades del oído evaluados en la Clínica Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria de Unifeso, donde tuvieron lugar las pruebas in vitro, antibiograns con extracto alcohólico de geopropolis fueron realizados 10 tubos de ensayo (dos tubos para cada concentración del 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%). Resultados. No se identificaron los microorganismos a concentraciones de 70, 80% y 90%. Conclusiones. La geopropolis de Melipona quadrifasciata mostró actividad antibacteriana, in vitro, frente a microorganismos de la secreción del oído de los perros con otitis externa.

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Se describe el caso clínico de una paciente de 67 años de edad, quien ingresa en el en Servicio de Dermatología del Hospital General Docente "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" con diagnóstico de ántrax en región posterosuperior del tórax. Se realiza necrectomía y radiografía simple de tórax que muestra un derrame pleural izquierdo de gran cuantía; por tanto, se traslada al Servicio de Neumología donde se le diagnostica neoplasia de pulmón. La infección de piel se trató con antimicrobianos de uso parenteral y curas locales con miel de abejas, así se logró la resolución total de la lesión.

The case report of a 67 years patient who was admitted in the Dermatology Service of "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" Teaching General Hospital with diagnosis of anthrax in postero-superior region of the thorax is described. A necrectomy and simple x-ray of thorax are carried out that which show a significant left pleural effusion; therefore, he was transferred to the Pneumology Service where he is diagnosed with lung neoplasia. The skin infection was treated with antimicrobials of parenteral use and local cures with honey, thus, the total resolution of the lesion was achieved.

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Natural commodities of honeybees have various ingredients within them, which contribute to their incredible properties. These products have been used in traditional medicine since ancient times, due to its biologically active nature in preventing infections, wound healing and in promoting health. This nature is credited to their antibacterial, antioxidant, immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory and wound healing property. As natural remedies are showing promising results in management of oral diseases in the modern era, this paper attempts to highlight the properties of various products of honeybees and clinical applications in dentistry.

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Antecedentes. Los productos de la colmena se han utilizados desde hace más de dos milenios con fines terapéuticos. Conceptos teóricos basados en la composición de los productos hacen pensar que podrían ser de utilidad en el manejo del cáncer. Objetivo. Resumir la evidencia experimental disponible en la actualidad sobre el uso de los productos de la colmena en el manejo del cáncer. Material y métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de los estudios experimentales publicados a través de las bibliotecas digitales PUBMED, LiLACS y OVID en los cuales se evaluara la utilidad del uso de los distintos productos de la colmena sobre cultivos de células tumorales o sobre modelos animales de cáncer. Se realizó un análisis cualitativo de la información y se construyeron tablas de resumen. Resultados. La búsqueda arrojó un total de 391 resultados de los cuales únicamente 55 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. El veneno de abejas, la miel y el propóleo son los productos con un mayor número de publicaciones. La mayoría son estudios in vitro y son pocos los modelos en animales realizado. Se describen los mecanismos de acción a través de los cuales estos podrían llegar a ejercer acciones farmacológicas útiles en el manejo del cáncer. Conclusión. La aplicación de los productos de la colmena en el cáncer es un campo incipiente pero prometedor de investigación. Existe evidencia experimental que documenta la plausibilidad biológica de este uso. Es necesario realizar modelos animales que permitan describir el comportamiento de los productos y documentar su seguridad y utilidad terapéutica en el cáncer.

Background. The beehive products have been used for more than two millennia with therapeutic purposes. Theoretical models based on the composition of products suggest that might be useful in cancer management. Objective. To summarize experimental evidence available to date on the use of beehive products in cancer management. Methods. A systematic review of experimental studies published was performed through PUBMED, LILACS and OVID databases in which evaluate the usefulness of the beehive products on tumor cell cultures or animal models of cancer. A qualitative analysis of information was performed and summary tables were constructed. Results. A total of 391 articles was founded of 55 met the inclusion criteria. Bee venom, honey and propolis are the products with a greater number of publications. Most are studies invitro and few animal models that have been made. Mechanisms of action through which they may come to exert pharmacological properties useful in cancer management were described. Conclusion. Application of beehive products in cancer is a nascent but promising field of research. Experimental evidence documents biological plausibility of this application. Animal models are needed to help describe the behavior of products and document their safety and therapeutic use in cancer.

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Introducción: La apitoxina que es producida por la Apis mellifera posee efecto antiinflamatorio sobre una serie de marcadores biológicos. La prostaglandina E2 forma parte de ellos, estando presente en el fluido gingival crevicular (FGC). La prostaglandina E2 es evidenciada en la enfermedad periodontal. Objetivo: En este estudio se evaluó el efecto antiinflamatorio de la apitoxina sobre la concentración de prostaglandina E2 del FGC de un paciente sin enfermedad periodontal (SEP) y otro con enfermedad periodontal (CEP). Materiales y Método: Se seleccionó un paciente SEP y otro CEP, que sometidos a apiterapia durante 28 días, se registraron 5 muestras por paciente de FGC, siendo almacenadas, centrifugadas y refrigeradas para su conservación. Posteriormente se midió la concentración de prostaglandina E2 crevicular mediante inmunodifusión radial simple en placas petri con concentración de anticuerpo anti prostaglandina E2 de 1:1000. Selladas a 4°C, se esperó 72 horas para permitir su difusión, tiñéndose con Azul brillante de Coomasie, determinándose la concentración de cada placa. Resultados: Paciente SEP inmediatamente antes de apiterapia presentó una concentración de 0.9636 ± 0.0055 (ug/uL), finalizando con una concentración de 0.9196+/-0.0733 (ug/uL) al completar 28 días de tratamiento. El paciente CEP antes de recibir apiterapia presento una concentración de 1.1866 +/- 0.0867 (ug/uL), finalizando con una concentración de 0.9858 +/- 0.0074 (ug/uL) al completar 28 días de tratamiento. Discusión: Los hallazgos de este estudio demuestran una disminución de la concentración de PGE2 del FGC tanto para el paciente CEP y SEP sometidos a apiterapia durante 28 días, siendo esta disminución 3.7 veces mayor en el paciente CEP.

Introduction: Apitoxin, which is produced by Apis mellifera, has anti-inflammatory effect on a number of biomarkers. Prostaglandin E2 is one of them, being present in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Prostaglandin E2 is evidenced in periodontal disease. Objective: This study evaluated the antiinflammatory effect of apitoxin on concentration of prostaglandin E2 FGC in a patient with no periodontal disease (SEP) and other with periodontal disease (CEP). Materials and Methods: We selected both a SEP and CEP patient who were subjected to apitherapy for 28 days. There were 5 samples per patient of FGC, being stored, centrifuged and refrigerated for their preservation. Subsequently, the concentrations of crevicular prostaglandin E2 were measured by simple radial immunodiffusion in petri dishes with antibody concentration of prostaglandin E2 of 1:1000. Sealed at 4 °C, after 72 hours to allow diffusion, they were stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue, determining the concentration of each plate. Results: SEP patient immediately before apitherapy presented a concentration of 0.9636 +/- 0.0055 (g / mL), ending with a concentration of 0.9196 +/- 0.0733 (g / mL) upon completion of 28 days of treatment. CEP patient before receiving apitherapy showed a concentration of 1.1866 +/- 0.0867 (g/mL), ending with a concentration of 0.9858 +/- 0.0074 (g/mL) upon completion of 28 days of treatment. Discussion: The findings of this study show a decrease in the concentration of PGE2 of FGC both for the CEP and SEP patient subjected to apitherapy for 28 days, being this decrease 3.7 times higher in the CEP patient.

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